第11講名詞與冠詞,專題一語法知識(shí),真題診斷,考點(diǎn)突破,專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練,內(nèi)容索引,真題診斷,1.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.(2018江蘇，32) A.assignment B.association C.acquisition D.assumption,解析,解析句意為：努力弄明白實(shí)際正在發(fā)生的事情，而不是按照你做出的假設(shè)去行動(dòng)。D項(xiàng)assumption意為“假設(shè)”，符合語境。youve made是定語從句，修飾assumption，make an assumption意為“做出假設(shè)”。assignment任務(wù)，作業(yè)；association聯(lián)系；acquisition獲得，得到。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,2.The _ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018天津，6) A.advice B.order C.possibility D.invitation,解析,解析句意為：在宇宙的其他星球上存在著生命，這一可能性一直鼓舞著科學(xué)家們探索外太空。possibility意為“可能性”，符合語境，故選C。advice建議；order命令，秩序；invitation邀請(qǐng)，請(qǐng)柬。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,3.Can you tell us your _ for happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full，definitely.(2016江蘇，24) A.recipe B.record C.range D.receipt,解析,解析句意為：您能告訴我們您幸福與長壽的秘訣嗎？確切地說，是充實(shí)地過好每一天。根據(jù)答語可知，此處問的是幸福與長壽的秘訣。recipe秘訣，訣竅，符合句意。record記錄；range范圍；receipt收據(jù)，均不符合題意。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,4.Some schools will have to make _ in agreement with the national soccer reform.(2015江蘇，32) A.judgments B.adjustments Cments D.achievements,解析句意為：為了與國家足球改革相一致，一些學(xué)校將不得不做出調(diào)整。judgment判斷；adjustment調(diào)整，適應(yīng)；ment評(píng)論；achievement成果，成就。故選B項(xiàng)。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,5.Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave. Id like to，but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _. (2015江蘇，35) A.requests B.excuses C.apologies D.regrets,解析,解析句意為：去向你媽媽道歉，戴夫。我想去，但我擔(dān)心她對(duì)我的道歉不滿意。request要求，請(qǐng)求；excuse理由，借口；apology道歉，致歉；regret懊悔，遺憾。根據(jù)前面的“say sorry”可知選C項(xiàng)。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,6._ prize for the winner of the petition is _ two-week holiday in Paris.(2016浙江，2) A.The；/ B.A；/ C.A；the D.The；a,解析,解析句意為：這次比賽給獲勝者的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)是在巴黎度假兩周。第一個(gè)空格表示對(duì)比賽獲勝者的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，是特指，故用the；第二個(gè)空格泛指一次為期兩周的假期，用不定冠詞a。故選D項(xiàng)。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7.Being able to afford _ drink would be _ fort in those tough times. A.the；the B.a；a C.a；/ D./；a,解析,解析句意為：在那些艱苦的歲月里，能買得起一杯飲料都會(huì)是一件令人安慰的事。本題容易誤選C項(xiàng)，認(rèn)為fort “安慰”是不可數(shù)名詞，其實(shí)此處為抽象名詞的具體化，a fort令人感到安慰的一個(gè)人或一件事；a drink一杯飲料。故B項(xiàng)正確。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,診斷報(bào)告,解題方法 (一)三方法解決名詞辨析題 1.利用固定搭配和習(xí)慣表達(dá) 2.利用句子的平衡、對(duì)比等結(jié)構(gòu) 3.充分把握具體的語境 (二)三方法辨別冠詞方法 1.語境暗示法 在解答冠詞試題時(shí)，要注意下面的原則：一是根據(jù)句子的意思判斷是特指(定冠詞表示特指)還是泛指(不定冠詞表示泛指)，其次看是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞。這樣就能夠根據(jù)句子的意思判斷出是選定冠詞還是不定冠詞。,2.準(zhǔn)確翻譯法 冠詞a/an表示“一個(gè)，一種，某一個(gè)”，一般泛指任意一個(gè)；而the表示“這個(gè)，那個(gè)”，是特指。所以在大多數(shù)情況下，如果我們能準(zhǔn)確地把泛指或特指的意思翻譯出來，就能夠正確地解答該題。 3.