The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substance,無機(jī)化合物命名法,You will meet compounds in this text and will learn their name as you go along.,在本文中，你會(huì)遇到許多化合物，并且 當(dāng)你閱讀下去時(shí)你將獲悉他們的名字。,However, it is useful from the outset to know something about how to form their names.,然而，從一開始了解一下化合物名字的形成 是有用的。,Many compounds were given common names before their compositions were known. Common names include water, salt, sugar, ammonia, and quartz.,許多化合物在未了解其構(gòu)成前給予他們俗稱。 俗稱包括水、鹽、糖、氨和石英。,ammonia mn 氨水,A systematic name, on the other hand, reveals which elements are present and, in some cases, how their atoms are arranged.,另一方面，系統(tǒng)名稱顯示出其存在的元素， 在某些情況下可顯示其原子是如何排列的。,The systematic name of table salt, for instance, is sodium chloride, which indicates at once that it is a compound of sodium and chlorine.,例如食鹽的系統(tǒng)名稱是氯化鈉，這 立即表明它是一個(gè)鈉和氯的化合物。,The systematic naming of compounds, which is called chemical nomenclature, follows a set of rules, so that the name of each compound need not be memorized, only the rules.,化合物的系統(tǒng)名稱，被稱作化學(xué)命名，它遵循 著一套規(guī)則，以便我們不必去記憶每個(gè)化合物 的名稱，而只需記住這個(gè)規(guī)則即可。,Names of Cations,陽離子名稱,The names of monatomic cations are the same as the name of the element, with the addition of the word ion, as in sodium ion for Na+.,單原子陽離子的名稱與元素的名稱相同， 外加離子一詞，如Na+表示鈉離子。,When an element can form more than one kind of cation, such as Cu+ and Cu2+ from copper, we use the Stock number, a Roman numeral equal to the charge of the cation.,當(dāng)元素能形成超過一種的陽離子，如銅能形成 Cu+和Cu2+，我們使用物料編號(hào)，羅馬數(shù)字等 于陽離子電荷，,Thus, Cu+ is a copper () ion and Cu2+ is a copper () ion. Similarly, Fe2+ is an iron () ion and Fe3+ is an iron () ion.,因此，Cu+是銅的一價(jià)離子，Cu2+銅的二價(jià) 離子。 類似的，F(xiàn)e2+是鐵的二價(jià)離子，F(xiàn)e3+是鐵的 三價(jià)離子。,Most transition metals form more than one kind of ion, so it is usually necessary to include a Stock number in the names of their compounds.,大多數(shù)過渡金屬都能形成超過一種的離子， 因此在它們化合物的名稱中包含物料編號(hào)通 常是有必要的。,An older system of nomenclature is still in use.,舊的命名系統(tǒng)仍然在使用。,For example, some cations were once denoted by the endings ous and ic for the ions with lower and higher charges, respectively.,例如，一些陽離子曾經(jīng)用-ous和-ic結(jié)尾分別 表示較低的和較高的電荷。,In this system, iron () ions are called ferrous ions and iron () ions are called ferric ions.,在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，二價(jià)鐵離子被稱作亞鐵離子， 三價(jià)鐵離子被稱作鐵離子。,Names of Anions,陰離子名稱,Monatomic anions are named by adding the suffix ide and the word ion to the first part of the name of the element ( the “stem” of its name ).,單原子陰離子通過在元素名字（名字的詞干） 的第一部分加后綴-ide和離子單詞來命名。,There is no need to give the charge, because most elements that form monatomic anions form only one kind of ion.,名稱中不必給出電荷，因?yàn)榇蟛糠值脑匦纬?單原子陰離子只有一種形式。,The ions formed by the halogens are collectively called halide ions and include fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), and iodide ions (I-).,鹵素形成的離子均稱為鹵離子， 包括F-、Cl-、Br-、I-。,The names of oxoanions are formed by adding the suffix ate to the stem of the name of the element that is not oxygen, as in the carbonate ion, CO32-.,含氧陰離子的名字是在非氧元素的詞干后加 后綴-ate形成，如碳酸鹽，CO32-。,However, many elements can form a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms; nitrogen, for example, forms both NO2- and NO3-.,然而，許多元素能形成不同氧原子數(shù)的多種 含氧陰離子，例如氮能形成NO2-和NO3-。