六、推理判斷寫(xiě)作意圖題,專(zhuān)題三第二節(jié)分類(lèi)突破,感悟體會(huì),名師點(diǎn)津,內(nèi)容索引,隨堂限時(shí)練,感悟體會(huì),(2018鎮(zhèn)江一模) Most of us are already aware of the direct effect we have on our friends and family.But we rarely consider that everything we think，feel，do，or say can spread far beyond the people we know.Conversely(相反地)，our friends and family serve as conduits(渠道) for us to be influenced by hundreds or even thousands of other people.In a kind of social chain reaction，we can be deeply affected by events we do not witness that happen to people we do not know.As part of a social network，we go beyond ourselves，for good or ill，and bee a part of something much larger.,Our connectedness carries with it fundamental implications(影響) for the way we understand the human condition.Social networks have value precisely because they can help us to achieve what we could not achieve on our own.Yet，social-network effects are not always positive.Depression，obesity，financial panic，and violence also spread.Social networks，it turns out，tend to magnify(放大) whatever they are seeded with.,Partly for this reason，social networks are creative.And what these networks create does not belong to any one individualit is shared by all those in the network.In this way，a social network is like a monly owned forest：we all stand to benefit from it，but we also must work together to ensure it remains healthy and productive.While social networks are fundamentally and distinctively human，and can be seen everywhere，they should not be taken for granted.,If you are happier or richer or healthier than others，it may have a lot to do with where you happen to be in the network，even if you cannot recognize your own location.And it may have a lot to do with the overall structure of the network，even if you cannot control that structure at all.And in some cases，the process feeds back to the network itself.A person with many friends may bee rich and then attract even more friends.This rich-get-richer dynamic means social networks can dramatically reinforce two different kinds of inequality in our society：situational inequality and positional inequality.,Lawmakers have not yet considered the consequences of positional inequality.Still，understanding the way we are connected is an essential step in creating a more just society and in carrying out public policies affecting everything from public health to the economy.We might be better off vaccinating(接種疫苗) centrally located individuals rather than weak individuals.We might be better off helping interconnected groups of people to avoid criminal behaviour rather than preventing or punishing crimes one at a time.,If we want to understand how society works，we need to fill in the missing links between individuals.We need to understand how interconnections and interactions between people give rise to wholly new aspects of human experience that are not present in the individuals themselves.If we do not understand social networks，we cannot hope to fully understand either ourselves or the world we inhabit.,語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇議論文。主要論述了人際關(guān)系和社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重要性。,語(yǔ)篇解讀,1.What can be inferred from the first paragraph? A.We cant be easily affected by strangers. B.We are connected and form a social network. C.We have negative effects on other social members. D.We will not make a difference in a specific group.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一句可知，人與人之間是相互聯(lián)系相互影響的，從而形成一個(gè)社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。,答案,解析,2.Why is a social network like a monly owned forest? A.Because it remains healthy and productive. B.Because it tends to magnify negative things. C.Because it is creative and shared by people in the whole society. D.Because what it creates can be enjoyed by everyone in the network.