十四、文章結(jié)構(gòu)題,專題三第二節(jié)分類突破,感悟體會,名師點津,內(nèi)容索引,隨堂限時練,感悟體會,一、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題 (2018“六校聯(lián)盟”第三次聯(lián)考) Careers in zoology are extremely varied and unique，and can provide incredible learning and work opportunities for anyone devoted to animal studies and welfare.Zoology，or the study of animals，is a wide field with many specialties，including research，conservation，veterinary(獸醫(yī)的) medicine，and the care of animals.For people with a love of animals and some training，dreams of careers in zoology may e true.,Some careers in zoology focus on research and scientific studies. These careers may allow those with a good theoretical science background to develop and run studies that improve human understanding of the animal world.Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and habitat preservation.,Careers in zoology that focus on conservation attach great importance to the continued survival and increased protection of animal species.Conservationists may work with political groups or governments to help make laws to protect and preserve animals，or may work in the field gathering information on potential threats to the health of global ecosystems.Some conservationists work in educational fields，trying to improve human efforts to save animals from extinction.,Animals are subject to illness and injury，and some careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary medicine is an important specialty field，and may take several years of intensive training to qualify as a certified veterinarian.While many veterinarians focus on the small-animal practice of domestic pets，vets in rural areas often work with large farm animals and more adventurous veterinarians may work with exotic species in zoos and wildlife preserves.,Humans love to observe animals，and modern-day zoos and wildlife preserves help meet that interest while providing facilities to assist with conservation programs.Zoology careers in zoos can range from overseeing breeding programs，to creating the proper diet for a deer，or to cleaning the tigers cage.Many volunteer and entry-level jobs are available for people that love animals.,語篇解讀,語篇解讀文章介紹了動物學(xué)相關(guān)職業(yè)的多樣性，并就四種相關(guān)的職業(yè)進行了具體講解。,1.What is the purpose of researching on animals in zoology? A.To help governments make laws. B.To improve researchers scientific knowledge. C.To create safe and effective products for humans. D.To educate people to protect animals.,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段末句“Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and habitat preservation.”可知，動物學(xué)研究動物的目的是教育人們保護動物。故選D。,答案,解析,2.What can careers in zoology that focus on veterinary medicine help? A.Better understand animals. B.Protect animals health. C.Clean the animals cages. D.Increase the number of animals.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段前兩句“Animals are subject to illness and injury，and some careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary medicine is an important specialty field.”可知，動物易得疾病且易受傷害，動物學(xué)方面的某些職業(yè)如獸醫(yī)學(xué)有助于創(chuàng)造一個安全、穩(wěn)定的動物種群。由此可知，B項描述正確，故選B。,答案,解析,3.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole passage? (P1Paragraph 1；P2Paragraph 2；P3Paragraph 3；P4Paragraph 4；P5Paragraph 5),答案,解析,解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。第一段介紹了動物學(xué)方面的職業(yè)是多樣而獨特的，是總述。第二段從研究方面介紹；第三段介紹了自然保護的動物學(xué)工作；第四段是獸醫(yī)學(xué)可以保護動物健康的介紹；第五段講述了現(xiàn)代的動物園和野生動物保護區(qū)既有助于滿足人們的興趣，又提供了一些設(shè)施來幫助保護動物。后邊四個段落從不同角度對第一段進行分述，A項圖例符合文章結(jié)構(gòu)。故選A。,4.What does the passage mainly present? A.Volunteers passion for zoology. B.A new idea of careers in zoology. C.Different types of careers in zoology. D.Effective measures of animal protection.,解析主旨大意題。文章介紹了動物學(xué)的相關(guān)職業(yè)是非常多樣和獨特的，并就四種職業(yè)進行了講解。故選C。,答案,解析,二、寫作手法題 There are many places to go on safari(觀賞野生動物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the worlds most exciting wildlife journeys. Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.,The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lilies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.You are very likely to e across large wild animals，too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.,In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals ing out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa es to life. Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever e to answering the call of the wild.,The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by . A.following space order B.following time order C.making classifications D.giving examples,解析寫作手法題。整篇文章是根據(jù)在非洲觀賞野生動物的時間順序組織的。,答案,解析,名師點津,一、題型解讀 近幾年天津卷均未對篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題這一考點進行考查，但近幾年地方卷偶有涉及。