固定短語搭配法 掌握冠詞的習(xí)慣用法，冠詞活用和固定詞組中用不用冠詞或用什么冠詞對(duì)于解答冠詞試題也是很重要的。,考點(diǎn)突破,考點(diǎn)1名詞詞義辨析,1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some_ and then let me know.(2015安徽，30) A.thought B.support C.protection D.authority,解析句意為：現(xiàn)在沒有必要告訴我你的答案。多思考一下，再讓我知道。 thought思想，思考，符合句意。support支持，維持，支援，供養(yǎng)；protection保護(hù)，防衛(wèi)；authority權(quán)威，權(quán)力，當(dāng)局。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,2.One of the most effective ways to reduce _ is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015浙江，15) A.production B.stress C.energy D.power,解析句意為：減少壓力最有效的方法之一就是與你信任的人談?wù)勀愕母惺堋tress壓力，緊張，符合語境。production生產(chǎn)，制作，產(chǎn)品；energy精力，活力，干勁；power權(quán)力，勢力，影響力。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,3.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight.(2016天津，10) A.effect B.sense C.change D.chance,解析句意為：天氣預(yù)報(bào)說今天多云，后半夜可能有雨。chance可能性，符合語境。effect結(jié)果，效應(yīng)；sense感覺，理解力；change變化，改變。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,4.The failure was a big _ to him，but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015福建，24) A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor,解析句意為：這次失敗對(duì)他來說是一次不小的沖擊，但是他沒有氣餒，很快就變得和以往一樣有熱情了。blow打擊，痛擊，符合語境。issue問題；excuse借口；factor因素。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,5.Could you tell me the _ of making such tasty cakes? Well，I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014福建，26) A.feature B.plan C.cost D.trick,解析句意為：你能告訴我制作如此美味的蛋糕的訣竅嗎？哦，我只是按照烹飪書上的說明來做的。feature特征，特點(diǎn)；plan計(jì)劃；cost費(fèi)用；trick技巧。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,考點(diǎn)歸納,(一)名詞的詞義辨析 名詞的詞義辨析是高考的熱點(diǎn)，主要考查考生結(jié)合語境區(qū)分詞義的能力，因而在記憶單詞時(shí)，一定要結(jié)合語境體會(huì)其意義。近幾年考查的名詞詞義辨析主要有以下幾種形式：,1.“同綴”詞的詞義辨析，即相同詞綴的名詞辨析。近幾年高考中常出現(xiàn)的有： expression(表情) attention(注意) satisfaction(滿意) impression(印象) acmodation(住宿) occupation(職業(yè)) adaptation(適應(yīng)，改編) appreciation(欣賞) equipment(設(shè)備) arrangement(安排) assessment(評(píng)估，估算) entertainment(娛樂) consequence(后果) independence(獨(dú)立) petence(能力，權(quán)限) intelligence(智力),2.“形近”詞的詞義辨析，近幾年高考中常出現(xiàn)的形近詞有： mand(命令) parison(比較) pliment(贊美) contribution(貢獻(xiàn)) mitment(承諾，保證) petition(競爭) acmodation(住宿) acpany(陪伴),(二)名詞的一詞多義與熟詞新義 名詞的一詞多義與熟詞新義是考查的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。掌握熟詞新義重在多閱讀、多積累。 Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine. 患頭疼的人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)通過使用這種藥，他們的頭疼會(huì)得到緩解。 relief的常見含義為“安慰，寬慰”，此處表示“緩解”。,考點(diǎn)2名詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配,When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his _ and had a bad fall.(2015湖北，21) A.balance B.chance C.memory D.place,解析,解析句意為：當(dāng)這個(gè)男孩追趕哥哥的時(shí)候，他失去了平衡，狠狠地摔了一跤。根據(jù)句中的had a bad fall可知，這個(gè)男孩之所以摔倒是因?yàn)槭チ似胶?，lose ones balance意為“失去平衡”。chance機(jī)會(huì)；memory記憶；place地方。