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句可知，這種網(wǎng)絡(luò)創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的產(chǎn)品并不屬于任何個(gè)人，而是整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)里面的人所共享的。,答案,解析,3.We can learn from Paragraph 4 that . A.whether we are richer depends on the number of friends we make B.the wealth we possess has nothing to do with individual continuous efforts C.sometimes our success may be largely due to our position in social networks D.we wont succeed unless we fully control the overall structure of the network,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句可知，我們的成功與我們?cè)谏缃痪W(wǎng)絡(luò)中所處的位置有很大的關(guān)系。,答案,解析,4.Whats the authors purpose of writing the passage? A.To introduce the characteristics of social networks. B.To urge people to understand how our society works. C.To show the significance of understanding social networks. D.To explain the possible consequences of ignoring social networks.,解析寫(xiě)作意圖題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“If we do not understand social networks，we cannot hope to fully understand either ourselves or the world we inhabit.”可知，文章旨在表明社會(huì)關(guān)系網(wǎng)的重要性。,答案,解析,名師點(diǎn)津,一、題型解讀 各種話(huà)題的閱讀材料都可能考查寫(xiě)作意圖/目的題。設(shè)問(wèn)形式常有： 1.整篇文章的寫(xiě)作意圖/目的： (1)The author writes this passage in order to . (2)The author of the passage aims to . (3)The purpose of the passage is to . (4)What is the main purpose of the passage? (5)What is the authors intention of writing this passage? (6)The author of the story wants to tell us that .,2.某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫(xiě)作意圖/目的： (1)The author uses.in the first paragraph to . (2)The author uses the example of.to . (3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to . (4)Why does the author mention.in the first paragraph?,二、解題技巧 1.文體特點(diǎn)推意圖 (1)記敘文：一般會(huì)在首段或尾段出現(xiàn)高度概括的總結(jié)性的語(yǔ)言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的敘述都是圍繞該哲理展開(kāi)。 (2)廣告類(lèi)應(yīng)用文：文章中有對(duì)某種物品或服務(wù)的詳盡介紹，使用具有明顯支持傾向的語(yǔ)言。 (3)說(shuō)明文：寫(xiě)作目的有賴(lài)于對(duì)文章主旨的把握，閱讀時(shí)需要找準(zhǔn)主題句。 (4)議論文：提出論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證得出結(jié)論，作者的意圖往往隱含于最后一部分中。,2.看寫(xiě)作手法找答案 (1)在文章開(kāi)頭提出問(wèn)題或介紹與主題有關(guān)的其他事物時(shí)答案中往往會(huì)含有to bring in/to introduce the topic等字眼。 (2)舉例或引用某人的話(huà)時(shí)答案中往往會(huì)含有to support/to show. 例如：【感悟體會(huì)】中的第4題，文章為議論文，文章先提出論點(diǎn)，再進(jìn)行論證，最后得出結(jié)論，因此通過(guò)最后一段所給信息可知文章旨在表明社會(huì)關(guān)系的重要性。,隨堂限時(shí)練,A (2018湖南第二次聯(lián)考) In my very first job with some 1archaeologists，I wasnt digging objects out of the ground，instead I was employed as an artist，drawing what they found.However，I was soon more interested in the stories behind the objects than in drawing them and thats how my career in archaeology started.I still draw what I find in my work as a specialist on the Silk Road，the old trade route running from Egypt to Mongolia，and I also work on some underwater projects too.,In archaeology，my all-time hero is an American called Raphael Pumpelly.I first heard about him when I was a student on a trip to Turkmenistan，a country right in the heart of Asia.To get around the country，I had to learn Russian so that I could speak to the local people.When I got there I thought，“Wow! Im one of the first Americans here！” Then an old man told me about an American archaeologist，Raphael Pumpelly，who was there doing the same thing over 100 years ago.,Archaeologys in my family.My wifes in the same 2profession，and，although our two boys arent interested in the future in archaeology themselves，weve been on some great digs together and they love what we do because they get to travel with us.Last summer，we took them to Lake Titicaca in South America，in the high areas of the Andes mountain range.My best experience was when I was digging on the Egyptian Red Sea coast.Theres very little rain and its so dry that everything is kept as it was.In an old house，where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in，I picked up a 700-year-old mat in front of the house and there，under it，after all that time，,was the house key with the owners name carved on it.It felt like he could be on his way home any minute! And I thought，“Hey，I do just that.This mans not much different to me！”