111人教新課標(biāo)版高一必修二Unit 3 Computers期末知識梳理一、訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)入I.考綱單詞寫出下列考綱詞匯的詞性和漢義(如果不止一個(gè)詞性學(xué)生自行增補(bǔ)詞性及相應(yīng)漢義)1.operator2.revolution 3.solve 4.reality 5.personal 6.total 7.network 8.explore9.anyhow 10.goal 11.happiness 12.download 13.signal 14.appearance 15.characterII.核心短語1from then_從那時(shí)起2_a way 在某種程度上3_the help of 在的幫助下4_a result 結(jié)果5deal_處理；安排；對付6watch_看守；監(jiān)視；7have.in_有共同之處8whats_而且9get_集合；聚集10make_補(bǔ)足；整理；擬補(bǔ)11work_作為而工作12_size 按面積計(jì)算13_high quality 質(zhì)量好14_ones interest in培養(yǎng)對的，興趣15give_捐獻(xiàn)，泄漏16pick_挑出，認(rèn)出17.pay attention_注意18go_時(shí)光流逝；19consist_由組成20_ones own 屬于某人自己的二、知識精講I.重點(diǎn)詞匯 1. sum n. 金額; 款項(xiàng); 總數(shù); 總和典例1). He was fined the sum of 200. 他被處以200英鎊罰金。2). The sum of 5 and 3 is 8. 5加3的和是8。重點(diǎn)用法in sum簡言之; 總而言之sum sb/sth up形成對某人某事物的看法 2. advantage n.優(yōu)點(diǎn)；優(yōu)勢；有利條件典例 1). He has the advantage of a steady job. 他有工作穩(wěn)定的有利條件。2). They took full advantage of the hotel's facilities. 他們充分利用旅館的設(shè)備。重點(diǎn)用法take advantage of 對加以利用；欺騙to sb.s advantage 對某人有利have /get/win an advantage over （of）勝過；優(yōu)于3. goal n. 球門；進(jìn)球得的分；目標(biāo)典例 1). He headed the ball into an open goal. 他乘虛把球頂入球門2). We won by three goals to one 以三比一獲勝。3). Youd better set a goal before you start. 開始前最好設(shè)定一個(gè)目標(biāo)。重點(diǎn)用法score/kick a goal 得踢進(jìn)一球得一分keep goal守球門life goal/ ones goal in life生活目標(biāo)achieve / realize ones goal實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)4. signal n. 信號, 手勢, 聲音, 暗號 v. 發(fā)信號; 用信號傳達(dá); 用信號與通訊典例 1). A red light is usually a signal for/of danger. 紅燈通常是危險(xiǎn)的信號。2). He signaled (to) the waiter to bring the menu. 他示意要服務(wù)員把菜單拿來。 重點(diǎn)用法signal to sb/sth for sth 用信號傳達(dá)（某信息）; 用信號與（某人）通訊signal with用發(fā)信號5. arise vi.（arose, arisen）出現(xiàn)； 發(fā)生典例 1). A new difficulty has arisen.出現(xiàn)了新的困難。2). Accidents arise from carelessness.疏忽大意往往會引起事故的發(fā)生。重點(diǎn)用法arise from /out of由引起；由產(chǎn)生II.重點(diǎn)詞組 1. in common 共同的；共有的；共用的典例I have nothing in common with Jane. 我和簡毫無共同之處。短語歸納have nothing in common 無共同之處 have little in common 幾乎無共同之處have something in common 有一些共同之處 have a lot in common 有許多共同之處2. in a/one way 在某種程度上, 從某種意義上說典例1). In a way, his English has improved. 從某種程度上來說, 他的英語有進(jìn)步。2). She's been through a bad patch recently. 她最近經(jīng)歷了一段困難時(shí)期。短語歸納in the way 造成阻礙 on the/ones way (to) 在(去)的路上by the way 順便提一下 in no way 決不all the way 自始自終;完全地in this way 用這種方法與in a way同義的詞組有in one way 和in some ways。3. watch over 看守; 監(jiān)視; 照看典例 1). Could you watch (over) my clothes while I have a swim? 我游泳時(shí)你看著我的衣物行嗎?2). He felt that God was watching over him. 他感覺到上帝保佑著他. 短語歸納watch out (for) 當(dāng)心; 注意watch for sb./sth. 觀察等待keep a watch on 監(jiān)視 under the close watch 在嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)視下4. make up化妝；化裝；捏造，虛構(gòu)（故事，詩等）典例1). She spent an hour making (herself) up before the party. 她在聚會前化妝用了一個(gè)小時(shí)。2). Stop making things up! 不要胡編了!短語歸納make up for補(bǔ)償be made up of = consist of由組成make for有利于，有助于；走向；沖向make it及時(shí)趕到，辦成功make it up和解；講和make known使知曉；傳達(dá)make out理解；懂得；辨認(rèn)出III.重點(diǎn)句型 1. By the1940s工had grown as large as a room, and I wondered if I would grow any larger!到20世紀(jì)40年代，我已經(jīng)長到一個(gè)大房間那么大，我不知道我會不會繼續(xù)長大。解釋 1). as large as“有大”，后面常加數(shù)詞例如：This playground is as large as 500squaremeters這個(gè)操場有500平方米那么大。2). I wondered if“我不知道(奇怪)是否”，是一個(gè)常見句式，常用于口語，表示一種委婉或客氣的語氣。例如：I wondered if you would mind giving me a hand.2. However，this reality also worried my designers可是這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)也困擾著我的設(shè)計(jì)者們。 解釋 however adv盡管；盡管如此，可是；仍然。表示轉(zhuǎn)折；可放在句首、句中或句尾，但用逗號隔開。例如：I meant to go abroad last year. However, I changed my mind later.我本打算去年出國，但是后來改變了主意。三：語法突破：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法概念表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生的被動動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，且該動作的結(jié)果對現(xiàn)在造成影響，此時(shí)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。They havent been told the exciting news yet, have they? 他們還沒有被告訴這個(gè)令人激動地消息，對嗎？ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動語態(tài)的肯定式。由“have has been 及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。Her motorbike has been stolen.她的摩托車被盜了。He has been sent to work in the factory.他已經(jīng)被派去在那個(gè)工廠工作。