,In such cases, the ion with the larger number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix ate, and that with the smaller number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix ite. Thus, NO2- is nitrate and NO3- is nitrite.,在這種情況下，含氧原子數(shù)較多的離子加以 后綴-ate，反之加以后綴-ite。 因此，NO3-為硝酸鹽，為NO2-亞硝酸鹽。,Some elements-particularly take for the halogensform more than two oxoanions.,一些元素（特別是鹵素）形成超過2種以上 的含氧陰離子，,The name of the oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo- to the ite form of the name, as in the hypochlorite ion, ClO-.,含氧原子數(shù)最少的含氧陰離子的名字是 對(duì)后綴為-ite名字加以前綴hypo-，如次 氯酸鹽離子，ClO-。,The oxoanion with a higher number of oxygen atoms than the ate oxoanion is named with the prefix per- added to the ate form of the name. An example is the perchlorate ion, ClO4-.,含氧原子數(shù)比后綴-ate含氧陰離子多的含氧 陰離子的名字是對(duì)后綴為-ate名字加以前綴 per-，如高氯酸鹽離子，ClO4-。,Some anions include hydrogen, such as HS- and HCO3-. The names of these anions begin with “hydrogen”.,一些陰離子包含氫原子，如HS-和HCO3-， 這些陰離子的名字以“氫”開頭，,Thus, HCO3- is the hydrogen carbonate ion. In an older system of nomenclature, an anion containing a hydrogen atom was named with the prefix bi-, as in bicarbonate ion for HCO3-.,因此，HCO3-是碳酸氫根離子。在舊的命名系 統(tǒng)中，包含氫原子的陰離子是以前綴bi-命名， 如HCO3-是碳酸氫根離子。,The oxoacids are molecular compounds that can be regarded as the parents of the oxoanions.,含氧酸可以被認(rèn)為是含氧陰離子母酸的 分子化合物。,The formulas of oxoacids are derived from those of the corresponding oxoanions by adding enough hydrogen ions to balance the charges.,含氧酸的分子式是從相應(yīng)的含氧陰離子加上 足夠的氫離子以平衡電荷演化而來的。,This procedure is only a formal way of building the chemical formula, because oxoacids are all molecular compounds.,這個(gè)程序只是建立化學(xué)分子式的一種正式 方法，因?yàn)楹跛峥偸欠肿踊衔铩?For example, the sulfate ion, SO42-, needs two H+ ions to cancel its negative charge, so sulfuric acid is the molecular compound H2SO4.,例如，硫酸根離子SO42-需要2個(gè)H+來抵消它 的負(fù)電荷，因此硫酸的分子式是H2SO4。,Similarly, the phosphate ion, PO43-, needs these H+ ions, so its parent acid is the molecular compound H3PO4, phosphoric acid.,類似的，磷酸根離子PO43-需要3個(gè)H+來抵消 它的負(fù)電荷，因此磷酸的分子式是H3PO4。,As these examples illustrate, the names of the parent oxoacids are derived from those of the corresponding oxoanions by replacing the ate suffix with ic acid.,由這些例子可見，母體含氧酸的名字由相應(yīng) 的含氧陰離子的-ate后綴被-ic替代而得。,In general, -ic oxoacids are the parents of ate oxoanions and ous oxoacids are the parents of ite oxoanions.,通常，-ic含氧酸是-ate含氧陰離子的母酸， -ous含氧酸是-ite含氧陰離子的母酸。,Names of Ionic Compounds,離子化合物的名稱,An ionic compound is named with the cation name first, followed by the name of the anion; the word ion is omitted in each case.,離子化合物先命名陽離子，再命名陰離子， 離子在命名陰陽離子時(shí)省略了。,Typical names include potassium chloride (KCl), a compound containing K+ and Cl- ions, and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), which contains NH4+ and NO3- ions.,典型的名字包括氯化鉀（KCl），一個(gè)包含K+ 離子和Cl-離子的化合物。硝酸銨（NH4NO3） 包含NH4+離子和NO3-離子。,The copper chloride that contains Cu+ ions (CuCl) is called copper () chloride, and the chloride that contains Cu2+ ions (CuCl2) is called copper () chloride.,包含Cu+離子的氯化亞銅（CuCl）稱為氯化 亞銅（I），包含Cu2+離子的氯化物（CuCl2） 稱為氯化銅（II）。,Some ionic compounds form crystals that in- corporate a definite proportion of molecules of water as well as the ions of the compound itself.,一些離子化合物形成含一定比例的水分子和 離子化合物的晶體。