此類題目能全面地、深層次地考查考生的閱讀理解能力，為防止2019年高考爆冷，僅編寫此考點，供學(xué)有余力的考生選用。,二、解題技巧把脈絡(luò)看結(jié)構(gòu) 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題主要是針對文章的整體篇章結(jié)構(gòu)或某一段落的展開層次所設(shè)置的問題。高考對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查主要涉及兩個層次：一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)；二是按寫作手法(論證方法)理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。設(shè)問形式常有： (1)Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage? (2)Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the (whole) passage?,因此這類題的解題方法也分為兩種，如下圖所示：,注意： 1.文章的段落組織通常采用“總分；分總；總分總”的框架。 2.內(nèi)容的展開則常用以下手法： 時間順序：按時間先后順序說明某一事物的發(fā)展情況。 空間順序：按照事物的空間結(jié)構(gòu)順序進行描寫或說明。 例證關(guān)系：所列舉的事物用來論證觀點，通常是數(shù)據(jù)、事例等。 對比或類比關(guān)系：這類文章通常以對比各事物之間的共同點或差異為主。,例如：【感悟體會】 一中第3題，通讀全文，把握各段大意可知：第一段介紹了動物學(xué)方面的職業(yè)是多樣而獨特的，是總述。第二段從研究方面介紹；第三段介紹了自然保護的動物學(xué)工作；第四段是獸醫(yī)學(xué)可以保護動物健康的介紹；第五段講述了現(xiàn)代的動物園和野生動物保護區(qū)既有助于滿足人們的興趣，又提供了一些設(shè)施來幫助保護動物。分析每一段的關(guān)系發(fā)現(xiàn)：后面四個段落從不同的角度對第一段進行了分述，所以這篇文章是“總分”結(jié)構(gòu)，A項圖例符合文章結(jié)構(gòu)。故選A。 【感悟體會】二中，通讀全文發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中出現(xiàn)很多線索詞，如The morning ride，In the evening，Back at the camp，可知文章是根據(jù)時間順序來介紹騎馬觀賞野生動物的。故選B項。,隨堂限時練,A During the high school career，students may begin to question the importance of a college education.They might find themselves asking，“Why is it important to go to college？” The answer is that，more than ever，college graduates enjoy much greater opportunities available to them than those who have not received a college education. For many high school students，being able to immediately generate an ine after graduation is an appealing thought.They may also be affected by the rising cost of tuition，and while it is true that a higher education may be one of the largest expenses you will ever face，the importance of a college education has bee quite evident in terms of earning potential within todays economy.,Why should you go to college? One important answer to this question is more opportunities.As opposed to generations of the past，high school graduates today are unable to obtain high-paying jobs that were once available.The U.S.has been transformed from a manufacturing-based economy to an economy based on knowledge，and the importance of a college education today can be pared to that of a high school education forty years ago.It serves as the gateway to better options and more opportunities.,There are additional reasons as to why it is important to go to college.When students experience a post secondary education，they have the opportunity to read books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their fields.This encourages students to think，ask questions，and explore new ideas，which allows for additional growth and development and provides college graduates with more opportunities in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education.,The importance of a college education is also stressed because of the opportunity to gain valuable resources during the study.The more connections which are collected during your college career，the more options you will have when you begin your job search.Once you have ended your job search and have started your career，however，the importance of a college education has not been exhausted.Having a college degree often provides for greater promotion opportunity.,So，why should you go to college? The reasoning does not begin and end with the job aspect.A good education is beneficial from many different viewpoints，and though the importance of a college education is quite evident for many high school students，what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education.,1.Why do some high school graduates prefer working to college study? A.To obtain high-paying jobs. B.To earn money at an early age. C.To spend less money on tuition. D.To adapt to the knowledge-based society.,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“For many high school students，being able to immediately generate an ine after graduation is an appealing thought.”可知，對許多高中生來說，高中畢業(yè)后能立即獲得收入是一個吸引人的想法。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“provides college graduates with more opportunities in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education”可知，大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在就業(yè)市場上會獲得更多的機會。,2.The author most likely agrees with the idea that . A.too much time is spent on lectures in college study B.high school education is a gateway to more opportunities C.college graduates gain more chances over others in job market D.a college degree guarantees promotion in American panies,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education”可推知，下文應(yīng)該討論怎樣為大學(xué)教育付費。