第二講 主旨大意題,一、題型解讀,主旨大意題是高考英語閱讀理解中?？嫉念}型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落大意以及選擇標(biāo)題等形式出現(xiàn)。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度題，能夠拉開考生的分?jǐn)?shù)差距，所以此類題目在高考試題中具有很好的選拔作用，屬于能力型題目。 主旨大意題一般分為三類：,二、 設(shè)問方式,解答主旨大意題時要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。,1.標(biāo)題歸納類主旨大意題的主要設(shè)題形式,What is the best title for this passage? Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is _. The most suitable title of this passage is _. What would be the most suitable title for the text? The suitable title of the passage may be _.,2.文章大意類主旨大意題的主要設(shè)題形式,What is the main idea of the passage? The passage is mainly about _. Which of the following can best summarize the passage? What is the subject discussed in the passage? What does the passage mainly deal with?,3.段落大意類主旨大意題的主要設(shè)題形式,The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that _. What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 3? Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1? What is the main idea discussed in Paragraph 2?,三、選項特征 1.主旨大意題正確選項的特征,(1)涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文或全段。 (2)確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。 (3)精確性強，能恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_原文的主題和中心思想。,2.主旨大意題干擾選項的特征,(1)過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云。所給選項內(nèi)容歸納、概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。 (2)以偏概全，主次不分。所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個別詞作為選項的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點。 (3)移花接木，偷換概念。所給選項被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯答案。 (4)無中生有，生搬硬套。所給選項的關(guān)鍵詞語雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。,典例(2016江蘇高考閱讀D) Not so long ago，most people didnt know who Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was going to bee.She was just an average high athlete.There was every indication that she was just another Jamaican teenager without much of a future.However，one person wanted to change this.Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness.Her times were not exactly impressive，but even so，he sensed there was something trying to get out，something the,精確歸納標(biāo)題,other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking.He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in his very strict training sessions.Their cooperation quickly produced results，and a few years later at Jamaicas Olympic trials in early 2008，Shelly-Ann，who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world，beat Jamaicas unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑).,70.What is the best title for the passage?,A.The Making of a Great Athlete B.The Dream for Championship C.The Key to High Performance D.The Power of Full Responsibility 答案A主旨大意題。首先，根據(jù)題干可以確定本題為標(biāo)題歸納類主旨大意題。整篇文章介紹了牙買加短跑明星弗萊瑟-普利斯由一名不為人知的中學(xué)普通運動員成長為奧運會金牌得主的故事。成名后，弗萊瑟-普利斯并沒有止步不前，而是計劃為祖國做更多的事情。所以A項“一個偉大的運動員的造就”能覆蓋全文，恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_原文的主題和中心思想。,【技巧點撥】,如何精確歸納標(biāo)題？,1.利用主題段來概括標(biāo)題,主題段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般來說第一段經(jīng)常提出文章的主題或最后一段總結(jié)文章的主題，知道了文章的主題也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句話或一個短語文章的標(biāo)題。,2.利用主題句來概括標(biāo)題,解題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。通過尋找文章的主題句，并對主題句進行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標(biāo)題。,3.做此類題時，要避免以下三種錯誤：,(1)概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而縮小了范圍)； (2)過度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴大范圍)； (3)以事實、細(xì)節(jié)替代文章大意。,典例(2016江蘇高考閱讀B ) Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct (本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather their own food.,概括文章大意,In the laboratory，chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish. Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving mon goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.,There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(認(rèn)知的)skills，at least when pared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello，the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.,The core of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”，a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.,60.The passage is mainly about _.,A.the helping behaviors of young children B.ways to train childrens shared intentionality C.cooperation as a distinctive human nature D.the development of intelligence in children 答案C主旨大意題。本文屬于科普說明文。作者從猩猩的自私行為導(dǎo)入到人類無私幫助他人的本能，分析了人類愿意幫助他人、愿意與他人合作的本能的原因。A、B、D項都屬于文章的部分內(nèi)容，并非心中思想。故C項正確。,【技巧點撥】,如何概括文章大意？,1.做概括文章大意題時，有效的方法就是辨認(rèn)主題句。主題句具有簡潔性、概括性的特點，文章的中心思想往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無主題句，這就需要我們依據(jù)文中的事實、細(xì)節(jié)、觀點去進行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。 2.在選擇答案時，根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾項逐個排除。,典例Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour：we move closer to people we like.Most negative emotions，in contrast，are associated with avoidance behaviour：we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.But anger is an exception to this pattern.The angrier we are，the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger：the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger.This approach-and-confront behaviour is acpanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不對稱) of EEG activity.Interestingly，this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy(同感) towards the,總結(jié)段落大意,individual who is bringing forth the angry response.In defensive anger，in contrast，the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation. 64.What is the key message of the last paragraph?,A.How anger differs from other emotions. B.How anger relates to other emotions. C.Behavioural responses to anger. D.Behavioural patterns of anger. 答案D段落大意題。根據(jù)本段第三句“But anger is an exception to this pattern.”以及下面對憤怒形式的描述可確定D項正確。,【技巧點撥】,如何總結(jié)段落大意？,段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想會在首句體現(xiàn)出來，這就是常說的段落主題句。主題句具有鮮明的概括性，句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，段落中其他句子均用來解釋、支撐或擴展主題句所表達的主題思想。主題句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有時作者沒有寫出明顯的主題句，要學(xué)會根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容去概括主題句。,