,These compounds are called hydrates. For example, copper () sulfate normally occurs as blue crystals of composition CuSO45H2O.,這種化合物稱之為水合物。如硫酸銅（II） 通常為藍(lán)色的晶體化合物CuSO45H2O。,The raised dot in this formula is used to separate the water of hydration from the rest of the formula.,公式中凸出的點(diǎn)用來把水化物中的水與分 子式的其他部分分離。,This formula indicates that there are five H2O molecules for each CuSO4 formula unit.,這分子式表明每一個(gè)CuSO4分子式單元含 5個(gè)水分子。,Hydrates are named by first giving the name of the compound, then adding the word hydrate with a Greek prefix indicating how many molecules of water are found in each formula unit.,水合物首先以化合物的名字命名，然后加上 水合物希臘前綴，表明一個(gè)分子式單元有多 少個(gè)水分子。,For example, the name of CuSO45H2O is copper () sulfate pentahydrate.,例如CuSO45H2O為五水硫酸銅（II）。,Names of Molecular Compounds,分子化合物的名稱,Many simple molecular compounds are named by using the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each type of atom present.,許多簡(jiǎn)單分子化合物的命名使用希臘前綴 表明每一種原子存在的數(shù)目。,Usually, no prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present; an important exception to this rule is carbon monoxide, CO.,通常如果只有一種元素的一個(gè)原子存在 則沒有前綴，對(duì)這個(gè)規(guī)則一個(gè)重要的例 外是一氧化碳CO。,Most of the common binary molecular compoundsmolecular compounds built from two elementshave at least one element from Group 16 or 17.,大部分常見的二元分子化合物（分子化 合物由兩個(gè)元素組成）至少有一個(gè)元素 來自16或17族。,這些元素第二次序命名，并以-ide結(jié)尾。,These elements are named second, with their endings changed to ide.,phosphorus trichloride PCl3 dinitrogen oxide N2O sulfur hexafluoride SF6 dinitrogen pentocxide N2O5,Metals with Ions of Only One Charge 僅有一種電荷的金屬,It is not difficult to recognize metals with only one charge because all except one are in two groups in the periodic table (There are also several transition metals that form only one cation charge, but they are not included in this discussion.).,識(shí)別只有一種電荷的金屬并不難，除了一個(gè)金屬 外其余均屬于周期表的2個(gè)族（幾個(gè)過渡金屬也 只形成一種正電荷，但這兒不討論它們）。,Representative element metals in GroupA (alkali metals) form +1 cations exclusively. Likewise, the metals in Group A (alkaline earth metals) form +2 ions exclusively.,IA族（堿金屬）是專門形成+1價(jià)陽離子的典型 金屬元素，同樣的，IIA族（堿土金屬）專門形 成+2價(jià)陽離子的典型金屬元素，,Aluminum in Group A form +3 ion exclusively, but other metals in this group also form a +1 ion.,IIIA族的鋁元素專門形成+3價(jià)陽離子， 但是IIIA族別的金屬也能形成+1價(jià)陽 離子。,When present in metal-nonmetal binary compounds, the nonmetals form -1 one type of anion.,在金屬-非金屬的二元化合物中，非金屬 形成-1價(jià)陰離子。,Hydrogen and Group A (halogens) form -1 ions, Group A elements forms -2 ions, and N and P in Group A form -3 ions.,氫和VIIA族（鹵族）化合物中，鹵族為-1價(jià)陰 離子，氫和VIA族化合物中，VIA族元素為-2價(jià) 陰離子，VA族的N和P形成-3價(jià)陰離子。,In both naming and writing the formula for a binary ionic compound, the metal comes first and the nonmetal second.,在命名和書寫二元離子化合物分子式時(shí)， 首先是金屬，然后是非金屬。,The unchanged English name of the metal is used. (if a metal cation is named alone, the word “ion” is also included to distinguish it from the free metal.),不改變金屬的英文名字（如果一個(gè)金屬陽離子 單獨(dú)命名，為與元素區(qū)別，加上單詞離子）。,The name of the anion includes only the English root plus ide. For example, chlorine as an anion is named chloride and oxygen as an anion is named oxide.,陰離子的名字只包括英語詞根加上-ide， 例如氯作為陰離子是chloride，氧作為陰 離子是oxide，,Formula Metal Nonmetal Compound name NaCl sodium chlorine sodium chloride CaO calcium oxygen calcium oxide,So the names for NaCl and CuO are as follows.,因此以下是NaCl和CaO的名字。