,3.What is most likely to be talked about in the paragraph after the last paragraph of the passage? A.Refusing college education. B.Changing college education. C.Receiving college education. D.Affording college education.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析標題歸納題。通讀全文并根據(jù)各個段落的首句可知，本文主要討論大學(xué)教育的重要性。故A項作本文標題最佳。,4.What can be the best title for the passage? A.Importance of College Education B.Education Means Opportunity C.Which Is More Important，Job Or Education? D.How to Survive in the College,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,5.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I：IntroductionP：PointSp：Sub-point(次要點)C：Conclusion,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。第一段說明高中生認識到大學(xué)教育的重要性；第二段說明高中生面對繼續(xù)上大學(xué)還是工作的矛盾選擇；第三、四、五段說明接受大學(xué)教育的重要性；最后一段總結(jié)大學(xué)教育的好處。,B (2018天津部分區(qū)縣二模) Society tells us that we should count our blessings，focus on all that we have and feel grateful for what weve been given.But there is nothing wrong with “healthy discontent”.In fact，healthy discontent is what motivates us to improve ourselves and our circumstances. Without that feeling that life could be better，its easier to stand still. I always have a certain level of disfort.That disfort drives me to work hard at my job.I dont just want to remain where I am. Professionally，I want to keep getting better.Likewise，I always have a certain amount of discontent about my home.That drives me to always try to improve it by making it look better.,My feelings of discontent about my job and my home dont mean that I dont appreciate them.Its an incredible blessing to be able to work and be paid for ones efforts. Similarly，if you live in a safe place，with running water，heating，and air conditioning，you are incredible fortunate.These are not things to be taken for granted.However，we should be striving(力爭) to improve. If you happen to be good at playing the piano，you should work to continually improve your skills.The same hold true for our personal development.If you have areas in your personality that need improvement，you should work on them，too.,For instance，I can be very impatient.As a result，I work hard to try to conquer that flaw(缺點) by keeping my impatience to myself. When we feel discontent about ourselves，we have to be honest with ourselves. Its easy to make excuses for our bad behavior，but we need to face our discontent head on and say to ourselves，“I need to work on this.” This week，consider whether you have a healthy discontent in your life.Have you bee so settled in your life that you dont see regular improvement?,Do you have a character flaw that you wish you didnt have? Dont ignore these things.Instead，take steps to address your areas of discontent and keep improving your life every day. No matter how great we think things are going，theres always room for improvement.,解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句“In fact，healthy discontent is what motivates us to improve ourselves and our circumstances.Without that feeling that life could be better，its easier to stand still.”可知，第一段強調(diào)了健康不滿的重要性。,6.What is stressed in Paragraph 1? A.The gratitude for what we have. B.The importance of healthy discontent. C.The lessons from society. D.The easiness of standing still.,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,7.Why does the author have feelings of discontent about his job and home? A.He doesnt treasure them. B.He is particular about them. C.He desires to improve them. D.He is difficult to satisfy.,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“Likewise，I always have a certain amount of discontent about my home.That drives me to always try to improve it by making it look better.”可知，作者對他的工作和家庭感到不滿是因為他希望改進它們。,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段可推知，當我們處于安全舒適區(qū)時，我們往往不會試圖取得進步。,8.When we are in safe and fort zone，we tend to . A.feel lucky B.go wild with excitement C.spare no effort to change ourselves D.make no attempt to make progress,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,9.What does the author advise you to do if you have personal flaws? A.Leave them as they are. B.Make efforts to overe them. C.Make excuses for them. D.Be patient with ourselves.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句及第六段作者舉的自己克服缺乏耐心的缺點的例子可知，如果你有缺點，作者建議你努力克服它們。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,解析寫作手法題。通讀全文可知，作者主要是通過講述自己的經(jīng)歷來支持他的觀點的。,10.The author supports his view mostly by . A.listing some questions B.telling his own experiences C.analyzing various causes of healthy discontent D.revealing frustrating consequences of healthy discontent,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,