All the offices have been linked by computer.所有的售票處由計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)工作?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動語態(tài)的否定式。由“have has notbeen 及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。The task has not been finished yet.任務(wù)尚未完成。She has not been told about the matter.沒有人告訴她這件事。They have not been heard from.沒有收到他們的來信?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動語態(tài)的一般疑問式。由“Have Has 主語been及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。Has her work been finished？她的工作完成了嗎？Yes，it has是的，完成了。Have the cars been repaired？這些汽車修好了嗎？No，they haven't不，還沒有?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動語態(tài)的特殊疑問式。由“疑問詞havehas主語been及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：How long has her work been finished？她的工作完成有多久了？Who has been helped by the new computer？誰已經(jīng)得到了這臺新計(jì)算機(jī)的幫助？How many new words have been learned by the students？這些學(xué)生已經(jīng)學(xué)會了多少單詞？What has been bought by Tom?湯姆已經(jīng)買了什么東西?Who have been helped by the new computer?誰已經(jīng)得到這種新計(jì)算機(jī)的幫助?Where has the car been repaired?這輛小汽車已經(jīng)在哪里修理好了?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動語態(tài)的主要用法1表示被動的動作發(fā)生在說話之前（即現(xiàn)在的過去），強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。The door has been locked門被鎖上了。（結(jié)果是現(xiàn)在沒有人能進(jìn)去）Many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river.世界上許多偉大的城市都是依河而建的。 St Petersburg has also been the center of many important events in history.圣彼得堡也是歷史上許多重大事件的中心。2表示一個(gè)被動的動作或狀態(tài)開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能將持續(xù)下去，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用，或用于How long？句型中。They have been told about it for many times有人告訴他們這事很多次了。（可能還會有人告訴他們）How long has the machine been used？這機(jī)器使用有多久了？She hasn't been heard from since then.從那時(shí)候起，她就沒來過信。使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)需要注意的問題1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)有兩個(gè)助動詞，即 have has和been，兩者缺一不可。This work has been finished, you may have a rest.這項(xiàng)工作已被完成，你可以休息一會兒。This film has been put on for half an hour.這場電影已放映了半個(gè)小時(shí)。2注意與一般過去時(shí)被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)表示一個(gè)被動的動作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)時(shí)候，其結(jié)果對現(xiàn)在沒有影響；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動語態(tài)的動作或狀態(tài)盡管發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重說明該動作或狀態(tài)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。例如：The house was built last year這房子是去年建造的。The house has been built這房子已經(jīng)建好了。3由finish，buy，start，begin，post，return，borrow， join，marry，open等詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語如for four days，how long等連用，而要改換動詞或時(shí)態(tài)。但這類動詞的否定式可表示動作的持續(xù)過程，具有延續(xù)性，因而可與since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間段連用。例如：No books have been bought since last week自上周以來，沒有人來買過書。4短語動詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中要保持完整性，不可省略短語動詞中的介詞或副詞。The orphan has been well looked after這位孤兒一直受到很好的照顧。 【考題印證】1.（2011天津卷,3）In the last few years thousands of films all over the world.have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced【解析】B考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意為“在過去的幾年時(shí)間里，全世界制作了成千上萬部電影?！眎n the last few years在過去的幾年時(shí)間里，其實(shí)是從過去算到現(xiàn)在，是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志。選B。2.（2010福建28）Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they before leaving their hometowns.A. promisedB. were promisedC. have promised D. have been promised【解析】D現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)【真題體驗(yàn)】1.（2009福建，22） -Why does the Lake smell terrible? -Because large quantities of water . A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted2.（09全國卷I，26） His sister left home in 1998, and since.A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard ofC. had not heard of D. has not heard of【答案解析】1.【解析】D考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)和主謂語一致。根據(jù)前一分句可知所填動詞表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，動詞與主語是被動關(guān)系，用被動語態(tài)。主語是large quantities of water，其中心詞是quantities，是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，選D。2.【解析】B.句意為：他的妹妹在1998年離開家，自從那時(shí)就沒有音訊了。用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。