,答案,考點(diǎn)3抽象名詞具體化,Its _ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them _ pleasure. A./；a B.a；/ C.the；a D.a；the,解析,解析句意為：對(duì)人們來說，欣賞能帶給他們樂趣的世博會(huì)感覺非常棒。feeling為可數(shù)名詞，pleasure為不可數(shù)名詞，均表示泛指，故B項(xiàng)正確。,答案,考點(diǎn)歸納,抽象名詞具體化通?？煞譃橐韵滤念悾?1. 表示情感、情緒的詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體的人或事時(shí)常將其具體化使用。常用的重點(diǎn)抽象名詞有：,I think this sports meeting was a huge success. 我認(rèn)為這次運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)是一個(gè)巨大的成功。,2.表行為的抽象名詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)其具體表現(xiàn)形式時(shí)，常用“a/an抽象名詞”或“a/an形容詞抽象名詞”。常用短語、句型如下： have a wonderful supper；have a bright future；have a good time；have a population of；have a good knowledge/understanding of；have an ine of；receive a good education；receive a warm wele；cover an area of；reach a height of Its a waste of time/money. Its a great help to me. Its a pity that.,3.表示具體動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞，加a/an與某些動(dòng)詞(have，take，make，give)等詞連用時(shí)，表示某一次短暫的動(dòng)作。 have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep；take a walk/ bath；give/take a try；make an advance/an early start/an apology； take/have a great interest；go out for a walk 4.接同源賓語的短語，通常名詞表示具體化意義。 die a heroic death；live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life； dream a strange dream,考點(diǎn)4不定冠詞與定冠詞的綜合考查,1.I just heard _ bank where Dora works was robbed by _ gunman wearing a mask.(2015重慶，3) A.the；/ B.a；/ C.the；a D.a；the,解析,解析句意為：我剛聽說多拉工作的那家銀行被一名蒙面持槍歹徒搶劫了。第一空為特指，表示“多拉工作的那家銀行”；第二空為泛指，表示“一名”。,答案,2.There are over 58,000 rocky objects in _ space，about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth. A.the；the B./；the C.the；/ D.a；the,解析,解析句意為：太空中有超過58 000的巖狀物體，其中大約900有可能掉到地球上。第一空in space是固定短語，不用冠詞，類似用法還有in nature，in society等；第二空后的名詞earth屬于獨(dú)一無二的事物，其前必須用定冠詞。,答案,考點(diǎn)歸納,(一)不定冠詞a/an的用法,(1)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony，peace and development. “中國夢”是一個(gè)提升人民幸福感的夢，也是一個(gè)和諧、和平和發(fā)展的夢。 (2)He missed the gold in the high jump，but will get a second chance in the long jump. 他在跳高比賽中沒有贏得金牌，但是，在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中他還有一次(獲得金牌的)機(jī)會(huì)。,(二)定冠詞the的用法,(1)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century. 據(jù)說在十三世紀(jì)馬可波羅去爪哇島途中曾航行經(jīng)過太平洋。 (2)Its said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year. Right，he will also get paid by the week. 據(jù)說約翰將擁有一份年薪超過60 000美元的工作。 是的，而且會(huì)按周獲得報(bào)酬。,(三)零冠詞,independence等。,(1)The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea. 史密斯一家通常不喜歡住旅館，但去年夏天他們?cè)诤＿呉患也诲e(cuò)的旅館住了幾天。 (2)Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.” 這所學(xué)校的校長彼得斯彭斯博士告訴我們，這里五分之一的學(xué)生將繼續(xù)到牛津或劍橋大學(xué)深造。 (3)Clever boy as he is，he cant solve such a difficult problem. 盡管他是個(gè)聰明的孩子，但他無法解決這么難的問題。,專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,1.We have been making furniture for over 100 years，and have a worldwide for quality.