六、推理判斷寫作意圖題,專題三第二節(jié)分類突破,真題感悟,名師點津,內(nèi)容索引,隨堂限時練,真題感悟,(2018北京，C) Plastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋場)，and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it，but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.,Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene，which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a mercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours，and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams，or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown，the researchers made some worms into paste(糊狀物) and applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their massapparently broken down by enzymes(酶) from the worms stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.,Federica Bertocchini，co-author of the study，says the worms ability to break down their everyday foodbeeswaxalso allows them to break down plastic.“Wax is a plex mixture，but the basic bond in polyethylene，the carbon-carbon bond，is there as well，” she explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.” Jennifer DeBruyn，a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee，who was not involved in the study，says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene.But pared with previous studies，she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step，DeBruyn says，will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(腸道微生物)?,語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。作者介紹了一項科學發(fā)現(xiàn)：一種吃塑料的蟲子大蠟螟，它胃中的酶能夠降解塑料，從而為人們解決塑料污染問題提供新的途徑。,Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial processnot simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”,語篇解讀,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“.found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene.”和第二句中的“the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams”可知，研究人員在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)大蠟螟蠕蟲可以分解塑料中的聚乙烯，顯然也可以分解垃圾中的塑料，與選項C中提到的“吃塑料”吻合。,43.What can we learn about the worms in the study? A.They take plastics as their everyday food. B.They are newly evolved creatures. C.They can consume plastics. D.They wind up in landfills.,答案,解析,44.According to Jennifer DeBruyn，the next step of the study is to . A.identify other means of the breakdown B.find out the source of the enzyme C.confirm the research findings D.increase the breakdown speed,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后兩句“The next step.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(腸道微生物)？”可知，接下來人們需要證實的就是酶是從哪里產(chǎn)生的。選項B “查明酶的來源”與此吻合。,答案,解析,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial processnot simply millions of worms.”可知，研究人員期望在某種工業(yè)流程中使用這種化學制品，而不僅僅是把數(shù)百萬的蟲子扔到塑料上。這與選項D中提到的“今后工廠可能生產(chǎn)這種化學制品”吻合。,45.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might . A.help to raise wormsB.help make plastic bags C.be used to clean the oceansD.be produced in factories in future,答案,解析,解析寫作意圖題。作者通過本文介紹了一項消除塑料垃圾的研究，顯然是為人們提供了一條清除塑料垃圾的新途徑。選項C與此意吻合。,46.What is the main purpose of the passage? A.To explain a study method on worms. B.To introduce the diet of a special worm. C.To present a way to break down plastics. D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance.,答案,解析,名師點津,一、題型解讀 各種話題的閱讀材料都可能考查寫作目的/意圖題。設問形式常有： 1.整篇文章的寫作目的/意圖： (1)The writer writes this passage in order to . (2)The purpose of the text is to . (3)What is the main purpose of the passage? (4)The writer of the story wants to tell us that . 2.某處細節(jié)的寫作目的/意圖： (1)The writer uses.in the first paragraph to . (2)The writer uses the example of.to . (3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to .,二、解題技巧 1.文體特點推意圖 (1)記敘文：一般會在首段或尾段出現(xiàn)高度概括的總結(jié)性語言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的敘述都是圍繞該哲理展開的。 (2)應用文：文章中有對某種物品或服務的詳盡介紹，使用具有明顯支持傾向的語言。 (3)說明文：寫作目的有賴于對文章主旨的把握，閱讀時需要找準主題句。 (4)議論文：提出論點進行論證得出結(jié)論，作者的意圖往往隱含于最后一部分中。,2.看寫作手法找答案 (1)在文章開頭提出問題或介紹與主題有關(guān)的其他事物時答案中往往會含有to bring in/to introduce the topic等字眼。 (2)舉例或引用某人的話時答案中往往會含有to support/to show. 例如：【真題感悟】中的第46題，文章為說明文，主要介紹了一項新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蠕蟲可以分解塑料。因此可以推斷該篇文章的寫作意圖是告訴讀者一種新的分解塑料的方法。,隨堂限時練,A (2018天津部分區(qū)縣二模) Are you sick of going to bed late and waking up tired? Then grab your hiking boots and a tent.A new study suggests that a couple days of camping in the great outdoors can reset your circadian clock and help you get more sleep. The circadian clock，more monly known as the body clock，is an internal system that tells our bodies when its time to go to sleep and when its time to go to wake up.Scientists track this clock by measuring the amount of melatonin(褪黑激素) circulating in a persons blood at any given time.,In a healthy sleeper，melatonin levels rise a few hours before bedtime，stay high through the night，and then settle back down when its time to wake up. In our modern society，however，most of us stay up many hours past sunset and would probably sleep in many hours after sunrise if we could.And the trouble is，your melatonin levels may still be high when your alarm clock goes off in the morning，which leads to grogginess.It may also have other health consequences as well，such as diabetes(糖尿病)，overweight and heart disease.,Professor Kenneth Wright of the University of Colorado in the US wanted to see if our body clocks can be reset by a short stay in nature.His team recruited 14 physically active volunteers in their 20s and 30s.Nine went on a weekend camping trip，while the other five stayed home. At the end of the weekend，the researchers reported that in just two days，the campers body clocks had shifted so that their melatonin levels began to rise more than an hour earlier than they did before they left on the trip.By contrast，the body clocks of the group that stayed home shifted even later over the course of the weekend. “This tells us we can reset our clocks fast，” Wright said.,Therefore，if you want to change your sleep patterns，you could try to increase your exposure to nature light during the day and decrease the amount of artificial light you see at night.And if that doesnt work，theres always camping.,1.The author wrote this article mainly to . A.explain why it is bad for our health not to sleep enough B.inform us of a possible way to adjust the circadian clock C.analyze how the circadian clock influences our sleeping habits D.explore how the circadian clock is connected with melatonin levels,解析寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容“A new study suggests that a couple days of camping in the great outdoors can reset your circadian clock and help you get more sleep.”