書面表達(dá)專題(二),高檔作文寫作技巧 在近幾年的高考考試大綱中，關(guān)于高考英語書面表達(dá)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔中有這樣一段話：“應(yīng)用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；語法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯選用恰當(dāng)、豐富；語言錯(cuò)誤極少”，這就是說，學(xué)生僅運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)的和基本的句型，不能體現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的語言運(yùn)用能力，即使表達(dá)無語法錯(cuò)誤，也不能得高分；相反有個(gè)別錯(cuò)誤，目的在有意識(shí)地使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯，也不扣分，仍屬于最高檔次。,高考把寫作要求提到了這樣一個(gè)高度，有利于反映學(xué)生的水平層次，有利于指導(dǎo)教學(xué)。原來的“要點(diǎn)完整，語言無誤，行文連貫，表達(dá)清楚”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就落后了。 應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)和高級(jí)詞匯。在整篇文章中，避免只使用一兩種句型，要靈活運(yùn)用各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，使文章有聲有色。,1變換詞語 在英語書面表達(dá)中，要做到語言生動(dòng)、文章富有表現(xiàn)力，很重要的一條就是遣詞造句要做到靈活多變。 在高考英語書面表達(dá)中，許多考生運(yùn)用單調(diào)的詞語、重復(fù)的句式，以至于語言平淡，不能贏得高分。例如：一碰到“非?！本陀谩皏ery”；一遇到“我認(rèn)為”，只會(huì)用“I think”；一想到表達(dá)“好”，就只知道一個(gè)“good”。事實(shí)上，英語的詞匯和句式非常豐富，比起漢語來也毫不遜色。要使英語書面表達(dá)出彩，有力的一招便是詞匯的靈活多變。,英語中的“好”，除“good”外，還有fine，OK，nice，great，excellent，wonderful，terrific，fabulous，fantastic，splendid，extraordinary，outstanding，incredible及amazing等多種表達(dá)方式。 在英語中表示“大”，常用詞語多達(dá)十幾個(gè)。 Although science has made enormous steps in making more food fit to eat，it has，at the same time，made much food unfit to eat. 盡管科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步巨大，使得人們有更多的食物可以吃，然而，同時(shí)它也使許多種食物不適合人們吃。,A tremendous explosion broke out. 巨大的爆炸發(fā)生了。 A titanic force was working. 一種巨大的力量在起作用。 That is a gigantic building. 那是一座巨大的樓房。 The vast plains stretch for 600 miles. 廣闊的平原綿延600英里。 He lived in a huge house. 他住在一座極大的房子里。,How large is the room? 房間有多大？ Theres a grand view of the mountains. 群山雄偉壯觀。 He likes reading about the great men of the past. 他喜歡閱讀有關(guān)過去偉人的書。 They have built a giant factory just outside the town. 他們就在城外建造了一座大型工廠。 The child is big for his age. 就這個(gè)小孩的年齡而言，他個(gè)頭算是高大的了。,There has been an immense improvement in his health. 他的健康狀況已有極大的好轉(zhuǎn)。 The elephant is a bulky animal. 大象是龐然大物。 It is a colossal building. 這是一座巨大的建筑。 We must make massive efforts to improve things. 我們必須盡最大的努力來改善局面。 英語中也有十余個(gè)詞可以表示“很”、“非?！钡囊饬x。,She is very happy.她十分高興。 I am terribly sorry.實(shí)在抱歉。 The movie was pretty good.那部電影非常精彩。 He was most kind to me.他對我非常親切。 We were greatly shocked at the news. 聽到這個(gè)消息我們大為震驚。 This story is highly significant. 這個(gè)故事很有意義。 I badly want to change my job. 我很想換個(gè)工作。,The boss felt quite pleased with my work. 老板對我的工作很滿意。 We were extremely excited at the news. 聽到這個(gè)消息我們極其興奮。 The performance was simply marvelous. 演出十分精彩。 What I said is perfectly clear. 我說得十分清楚。 I felt totally exhausted by the time I got home. 我到家時(shí)累到了極點(diǎn)。,2變換單詞短語 英語短語層出不窮，變換使用不同的短語表達(dá)同一概念是使英語書面表達(dá)精彩的又一招。例如： 表達(dá)“關(guān)于”之意，除了about，on，concerning等這些單詞外，還有多種短語，如as to, as for, as regards, in regards to，with respect to，in respect of/to, in/with relation to，in terms of等。 表示“處理”的英語有：settle，solve，deal with，cope with，handle，do.with，encounter，manage.with等。,表示“忍受”，在英語中有stand，bear，tolerate，put up with，suffer，endure等。 下面以“喜歡”為例，探討如何運(yùn)用不同的表達(dá)方式。 I dont care for baseball.我不喜歡棒球。 She is fond of playing the piano. 她愛好彈鋼琴。,Many football fans are crazy about Beckham. 許多球迷都瘋狂迷上了貝克漢姆。 My son is mad about football. 我兒子狂熱地迷戀足球。 Many people are keen on/about Jin Yongs martial arts fictions. 許多人對金庸的武俠小說很著迷。 He has been addicted to the drug. 他已經(jīng)吸毒成癮。,Some adults are hooked on computer games as well. 一些成人對電腦游戲也上癮。 She has a passion for rock music. 她熱愛搖滾樂。 She has a great enthusiasm for computers. 她熱衷于電腦。,3變換句型 當(dāng)同一概念重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在一篇文章中時(shí)，要使句型靈活多變。例如： 表達(dá)“一就”，在英語中就有很多句式。 Ill tell you as soon as I know. 我一知道就告訴你。 Hardly had we arrived when she started crying to go home. 