,語(yǔ)篇解讀作者在文章中介紹了自己喜歡做考古學(xué)家的原因，并講述了自己在各地考古的經(jīng)歷和感受。,語(yǔ)篇解讀,1.While working in Egypt，what did the writer find so interesting? A.That people from different centuries could be so similar. B.The fact that the doormat was in such good condition. C.The way the people managed to live in such a dry place. D.That there had been so much trade in that area.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“My best experience was when I was digging on the Egyptian Red Sea coast.”和“It felt like he could be on his way home any minute！And I thought，Hey，I do just that.This mans not much different to me！”可知，作者看見(jiàn)了地墊下的鑰匙，感覺(jué)700年前的那個(gè)人就在回家的路上，感覺(jué)彼此沒(méi)有什么不同。故選A。,答案,解析,2.Which 3entry will the writer probably make in his diary? A.Turkmenistan is interesting.Im the first American to e here but Im glad this is my last trip away. B.I have been diving today and found some objects for an exhibition.Ive just finished drawing them for my records. C.I wish my children werent more interested in archaeology and would not work hard in the open like their parents. D.Its nearly dark but Raphaels still busy digging in that old house.He can be very annoying.He thinks hes the most important person here.,答案,解析,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“I still draw what I find in my work as a specialist on the Silk Road，the old trade route running from Egypt to Mongolia，and I also work on some underwater projects too.”可知，作者從事畫(huà)圖工作，還從事水下工作。B項(xiàng)與畫(huà)圖和水下工作有關(guān)，故選B。,3.What is the writers main purpose in writing the text? A.To describe the life of an archaeologist he admires. B.To persuade people to take up archaeology as a career. C.To explain what he enjoys about being an archaeologist. D.To show how archaeologists work.,解析寫(xiě)作意圖題。根據(jù)第一段中的“I was soon more interested in the stories behind the objects than in drawing them”可知，作者在文中解釋了自己喜歡做考古學(xué)家的原因，故選C。,答案,解析,B Stained glass(彩色玻璃) artists create different designs by making cuts on the glass to “score” it and then breaking off the pattern that they want to use in the finished product.The most difficult cut in stained glass is called an inside cut.Basically，its a curved(彎曲的) line where you throw away the part inside of the curve.The problem with inside cuts is that the edges of the curve tend to break off when the pieces of scored glass are broken apart.,As the artist talked about inside cuts，he said，“The glass will break into pieces if you try to cut too much off at once.The best way to do an inside cut is to 7slice off smaller curves piece-by-piece.In fact，its not just the best way to do it，but its the only way to do it.” How many times do you try to make a big change and cut the entire piece at once? We convince ourselves that we can do this all the time.Well 4mit to 5transforming our diet overnight or we get inspired to launch a business in a weekend or we finally get motivated to work out and push ourselves to the edge of burning out.,Why not approach your goals and dreams like a stained glass artist? Starting by slicing a shallow curve and breaking a small piece off，you cut a slightly deeper curve and break that off until you have your full inside cut.By slowly cutting deeper and deeper curves，you prevent the glass from breaking as it changes shape. Of course，change isnt easyno matter how you do it.Slow gains are boring，but if we keep making small improvements，then pretty soon we will end up with a beautiful masterpiece on our hands instead of a bunch of broken pieces.,語(yǔ)篇解讀,語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇議論文。