1112014屆高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)全方位配套訓(xùn)練人教版必修一Unit 4 Earthquakes詞匯21.damage n.& vt.損失；損害【?？加梅ā縟o a lot of damage to the crops毀壞了大量農(nóng)作物cause serious damage to the house對房子造成了嚴(yán)重的損壞damage a car seriously嚴(yán)重?fù)p害車輛damage his reputation as a political personality損害自己政界名人的聲譽(yù)【十年高考鏈接】（1）（2011·新課標(biāo)全國高考）William found it increasingly difficult to read，for his eyesight was beginning to .A.disappear B.fallC.failD.damage答案：C 本題考查動詞意義辨析。句意：威廉發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀越來越困難，因為他的視力開始下降了。disappear消失；fall落下，下落，跌倒，（數(shù)量）減少，下降；damage損失，損壞，均不合題意。fail除有“失敗，不及格”等含義外，還有“（健康、視力、記憶力）衰退”之意，故選C。（2）（2008·重慶高考）Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much.A.have damagedB.are damagingC.damagedD.will damage答案：B 根據(jù)because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句的時態(tài)可知前面的時態(tài)。（3）(2007· 上海春季）John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it seriously.A.damagedB.was being damagedC.had damaged D.had been damaged答案：D 句意：約翰不得不在汽車修理廠找人修車，因為車受損嚴(yán)重。damage在repair之前發(fā)生，結(jié)合had可知用過去完成時。（4）（2005·北京春季）After a fire broke out in the lab，a lot of equipment .A.is damaged B.had damagedC.damagedD.was damaged 答案：D 句意：實驗室發(fā)生火災(zāi)之后，大量設(shè)備受損。damage與equipment之間為動賓關(guān)系，排除B、C兩項；結(jié)合broke out（過去時態(tài)）排除A項，D項正確。2.frighten vt.使驚嚇；嚇?！境？加梅ā縡righten that boy away把那個男孩嚇跑了frighten him from his plan嚇得他放棄了他的計劃frighten him into going to school恐嚇?biāo)ド蠈W(xué)frighten off his attacker by calling for the police他喊警察，嚇跑了要向他行兇的人frighten us out of senses嚇得我們失去知覺frighten me to death嚇得我要死be frightened at the sight of the dog一見到那條狗嚇了一跳be frightened of mice害怕老鼠be frighten into silence被嚇得一聲不吭be badly frightened by the sudden noise被突然而來的嘈雜聲嚇壞了be frightened into holding his tongue嚇得不敢往下說了be frightened off by the sound of the dog barking被狗的吠叫聲嚇跑了be frightened out of her life嚇得要命be frightened to death嚇得要死【辨析】frightening與frightened（1）frightening用作形容詞，意為“令人害怕的”，事物本身具有使人害怕的性質(zhì)。（2）frightened用作形容詞，表示“感到害怕的，受到驚嚇的”。frightened look/expression害怕的神情語法知能精解定語從句（）關(guān)系代詞的用法在復(fù)合句中修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句，叫做定語從句。它所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。它的基本構(gòu)成：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語從句。連接先行詞和定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。關(guān)系詞的主要作用是連接主句和從句，同時指代先行詞，并在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。定語從句又分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞有兩種：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose等；關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。其具體用法見下表：關(guān)系代詞指代的先行詞在從句中所作的成分who指人主語、賓語、表語whom指人賓語whose指人或物定語which指物主語、賓語、表語that指人或物主語、賓語、表語一、關(guān)系代詞的用法1.who指人，在定語從句中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想見你的那個女孩過來了。Danny is a man who we should learn from.丹尼是我們應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的一個人。2.whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可省略，也可用who代替。Rose is the person whom you should look after.羅斯是你應(yīng)該照顧的人。3.whose可修飾人，也可修飾物,表“所屬”關(guān)系，whose在定語從句中作定語。I know the person whose company produces computers.我認(rèn)識那個人，他的公司生產(chǎn)電腦。4.which指事物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時可省略。China is a country which has a long history.中國是一個具有悠久歷史的國家。5.that既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時可省略。習(xí)慣上多用who，whom指人，多用which指物。The number of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達(dá)一百萬。The bag that lies on the ground is hers.地上放的那個包是她的。（that指物，作主語）誤區(qū)警示 關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語，因此定語從句中不能再出現(xiàn)關(guān)系代詞所替代的名詞或代詞。譯昨天晚上我們看的那部電影非常感人。誤The film （that/which） we saw it last night is very moving.正The film （that/which） we saw last night is very moving.關(guān)系代詞作主語時，不能省略；關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略。Is that the girl (whom/that/who) you spoke of the other day?那就是你前幾天所提到的女孩嗎？