我們一到，她就哭著要回家。,I had barely come in when the telephone rang. 我一回家，電話鈴就響了。 No sooner had he arrived than she started complaining. 他一到，她就開始抱怨。 We had not met for 20 years，but I recognized him the moment that I saw him. 我們有20年沒見面了，不過我一看到他就認(rèn)出他來了。,The instant I saw him，I knew he was my brother. 我一見到他，就知道他是我兄弟。 Immediately he came home，I told him about that. 他一回家，我就告訴他這件事。 On arriving at the airport，he was arrested by the police. 他一到機(jī)場，就被警察逮捕了。,Upon arrival，Darney was immediately arrested as an enemy of the people and thrown into prison. 大雷一到，就立即被作為人民的敵人逮捕入獄。 “我認(rèn)為”在英語中也有多種表達(dá)方式。 I think you are right.我認(rèn)為你是對的。 I believe you will succeed sooner or later. 我覺得你遲早能成功。 I guess you have made a right choice. 我感覺你的選擇是對的。,We hold that no country should interfere in the affairs of other countries. 我們認(rèn)為任何國家都不應(yīng)干涉別國的內(nèi)政。 In my opinion，smoking should be forbidden in public places. 在我看來，公共場合應(yīng)該禁止吸煙。 As I see，nothing is more important than health. 依我看，什么都沒有健康重要。,From my point of view，chatting on line is a waste of time. 我個(gè)人認(rèn)為，上網(wǎng)聊天是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。 From where I stand，quality is more important than quantity. 從我的角度而言，質(zhì)量比數(shù)量重要。 As far as Im concerned，learning English is a piece of cake. 就我看，學(xué)英語是小菜一碟。,It seems to me that buying lottery tickets is a waste of money. 在我看來買彩票是浪費(fèi)錢。 I accept the idea that College English Test should be canceled. 我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該取消大學(xué)英語過級(jí)考試。,4變換表達(dá)式 適當(dāng)時(shí)進(jìn)行句式變換，也可以增強(qiáng)句子的多樣性和文章的表現(xiàn)力。以下一些句式，可以交替互換使用： (1)虛擬與事實(shí)互換 If I were you，I should follow the rule. Youd better follow the rule. 如果我是你，我就遵守規(guī)則。,(2)主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)互換 We must take some effective measures to stop pollution. Some effective measures must be taken to stop pollution. 我們必須采取有效措施來治理污染。,(3)陳述與感嘆互換 You gave me a pleasant surprise. What a pleasant surprise you gave me! 你給了我一個(gè)驚喜！ (4)正常語序與倒裝互換 I have never seen such a beautiful picture. Never have I seen such a beautiful picture. 我從沒見過這么美的圖畫。,(5)普通句子與強(qiáng)調(diào)句互換 We put off the football match because of the bad weather. It was because of the bad weather that we put off the football match. 由于天氣惡劣，我們推遲了足球比賽。 (6)簡單句與復(fù)合句互換 We were shocked at the news. We were shocked when we heard the news. 聽到這則消息我們震驚了。,(7)簡單句與并列句互換 He and I help each other. I help him and he helps me. 我和他互相幫助。 (8)并列句與復(fù)合句互換 She did her work carefully and she never made any mistakes. Because she did her work carefully，she never made any mistakes. 由于工作仔細(xì)，她從來都不犯錯(cuò)誤。,5使用非人稱主語組織句子 受漢語思維的影響，中國學(xué)生極易使用與人有關(guān)的名詞或代詞開頭造句，如I，we，people等等。事實(shí)上，我們完全可以另辟蹊徑、標(biāo)新立異，選擇以事物開頭來表達(dá)同樣的意思。請對比以下幾組句子：,I thought of a great idea when I woke up this morning. A great idea occurred to me when I woke up this morning. 今天早上醒來時(shí)我想到了一個(gè)好主意。 They didnt come because of the bad weather. The bad weather prevented them from coming. 由于糟糕的天氣，他們沒能來。,She began to cry. Tears came to her eyes. 她哭了起來。 I couldnt say anything.Words failed me. 我說不出話來。 很明顯，每一組的后一個(gè)句子要比前一個(gè)句子更生動(dòng)、更形象、更精彩。,6使用非主語成分引出句子 這是一條聽起來似乎苛刻的建議，因?yàn)椤爸髡Z開頭”的單一表達(dá)模式已經(jīng)根深蒂固，很難改變和突破。然而，只要你反復(fù)練習(xí)，用心模仿，學(xué)會(huì)用非主語成分引出句子也不是不可能的。請看以下句子： Generally speaking，men are stronger than women. 一般說來，男子比女子強(qiáng)壯。 To make a long story short，they found the lost child at last. 長話短說，他們最后找到了那個(gè)失蹤的孩子。,Gone are the days when we were discriminated against. 我們受歧視的日子一去不復(fù)返了。 Not a single word did he say. 他一個(gè)字也沒有說。 On the top of the hill stands a splendid tower. 山頂上矗立著一座壯觀的塔。 True to his word，he arrived here on time. 他果然說話算數(shù)，按時(shí)來了。,Every now and then he went to the net cafe. 他不時(shí)地去網(wǎng)吧。 Located on the coast，the city enjoys convenient communications. 由于位于沿海地區(qū)，這個(gè)城市交通便利。,