,Writing formulas from names can be a somewhat more challenging task since we must then determine the number of each element present in the formula.,由名字寫出分子式可能稍微多一些挑戰(zhàn)性， 因?yàn)槲覀儽仨毚_定分子式中每個(gè)元素的數(shù)目。,What is important to remember is that the formulas represent neutral compounds where the positive and negative charges add to zero.,重要的是記住分子式是代表中性化合物， 正負(fù)電荷加和為零。,In other words, the total positive charge is cancelled by the total negative charge.,換句話說，所有的正電荷均被負(fù)電荷抵消。,Thus, NaCl is neutral because one Na+ is balanced by one Cl- and CaO is neutral because one Ca2+ is balanced by one O2-.,因此，NaCl是中性的，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)Na+由一個(gè) Cl-平衡。CaO是中性的，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)Ca2+由一 個(gè)O2-平衡。,The formula for magnesium chloride, however, requires two Cl- ions to balance the one Mg2+ ion, so it is written as MgCl2.,然而，氯化鎂需要2個(gè)Cl-離子平衡一個(gè)Mg2+ 離子，因此寫為MgCl2。,Naming Compounds with polyatomic Ions,多原子離子化合物的命名,Most of us are somewhat familiar with names of polyatomic ions. We use bicarbonates and carbonates for indigestion, as well as sulfites and nitrites to preserve foods.,我們大多數(shù)都稍微熟悉多原子離子的名字， 我們使用重碳酸鹽和碳酸鹽來治療消化不良， 以及使用亞硫酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽來保存食品。,Most of the compounds containing polyatomic ions are ionic, as were the compounds discussed in the previous section.,大多數(shù)包含多原子離子的化合物是離子的， 同上一節(jié)討論的化合物。,Thus we follow essentially the same rules as before. That is, the metal is written and named first.,因此我們基本上按照前面的相同規(guī)則， 即先寫和命名金屬。,If the metal forms more than one cation, the charge on the cation is shown in parentheses. The polyatomic anion is then named or written.,如果金屬的形成陽離子超過一種，陽離子的 電荷就用括號(hào)表示，然后再命名或書寫多原 子陰離子。,In many cases, the anions are composed of oxygen and one other element. Thus these anions are called oxyanions.,在大多數(shù)情況下，陰離子由氧和別的一種 元素組成，則稱這種陰離子為含氧陰離子。,When there are two oxyanions of the same element (e.g., SO42- and SO32-), they, of course, have different names.,當(dāng)2個(gè)含氧陰離子有相同的元素（如SO42- 和SO32-），當(dāng)然，它們的名字不一樣。,The anion with the smaller number of oxygens uses the root of the element plus ite. The one with the higher number uses the root plus ate.,較少氧數(shù)目的陰離子使用元素的詞根加上ite， 較多氧數(shù)目的陰離子使用元素的詞根加上ate。,SO32- sulfite SO42- sulfate,There are four oxyanions containing Cl. The middle two are named as before. The one with one less oxygen than the chlorite has a prefix of hypo. The one with one more oxygen than chlorate has a prefix of per.,有4個(gè)含氧陰離子包含Cl-，中間2個(gè)的命名 同前，比亞氯酸鹽少1個(gè)氧的加前綴hypo， 比氯酸鹽多1個(gè)氧的加前綴per。,ClO- hypochlorite ClO2- chlorite ClO3- chlorate ClO4- perchlorate,Certain anions are composed of more than one atom but behave similar to monatomic anions in many of their chemical reactions.,在許多化學(xué)反應(yīng)中，一些陰離子由超過一個(gè) 原子組成，但是其行為與單原子類似。,Two such examples are the CN- ion and OH- ion. Both of these have ide endings similar to the monatomic anions.,如CN-離子和OH-離子，這2個(gè)離子都以ide 結(jié)尾，與單原子類似。,Thus the CN- anion is known as the cyanide ion and the OH- as the hydroxide ion.,因此，CN-被稱為氰離子，OH-被稱為 氫氧根離子。,