可知，作者寫作本文主要是告訴我們一種調(diào)整生物鐘的可行的方法。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句“And the trouble is，your melatonin levels may still be high when your alarm clock goes off in the morning，which leads to grogginess.”和第三段內(nèi)容可知，褪黑激素是促進睡眠的，如果早上鬧鐘響起而體內(nèi)褪黑激素依然保持較高水平，那么人應該是會感到疲勞的。故可推知，“grogginess”指的是“疲勞”。,2.The underlined word “grogginess” in Paragraph 4 probably means “ ”. A.tiredness B.excitement C.refreshment D.pressure,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，作者是將待在室內(nèi)與待在室外的人進行比較，得出的結(jié)論。by categorization歸類；by parison比較；by the order of time按時間順序；by the order of space按空間順序。,3.How does the author develop the passage? A.By categorization. B.By parison. C.By the order of time. D.By the order of space.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第六段的內(nèi)容可知，通過對比兩組人群的睡眠表現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些待在戶外的人可以在短時間內(nèi)調(diào)整好生物鐘。,4.What did Wrights team discover from their experiment? A.The body clocks of the two groups didnt show much difference. B.The body clocks of those who stayed home remained the same. C.Those staying outdoors reset the clock inside their bodies over a short period. D.Changes to the circadian clock dont necessarily affect melatonin levels in our bodies.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，我們可以通過待在戶外，接觸更多的自然光以及夜晚減少照射人造光來改變我們的睡眠習慣。,5.According to the article，wed better to improve our sleeping habit. A.spend weeks sleeping outdoors B.try to reduce melatonin levels at night C.set an alarm clock to go off every morning D.expose ourselves to more nature light in the day and less artificial light at night,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,B (2018河西區(qū)一模) One evening I went out and left my 17-year-old son in charge of his 8-year-old brother and 4-year-old sister.On this occasion，the work was made less troublesome by the presence of his girlfriend.I left with plete confidence that the older children would do a wonderful job of babysitting the younger children.Later，I discovered that plete confidence was the last thing I should have left home with.,I had decided to return home earlier than planned so that my son and his girlfriend could go out.I called home with this happy news.But instead of hearing his cheerful，grateful voice on the other end of the line，all I heard was the sound of a telephone ringing. It was，I should point out，after 10 p.m.，when the two younger children should have been in bed，and when the two older children should have been answering the phone.“Ill give him a lesson，” I said.I decided they must be outside.Why they might be outside at 1030 on a winter night？I had no idea，but it was the only explanation I could e up with.,Finally，in desperation，I called his girlfriends house.After what seemed like countless rings，his girlfriend answered.“Yes，” she said brightly，“Hes right here.” He came to the phone.I was not my usual calm，rational self.After all，one of the rules of survival for modern parents is that you cant trust modern teenagers.“Where are the children？” I said.He said they were with him.They had done nothing wrong.My son had taken the younger children over to his girlfriends house just for ice cream and cake.This was too good to be believed.Well，it turned out that I shouldnt have believed it.It was only part of the truth.,The following Saturday evening we were at my parents home，celebrating my birthday.My oldest son gave me the childrens gifts.Mounted and framed were a series of lovely color photographs of my children，dressed in their best clothes，and wearing their most wonderful expressions.They are pictures to treasure a lifetime，all taken by the father of my sons girlfriend.,6.The author went out and left her eldest son in charge of the younger children because . A.she knew that her eldest son was a good baby-sitter B.she thought it no hard work to take care of the younger ones C.she believed he could do well with his girlfriends help D.she could not find a baby-sitter on that winter night,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二、三句“On this occasion，the work was made less troublesome by the presence of his girlfriend.I left with plete confidence that the older children would do a wonderful job of babysitting the younger children.”可知，作者離開時非常自信，認為在他女朋友的幫助下，年紀大的孩子可以照顧好小孩子。,6,7,8,9,10,7.When the author called home that evening，she found that . A.there was no one answering the telephone B.the children were preparing a birthday gift for her C.her son was quarrelling with his girlfriend D.her son had brought his girlfriend home,解析細節(jié)理解題。由第二段最后一句“all I heard was the sound of a telephone ringing”可知，作者聽到的只有電話鈴聲，家里沒人接電話。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,8.According to Paragraph 3，“it” means . A.the two younger children have been in bed B.the older children have been answering the phone C.the author will give her older son a lesson D.the older son went outside with his girlfriend,解析代詞指代題。根據(jù)第三段中的“I decided they must be outside. Why they might be outside at 1030 on a winter night？”可知，it指的是作者的大兒子和他的女朋友出去了。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,9.What might the children do that evening? A.They had a birthday party. B.They had their pictures taken. C.They framed some photographs. D.They made some beautiful clothes.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，作者收到的孩子們的禮物是一些照片“all taken by the father of my sons girlfriend”而且這些照片都是兒子女朋友的爸爸拍的，可見吃冰淇淋和蛋糕并不是孩子們做的所有的事情，他們還給媽媽準備了生日禮物。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,10.What does the author intend to tell us by the story? A.Modern teenagers are not worth trusting. B.It is no easy job to look after young children. C.It is no good to have a girlfriend at an early age. D.Her children have a caring and tender heart.,解析寫作目的題。文章通過描述了孩子們?yōu)閶寢尵臏蕚湔滟F的照片作為生日禮物，說明孩子們的關(guān)心和體貼。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,