二、只能用that而不用which引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況1.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾或先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級時。This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.這是我吃過的最美味的食品。2.先行詞是不定代詞，如all，little，few，much，everything，anything，nothing，none，some等時。All that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已經(jīng)做了。3.先行詞被all，every，no，the only，the very，the last等修飾時。Ive read all the books that are not mine.我已經(jīng)讀了所有那些不是我的書。The only thing that she could do was go to the police for help.她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。學(xué)法點(diǎn)撥 以上三種情況有一個共同特點(diǎn)，就是先行詞或先行詞之前的修飾語往往帶有“唯一”或者“全部”概念，以致無法作出“選擇”。因為關(guān)系代詞which原來也是疑問代詞，表示“哪一個”，含有選擇意味，所以，用that引導(dǎo)萬無一失。4.先行詞既有人又有物時。We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.我們常常談起我們記得的人和事。5.當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時。Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing?你買的書中哪一本對我寫作最有用？6.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作to be的表語時。He isnt the boy that he used to be.他不再是過去的男孩了。三、只能用which而不用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況1.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時。Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.足球，一項非常有趣的運(yùn)動，在全世界得到了普及。2.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時。This is the house in which he once lived.這就是他曾經(jīng)住過的房子。3.當(dāng)先行詞本身就是that時。That which you told him about is what we want to know.你告訴他的事情就是我們想知道的。4.在限制性定語從句中，如果有兩個定語從句，其中一句的關(guān)系詞是that，那么另一句的關(guān)系詞就需用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.讓我給你看看我從新開放的圖書館借來的小說。四、只能用who而不用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況1.先行詞是指人的不定代詞時，如：one，anyone，no one，all，nobody，anybody，none等。The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well.你應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的是那位學(xué)習(xí)努力且成績優(yōu)異的學(xué)生。2.在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞指人時。There is a young lady who asks for you.有位年輕女士找你。3.一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句時，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that，另一個宜用who。The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇到的那個男孩是個學(xué)習(xí)非常努力的組長。誤區(qū)警示 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選擇有兩個原則：一是看先行詞是人還是物；二是看先行詞在從句中作什么成分。若先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，則選關(guān)系代詞；若先行詞在從句中作狀語，則選關(guān)系副詞。Well remember those days that/which we spent together.（作賓語）Well remember those days when we played by the sea.(作狀語)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，根據(jù)先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。He is the only one of the students who knows French.（the only one為先行詞）He is one of the students who know French.（students為先行詞）五、as引導(dǎo)定語從句1.as用作關(guān)系代詞，既可指人，也可指物。在定語從句中可作主語、賓語或表語。它常用在the same.as.，such.as.，as.as.等句型中，as不能省略。Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.認(rèn)識湯姆的老師都認(rèn)為他聰明。Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.我要買和你的一樣的詞典。誤區(qū)警示 當(dāng)先行詞被such,the same修飾時，也可用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但指同一物，而不是同一類。This is the same bike that I lost two months ago.這就是兩個月前我丟的那輛自行車。（同一輛自行車）比較：This is the same bike as I lost two months ago.這輛自行車像兩個月前我丟的那輛。（相像的自行車）2.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代替整個主句的內(nèi)容。從句可放在主句前、主句后或主句中。As we all know,the Great Wall of China has become world-famous.我們都知道，中國的長城已變得世界聞名。Lu Xun,as is known to us all,was a great writer.眾所周知，魯迅是一位偉大的作家。學(xué)法點(diǎn)撥 as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常用的固定表達(dá)：as we all know眾所周知 as is well known眾所周知as you see如你所見 as we expect正如我們預(yù)料的那樣as often happens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的 as I can remember正如我所記得的as has been said before如前所述 as is/was expected正如預(yù)料的那樣as can be seen正如所見 as may be imagined正如可以想象出來的那樣111