四、單元自測第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)選擇1Our game of basketball _.We had been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.Ahas interrupted    Bhad interruptedCwas interrupted    Dhad been interrupted2He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _ was seen at its best when he worked with others.Aadvantage        BappearanceCqualification     Dcharacter3After more than ten minutes' break，the speaker_the story from where he left off.Akept on      Bwent onCmade up     Dtook up4_ he didn't help me with my work.Instead，just _.A In a way; in my wayBOn a way; on the wayCIn the way; on the wayDBy the way; on my way5The board are discussing the possible _ they can take of the present economic situation.Anotice       BadvantageCuse      Dbest6We can't _ on having good weather for the outing.Aevaluate     BcalculateCpredict      Dconclude7The tree is so tall.Yes.It _ nearly 20 metres.Ameasures        Bis measuredCmeasure         Dto be measured8What a beautiful day!Yes，it's _ that I'd like to take a walk.Asuch nice weather    Bso a nice weatherCsuch a nice weather   Dso nice weather9Milu deer，a species with large horns，which used to be _ in China long ago，is a rare animal nowadays.Aordinary        BcommonCpopular         Dusual10It was generally believed that the show was not as successful as expected，but _，I think it was a great success.Apersonally        BdirectlyCpublicly         Dsecretly11I have been worried about the possible danger of driving on a railway line.Do not be afraid；God will _ us.Aturn over        Bwatch overCgo over         Dlook over12Irene won the first place in the physics competition.So what？I don't like science，_.Aanyway         BthereforeCthough         Dotherwise13Once new difficulties _ in our new job，we should learn to use our brains to solve them.Arise         BcauseCraise       Darise14The problem facing us is so serious that we have to _ it first.Atake interest        Bdeal withCmake with      Dwork on15The woman moved about outside the operation room，because her son _ on.Awas being operated      Bis operatedChad been operated    Dwas operated第二節(jié)完形填空（共20小題，每小題1.5分；滿分30分）閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給各題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。I took up skydiving in my twenties. At the time the accident happened, I'd done just 30 jumps. The airfield was quiet when I 1 . On board were Chris, who was taking a tourist, and Ants, the cameraman. Chris indicated I should exit first and the other three would 2 . Later I knew it was this 3 that saved my life.At 12,000 feet Chris rolled up the door and nodded that it was time for my exit. I put my foot on a step just beside the door, and in a(n) 4 the propeller blast (螺旋槳?dú)饬? threw me against the 5 of the plane, half in, half out. I pushed and got my other leg out of the door, but in doing so I found myself 6 down the body of the plane towards the tail. My parachute (降落傘) got caught and my 7 and legs were pushed backwards, powerless, in the strong wind.I was strangely 8 . To a skydiver, being at 12,000 feet is a good thing. Altitude is your friend；being close to the ground is deadly and will kill you.Ants appeared and 9 slowly towards me, his legs held by Chris in the door. Ants reached out and got hold of my foot. With the weight partly off, I found myself falling away from the plane, 10 freed. I waved and smiled to indicate I was fine.It was actually very 11 . If any one of a number of factors had been different, I would have 12 . I could have hit the plane with my head. If I had been the last to exit, the pilot alone would have been unable to free me, and even if he had been aware that I was 13 underneath the plane, he would still have had to land at some point.Blue Skies, Black Death is the skydivers' mantra (咒語)On the one hand, there's the freedom and 14 of the open sky. But in order to 15 this joy, you must accept that there is usually only one result if something goes wrong.1A. jumpedB.arrivedC.woke D.dove2A. follow B.escapeC.leave D.fly3.A.trouble B.effortC.chance D.decision4.A.minute B.wayC.instantD.sense5.A.left B.rightC.top D.side6.A.sliding B.knocking C.flying D.crawling7.A.body B.armsC.head D.fingers8.A.frightened B.anxiousC.excited D.calm9.A.ran B.movedC.stepped D.rushed10.A.really B.hopefullyC.certainly D.finally11.A.funny B.ordinaryC.clear D.serious12.A.died B.laughedC.stopped D.returned13.A.attached BadjustedC.covered