(2018天津十二區(qū)縣二模) A.contribution B.qualification C.reputation D.institution,解析,解析contribution貢獻(xiàn)，捐贈(zèng)；qualification資格，授權(quán)；reputation名聲，名望，名譽(yù)；institution 機(jī)構(gòu)，學(xué)院。句意為：我們生產(chǎn)家具已有100多年的歷史，在質(zhì)量上享譽(yù)世界。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,2.Since there isnt enough to show that this medicine works in children，it shouldnt be given to them.(2018南開區(qū)二模) A.target B.symbol C.assumption D.evidence,解析,解析target目標(biāo)；symbol符號(hào)；assumption假定，假設(shè)；evidence證據(jù)。句意為：因?yàn)闆]有足夠的證據(jù)證明這種藥對(duì)兒童有效，所以不應(yīng)該給他們服用。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,3.Some people believe that robots will take the place of the humans one day. What if that is the ？(2018紅橋區(qū)一模) A.future B.result C.end D.case,解析,解析future將來；result結(jié)果；end結(jié)尾，末端；case情況，狀況。根據(jù)下文表達(dá)的意思“即便是這種情況又怎樣？”可知應(yīng)選D。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,4.Jims car crashed yesterday. Yes，but he had the good to escape injury when it happened. (2018和平區(qū)一模) A.memory B.condition C.impression D.fortune,解析,解析memory記憶；condition條件；impression印象；fortune幸運(yùn)。根據(jù)句意和to escape injury可知他有幸沒有受傷。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,5.My cousin has decided to pursue career in music after his college graduation though his parents dont agree with decision. (2018天津一中4月考) A./；the B.a；the C.a；a D.a；/,解析,解析句意為：我表兄決定在大學(xué)畢業(yè)后從事音樂事業(yè)，盡管他的父母不同意這個(gè)決定。這里從事音樂事業(yè)是泛指一種職業(yè)，所以用不定冠詞a；decision是特指表兄從事音樂的決定，所以用定冠詞the。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,6.Usually the Player of the Year title is given to a big name from the best team.But this time there is a(n) .(2017河西區(qū)一模) A.break B.improvement C.exception D.tradition,解析,解析句意為：通常情況下，“年度最佳球員”這一頭銜會(huì)給最好球隊(duì)中的大牌運(yùn)動(dòng)員，但是這一次卻是個(gè)例外。由Usually及But可知選C。exception一般情況以外的人(或事物)，例外。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,7.The fear of failing exams can cause you to panic and stress can be a(n) to your performance at school.(2017河北區(qū)一模) A.solution B.invitation C.block D.access,解析,解析solution解決方法；invitation邀請(qǐng)，誘因；block障礙，街區(qū)，大塊；access接近，入口。句意為：對(duì)考試失敗的恐懼會(huì)引起你的恐慌，壓力會(huì)阻礙你在學(xué)校的表現(xiàn)，故選C。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,8.I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale；it was a real . (2018南開區(qū)一模) A.exchange B.bargain C.trade D.business,解析,解析exchange交流，交換；bargain便宜貨；trade貿(mào)易；business生意，商業(yè)。結(jié)合語境可知此處表示“真是便宜貨”的意思。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,9.Unfortunately， stone hit him on head and he got injured.(2017南開區(qū)二模) A.the；a B.a；/ C.a；the D.the；the,解析,解析句意為：不幸的是，一塊石頭擊中了他的頭部，他受傷了。第一空表泛指，用不定冠詞a；第二空考查固定搭配：hit sb. on the head“打某人的頭”，用定冠詞the。故答案為C。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,10.I prefer writing letters to talking on phone. (2017河西區(qū)二模) A.the；a B./；the C.the；the D./；a,解析,解析句意為：和打電話相比，我更喜歡寫信。第一空letters為名詞復(fù)數(shù)其前不用冠詞；第二空on the phone為習(xí)慣搭配。,答案,