作者通過(guò)講述玻璃藝術(shù)家切割玻璃的方式慢慢地切割不造成玻璃破碎告訴讀者生活中我們也應(yīng)該一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)取得進(jìn)步，最后達(dá)到目標(biāo)，獲得成功。,4.Why is an inside cut believed to be most difficult? A.It needs a one-and-only design. B.It 6calls for nothing but inspiration. C.The edges of the curve break easily. D.The glass inside the curve is easily broken.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知，內(nèi)部切割的問(wèn)題在于，當(dāng)劃過(guò)的玻璃裂開(kāi)的時(shí)候，曲線的邊緣往往會(huì)折斷。故選C。,答案,解析,5.What mistakes are easily made according to Paragraph 3? A.Being too eager to make improvements. B.Being too worried about the final oute. C.Trying to make a plete change all at once. D.Developing to focus on progress instead of achievements.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段前兩句可知，我們很容易犯的錯(cuò)誤是試圖一次就做出徹底的改變。故選C。,答案,解析,6.What does the author suggest by saying “slicing a shallow curve”？ A.Moving forward with a clear aim. B.Starting slow and improving little by little. C.Developing a new habit with great determination. D.Handling something major first and ignoring the minor part.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)上文“Why not approach your goals and dreams like a stained glass artist？”可推斷，作者建議人們要像一個(gè)彩色玻璃藝術(shù)家一樣接近目標(biāo)和夢(mèng)想。結(jié)合第一、二段的講述可推斷，畫(huà)線句的意思是：慢慢開(kāi)始，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)進(jìn)步，每次一小塊，逐漸稍微大一點(diǎn)直到完全切開(kāi)整個(gè)里面。故選B。,答案,解析,7.What is the authors purpose in writing the text? A.To show his love for stained glass. B.To introduce the skill of an inside cut. C.To appreciate designs of stained glass artists. D.To share his opinions on how to make a change.,解析寫(xiě)作目的題?？v觀全文可知，最后一段點(diǎn)明了作者的觀點(diǎn)：改變不容易，如果保持小的進(jìn)步，很快我們會(huì)完成我們的杰作而不是滿(mǎn)地碎片。因此推斷本文的寫(xiě)作目的是為了分享他關(guān)于如何做出改變的觀點(diǎn)。故選D。,答案,解析,素材提煉再拓展,做完以上兩篇閱讀后，巧妙運(yùn)用語(yǔ)境，解決障礙詞和長(zhǎng)難句,.障礙詞匯突破 (一)閱讀下列句子，并根據(jù)句意猜測(cè)畫(huà)線部分的意思 1.The archaeologist has to get special permission to open up the grave. _ 2.Although I like singing，I still dont treat it as my life-long profession. _ 3.Because there are several files，you need an entry for each one. _ 4.The president is mitted to reforming health care. _,考古學(xué)家,職業(yè),條目,承諾,(二)同義詞語(yǔ)替換 5.They transformed the basement into a reading room._ 6.To be a nurse calls for endurance and patience. _ (三)一詞多義 7.slice n.片，切片，薄片；一份；vt.切下；把分成部分；將切成薄片 (1)Try to eat at least four slices of bread a day. _ (2)Fiction takes up a large slice of the publishing market. _ (3)Slice up the onions and add them to the meat. _,changed,needs,薄片,一份,將切成薄片,.長(zhǎng)難句理解 1.In an old house，where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in，I picked up a 700-year-old mat in front of the house and there，under it，after all that time，was the house key with the owners name carved on it. 句式分析本句話(huà)是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句，and前的句子的主干部分是簡(jiǎn)單句的 結(jié)構(gòu)；In an old house，where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in，為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，其中where the owner used to store goods from the ships that came in為 從句，修飾 ；that,主謂賓,定語(yǔ),house,came in為 從句，修飾 ；and后的句子是一個(gè)完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，調(diào)整為正常順序后為 ；with the owners name carved on it是with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在此處作定語(yǔ)，修飾 。 精美譯文_ _,the ships,the house key was there，under it,the house key,定語(yǔ),在一座舊房子里，它的主人過(guò)去常在這兒存放從海上運(yùn)來(lái)的貨物，在這座舊房子里的前面，我撿起了一個(gè)有700年歷史的墊子，就是在那，在墊子的下面，過(guò)了那么多年，放著上面刻著主人姓名的鑰匙。,2.Slow gains are boring，but if we keep making small improvements，then pretty soon we will end up with a beautiful masterpiece on our hands instead of a bunch of broken pieces. 句式分析本句話(huà)是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句，but前的句子的主干部分是簡(jiǎn)單句的 結(jié)構(gòu)；后面是復(fù)合句，含有 從句。 精美譯文_ _,主系表,條件狀語(yǔ),慢慢地收獲是令人厭煩的，但是如果我們連續(xù)不斷地取得進(jìn)步，那么很快在我們手上就會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)美麗的杰作而不是一堆碎片。,