十一、主旨大意標(biāo)題歸納題,專題三第二節(jié)分類突破,真題感悟,名師點津,內(nèi)容索引,隨堂限時練,真題感悟,(20186月天津，C) Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to e into focus：food.Recent development has made possible machines that print，cook，and serve foods on a mass scale.And the industry isnt stopping there. Food production With a 3D printer，a cook can print plicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same，” freeing cooks to plete other tasks.In another restaurant，all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed，rather than farm to table.,Sustainability(可持續(xù)性) The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050，and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels.Sustainability is being a necessity.3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解膠體) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪原料).3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions.Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end，freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.,Nutrition Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier.Hod Lipson，a professor at Columbia University，said，“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content，like vitamins.So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket，youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”,Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing，the industry has many challenges to overe.Currently，most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊狀物) before a printer can use them，and the printing process is quite time-consuming，because ingredients interact with each other in very plex ways.On top of that，most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients，because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers，believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.,語篇解讀,語篇解讀本文是一篇科普說明文，主要介紹了3D食物打印機的優(yōu)點和缺點。,46.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production? A.It helps cooks to create new dishes. B.It saves time and effort in cooking. C.It improves the cooking conditions. D.It contributes to restaurant decorations.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)Food production下的第二句中的“.it takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.”可知，利用3D打印機打印食物省時省力。故答案為B。,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,47.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3? A.It solves food shortages easily. B.It quickens the transportation of food. C.It needs no space for the storage of food. D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解膠體) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪原料).”可知，3D打印機用的是可再生材料。故D項正確。,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,48.According to Paragraph 4,3D-printed food . A.is more available to consumers B.can meet individual nutritional needs C.is more tasty than food in supermarkets D.can keep all the nutrition in raw materials,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content，like vitamins.”可知，3D打印機打印食物可以滿足個人的營養(yǎng)需求。故答案為B。,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,49.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely? A.The printing process is plicated. B.3D food printers are too expensive. C.Food materials have to be dry. D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Challenges下的“On top of that，most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients.”可知，選項C正確。,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,解析標(biāo)題歸納題。本文介紹了一種美味的新科技3D食物打印，故A項適合作文章標(biāo)題。,50.What could be the best title of the passage? A.3D Food Printing：Delicious New Technology B.A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C.The Challenges for 3D Food Production D.3D Food Printing：From Farm to Table,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,名師點津,一、題型解讀 記敘文、說明文和議論文三種文體所涉及的不同話題的閱讀材料都會考查到標(biāo)題歸納題。設(shè)問形式常有： (1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? (2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text? (3)What is the best title for this passage? (4)The most suitable title of this passage is . 一個好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點：概括準(zhǔn)確而又簡短；針對性標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；醒目能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。,二、解題技巧 1.“高度概括”定標(biāo)題 (1)所選文章標(biāo)題須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容。標(biāo)題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。為吸引讀者的注意，標(biāo)題往往比較醒目。 (2)一般文章的標(biāo)題可根據(jù)主題句來判斷，但在某些文章中，如記敘文，沒有明確的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中的事實細(xì)節(jié)，查找文章的“主線”，歸納出文章的主題。,2.文章標(biāo)題三特點 (1)形式一般為單詞、短語或句子，短語居多； (2)短小精悍，精確性強； (3)涵蓋性強，能覆蓋全文大意。 例如：【真題感悟】中第50題，要求概括標(biāo)題，文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。所以用標(biāo)題“3D Food Printing：Delicious New Technology”。考生做此題時一定要注意選項的內(nèi)容必須要能概括整個文章的內(nèi)容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D選項的內(nèi)容在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正確概括全文的主旨大意。,隨堂限時練,A (2018天津十二區(qū)縣二模) Tears of relief and shouts of joy rang out at the San Jose Mine in northern Chile when 33 miners were lifted to freedom，one by one.The men，ranging from 19 to 63 years old，have been buried alive since a cave in the copper and gold mine they were working collapsed on August 5,2010.It is the longest time anyone has ever survived being trapped underground.,After the collapse，the men found an emergency shelter off one of the mines tunnels.The temperature in the dark shelter was around 90 degrees Fahrenheit.For more than two weeks，the miners water came from the tanks on their work vehicles.They shared a supply of food that was meant to last for only 48 hours. The miners were totally isolated until rescue teams made contact with the men on August 22.They sent a note to the surface explaining their situation.Rescuers drilled small holes to reach the cave and sent down supply tubes containing food，water，clothes，medicine，fresh air and other supplies.They also received letters from their families，a television set and games.,Additional collapses slowed down rescue efforts.Finally，a tunnel was built that could fit a 13-foot rescue capsule(救生艙)，called the Pheonix.The escape hole measures 28 inches across，a tight fit for the twisting 20 minutes,2,041-foot ride.The first miner reached the surface just after midnight on October,13.The rescue mission was faster than expected，and all 33 men had been brought to safety by late the same day.,The miners were met by family members who were waiting at Camp Hope，a settlement of tents near the mine.Chiles president，Sebastian Pinera，cheered at the scene and hugged the miners.