D.connected14.A.pride B.confidenceC.excitement D.willingness15.A.observe B.experienceC.imagine D.discover AThe secret of carrier pigeons unbelievable ability to find their way home has been discovered by scientists; the feathered navigators follow the roads just like we do.Scientists now believe the phrase “as the crow flies” no longer means the shortest most direct route between two points. They say it is likely that crows and other birds also choose AAsuggested routes, even though it makes their journeys longer.Scientists at Oxford University spent 10 years studying homing pigeons using global positioning satellite(GPS) and got a surprising result. The birds often dont use the sun to decide their directions.Instead they fly along motorways, turn at crossing and even go around roundabouts(繞道), adding miles to their journeys.“It really has knocked our research team sideways to find that after a decade-long international study, pigeons appear to ignore their inbuilt directional instincts(本能) and follow the road system,” said Prof Tim Guilford, reader in animal behavior at Oxford Universitys Department of Zoology.Guilford said pigeons use their own navigational system(導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)) when doing long distance trips or when a bird does a journey for the first time.“But once homing pigeons have flown a journey more than once, they can fly home on a habitual route, much as we do when we are driving or walking home from work,” said Guilford.“In short, it looks like it is mentally easier for a bird to fly down a road. They are just making their journey as simple as possible.”1. What would be the best title of the passage? A. How Pigeons Find Their Ways HomeB. Why Pigeons Can Fly Long DistanceC. Birds Follow Roads As We DoD. Why Crows Fly the shortest Distance2. Scientists used to think that homing pigeons often find their directions _. A. by global positioning satellite B. by the sunC. by the road system D. by following other birds3. Why do homing pigeons tend to follow the road system during their journey? A. Because they dont have their inbuilt directional instincts now.B. Because their own navigational system doesnt work.C. Because it is too hard to use their own navigational system.D. Because it is easier to make journey simple by following road system.BThe word “conservation” has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such a good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials: most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “l(fā)imitless” and could “l(fā)ast forever”. Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.Fifty years ago, nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; wood was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about correcting the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should be made part of everybodys daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic math formulas. We need to know why all watersheds(上游集水區(qū)) need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to give their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, grown trees, because living space for most of mans fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic(立方體的) volume above the earth. In a word, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.4. The authors attitude towards the use of natural resources is _. A. positive B. uninterested C. optimistic D. critical5. According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that _. A. they had no idea about scientific forestryB. they had little or no sense of environmental protectionC. they were not aware of the importance of nature study D. they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials6. To avoid repeating the mistakes of our forefathers, the author suggests that _. A. we plant more treesB. natural sciences be taught to everybodyC. environmental education be directed toward everyoneD. we return to nature7. How can you understand the underlined sentence in the last paragraph? A. Our living space on the earth is getting smaller and smaller.B. Our living space should be measured in cubic volume.C. We need to take some measures to protect space.D. We must preserve good living conditions for both birds and animals.單元自測答案：第一節(jié) 1-5CDDAB6-10BAABA11-15BADBA第二節(jié) 1-5: BADCD 6-10: ABDBD 11-15: DAACB第三節(jié) 1-7ABDDBCD111