“We made a promise never to give up，and we kept it，” he said.After an immediate medical exam，the men were airlifted to the nearest hospital for 48 hours of observation.,1.How long were the rescued miners trapped in the mine? A.About 48 hours.B.About two weeks. C.One month and a half.D.More than two months.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“a cave in the copper and gold mine they were working collapsed(倒塌) on August 5,2010”和倒數(shù)第二段第四、五句“The first miner reached the surface just after midnight on October,13.all 33 men had been brought to safety by late the same day.”可知，所有被營救出來的礦工已被困了兩個多月。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句“For more than two weeks，the miners water came from the tanks on their work vehicles.”可知，礦工們起初兩個多星期飲用的水是作業(yè)車輛水箱中原先就有的，不屬于救援工作。故選A。,2.Which of the following doesnt belong to the rescue work? A.The water from the tanks. B.Small holes drilled to reach the cave. C.A tunnel built to fix a rescue capsule. D.Letters，games and a TV set from the surface.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“Chiles president，Sebastian Pinera，cheered at the scene and hugged the miners.We made a promise never to give up，and we kept it， he said.”可知，智利總統(tǒng)對礦難非常關(guān)切。故選D。,3.What can we learn from the text? A.All miners reached the surface just after midnight on October 13. B.The loss of the mine collapse. C.The health condition of the trapped miners. D.The concern of Chiles president about the mine collapse.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段末句“After an immediate medical exam，the men were airlifted to the nearest hospital for 48 hours of observation.”可知礦工獲救后被送往最近的醫(yī)院進(jìn)行為期兩天的觀察。故選C。,4.According to the text，the rescued miners . A.received medical examination in a hospital at first B.could go home immediately they got out of the mine C.had to stay in a hospital for two days before going home D.felt relieved to see their family members taken good care of,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要描述了在營救者不懈的努力以及礦工們的頑強毅力下，智利礦難的營救工作取得了圓滿成功，33名礦工在困于礦井兩個多月后終于獲救，這可以說是一個生命的奇跡。,5.The best title for the text should be . A.Disaster at the Mine B.A Miracle at the Mine C.Efforts of Great Chileans D.Miserable Life of Chilean Miners,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,B (2018和平區(qū)二模) Since the 1970s，scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with puters.Brain-puter interface(界面)(BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send mands to machines. Recently，two researchers，Jose Milan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic school in Lausanne，Switzerland，demonstrated(展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a persons thoughts.,In the laboratory，Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand.He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts. “Our brain has billions of nerve ceils.These send signals through the spinal cord(脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move.But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles，” Tavella says.“Our system allows disabled people to municate with external world and also to control devices.”,The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(頭皮) and sends them to a puter.The puter interprets the signals and mands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path.They help the puter react to mands from the brain. Prof.Milan，the team leader，says scientists keep improving the puter software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple mands.“The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories：munication，and controlling devices.One example is this wheelchair.”,He says his team has set two goals.One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知，人類一直在尋找把人腦和電腦聯(lián)系在一起的方法，BCI可以幫助殘疾人向機器發(fā)布命令。由此可知，BCI是一種可以連接人腦和電腦的技術(shù)。,6.BCI is technology that can . A.help to update puter systems B.link the human brain with puters C.help the disabled to recover D.control a persons thoughts,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,7.How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory? A.By controlling his muscles. B.By talking to the machine. C.By moving his hand. D.By using his mind.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“In the laboratory，Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand.”可知，特維拉通過想著移動左手或右手，就可以操作輪椅了。說明他通過思維來控制輪椅。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,8.Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5? A.scalpputercapwheelchair Bputercapscalpwheelchair C.scalpcapputerwheelchair D.capputerscalpwheelchair,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第前三句“The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(頭皮) and sends them to a puter.The puter interprets the signals and mands the motorized wheelchair.”可知，首先頭皮接收人的思想信號，接著特殊的帽子從頭皮上獲取信息，再傳到計算機上，最終計算機操作輪椅移動。,6,7,8,9,10,9.The team will test with real patients to . A.make profits from them B.prove the technology useful to them C.make them live longer D.learn about their physical condition,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.”可知，他們把這個技術(shù)運用于真正的病人身上是為了證明這個技術(shù)對病人有用。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,解析標(biāo)題歸納題。文章第一段第二句“Brain-puter interface(界面)(BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send mands to machines.”指出BCI是一種可以連接人腦和電腦的技術(shù)，未來它能夠幫助殘疾人自由活動。文章的其他部分則敘述了與之相關(guān)的研究信息。故C項為最佳標(biāo)題。,10.Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A.Switzerland，the BCI Research Center B.New Findings About How the Human Brain Works C.BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the Disabled D.Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,