第三講 推理判斷題,一、題型解讀,高考英語考試大綱指出，閱讀文章的主要目的是獲取信息，即理解作者所要傳達(dá)的信息。高考英語閱讀理解試題命制形式多樣，其中推理判斷題屬于高層次的閱讀理解題，解答此類題目要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容，在理解語篇的表面意義與隱含意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行深層推理，透過字里行間去體會作者的“弦外之音”。 推理判斷主要包括：,此類題目在高考題中的數(shù)量所占比例較大，是高考閱讀理解考查的重點，應(yīng)引起考生的重視。 具體來說，針對不同的推理判斷題，尋找線索時要使用不同的方法。,二、設(shè)問方式,一般來說，推理判斷題題干中常出現(xiàn)know about，learn from，infer，imply，suggest，conclude，intend，mean，indicate等詞語。,1.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題常見的命題形式,It can be inferred from the passage that _. It can be concluded from the passage that _. The author strongly suggests that _. The writer implies but not directly states that _. The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that _. Which of the following statements does the passage support?,2.態(tài)度傾向推斷常見的命題形式,The attitude of the author towards something is _. The writer of the passage seems to think that _. Whats the writers attitude towards.? What is the authors opinion on.? What does the author think about.?,3.寫作意圖推斷題常見的命題形式,What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to _. The writer of the story wants to tell us that _. The writer talks about.in order to _. The author writes the last paragraph in order to _.,4.文章來源或讀者對象推斷題常見的命題形式,This passage would most likely be found in _. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed? The passage is probably taken out of _. Where does this text probably e from? Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?,5.對文章內(nèi)容預(yù)測常見的命題形式,What do you think will happen when/if.? At the end of this passage，the writer might continue to write _. The paragraph following the passage will probably be about _. Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the following paragraph?,三、選項特征 1.推理判斷題正確選項的特征,(1)“立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推得。 (2)選項中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對概念，如only，never，all，absolutely等。正確答案的表述一般有一點模糊，會用一些相對能夠留有一些余地的詞匯，如often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。,2.推理判斷題干擾選項的特征,(1)曲解文意。即推測意義與文章表層意義有區(qū)別，推理判斷題中有些選項來自文章中的某一句或某幾句話，命題者可能會利用里面的字詞設(shè)計出干擾項，看似表達(dá)文章的意思，其實是借題發(fā)揮，是對原文意思的曲解。 (2)張冠李戴。為了起到干擾的效果，高考命題人常用的一個手段就是張冠李戴，即通過使用原文中出現(xiàn)的詞匯甚至句式，把本來適用于一種情況的內(nèi)容移用到其他情況。 (3)顛倒是非。干擾項的內(nèi)容常涉及原文中提及的一些內(nèi)容或現(xiàn)象，但選項的意思卻與原文恰恰相反。,(4)無中生有。這種類型的干擾項往往是基本的生活常識或普遍認(rèn)可的觀點，但在文章中并無相關(guān)的信息支撐點。另外，這種干擾項也有可能與設(shè)置的問題毫不相干。 (5)擴(kuò)縮范圍。為了準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)文章內(nèi)容，命題者特別注意對文意范圍的限定，有時通過加上almost，all，nearly，more than，normally，usually等詞語對文意加以限制?！皵U(kuò)縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項中通過改變或去掉限制性詞語，將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變，從而給考生解題造成干擾的命題方法。,典例(2017江蘇高考閱讀C) The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century.When considering a merger(兼并)，for example，they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in.They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets(資產(chǎn)) when assessing the impact of deals.The purchase price could also be a signal that an established pany is buying a new-born threat.When this takes place，especially when a new-born pany has no revenue to speak of，the regulators should raise red flags.,細(xì)節(jié)判斷題,63.By paying attention to firms data assets，antitrust regulators could_.,A.kill a new threat B.avoid the size trap C.favour bigger firms D.charge higher prices 答案B推理判斷題。 根據(jù)本段“The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century.When considering a merger(兼并)，for example，they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in.They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets(資產(chǎn)) when assessing the impact of deals.”可知，在考慮公司數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，反壟斷監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)會避免陷于規(guī)模陷阱。,【技巧點撥】,如何解決細(xì)節(jié)判斷題？,細(xì)節(jié)判斷題屬于深層理解題，要求根據(jù)語篇內(nèi)容，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)。做此類題目關(guān)鍵是要正確把握文章的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，理解文章的真正含義，要忠實于原文，千萬不能主觀臆斷，隨意揣測，更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點。此類題目的題干一般包括六個動詞：infer(推斷)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，assume(假定，設(shè)想)和conclude(推斷，做出結(jié)論)。,典例(江蘇高考閱讀D) Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.There could be only one result.If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the mon good，they would cease to be free.Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom.It is to be had on no other terms.Athens，the Athens of Ancient Greece，refused responsibility；she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.,觀點態(tài)度題,70.What is the authors understanding of freedom?,A.Freedom can be more popular in the digital age. B.Freedom may e to an end in the digital age. C.Freedom should have priority over responsibility. D.Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility. 答案D推理判斷題。一開始作者對freedom的定義是“The essential belief.would take responsibility for the state.”，到雅典人對自由的看法的變化，即逃避責(zé)任，再到最后作者說雅典人沒有了自由，但自由的概念在數(shù)字時代的世界仍然存在，D項“自由需要責(zé)任的保障”符合文意。,【技巧點撥】,如何解決觀點態(tài)度題？,做此類題目必須透過文章的字面意義去理解。作者的態(tài)度和觀點無非也就是三種：支持、贊同、樂觀；反對、批評、懷疑、悲觀；中立、客觀。作者的態(tài)度和觀點常用一些形容詞、副詞和不定意義的動詞來表達(dá)，如possible，impossible，seem，strange等。這時需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列舉的事例與其觀點、態(tài)度是一致的還是相反的。有些文章作者的觀點態(tài)度隱含在文章的字里行間，需要通讀全文，才能做出正確的判斷。注意熟悉一些常見的有關(guān)作者情感、態(tài)度的詞語。,1.褒義詞有：supportive(支持的)；positive(積極的)；optimistic(樂觀的)；enthusiastic(熱情的)等。 2.貶義詞有：negative(否定的，消極的)；ironic(諷刺的)；critical(批評的)；disgusted(厭惡的)；disappointed(失望的)等。 3.中性詞有：indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的)；uninterested(不感興趣的)；objective(客觀的)；neutral(中立的)等。,典例(2016江蘇高考閱讀C ) El Nio，a Spanish term for “the Christ child，” was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern，which happens every two to seven years，reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas.El Nio sees warm water，collected over several years in the western Pacific，flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken，or sometimes the other way round.,寫作意圖推斷題,The weather effects both good and bad，are felt in many places.Rich countries gain more from powerful Nios，on balance，than they lose.A study found that a strong Nio in 1997-98 helped Americas economy grow by $15 billion，partly because of better agricultural harvests：farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain.The total rise in agricultural ines in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones. But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.A multi-year drought (干旱) in south-east Brazil is being worse.Though heavy rains brought about by El Nio may relieve the drought in California，they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.,The most recent powerful Nio，in 1997-98，killed around 21，000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe.But such Nios e with months of warning，and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare.According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI)，however，just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance，rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.,Simple improvements to infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) can reduce the spread of disease.Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors，civil conflict is related to El Nios harmful effectsand the poorer the country，the stronger the link.Though the relationship may not be causal，helping divided munities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nio，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.,64.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?,A.To introduce El Nio and its origin. B.To explain the consequences of El Nio. C.To show ways of fighting against El Nio. D.To urge people to prepare for El Nio. 答案D目的意圖題。根據(jù)最后一句“Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nio，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.”可知，各國政府要把減少損失放在優(yōu)先的位置。也就是說我們要事先做好準(zhǔn)備。故D項正確。,【技巧點撥】,如何解決寫作意圖類推斷題？,要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測作者的寫作意圖。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點。這種題型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同時還要具備對作者闡述問題的方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。判斷文章的寫作目的時一定要對文章主題有正確的把握，閱讀時務(wù)必找準(zhǔn)文章的主旨句，準(zhǔn)確歸納文章主題。,典例 Donald John Trump (born June 14，1946)，is an American businessman and politician who became the President-elect of the United States on November 8，2016.Since 1971 he has chaired The Trump Organization，the principal holding pany for his real estate ventures and other business interests.During his business career，Trump has built office towers，hotels，casinos，golf courses，and other branded facilities worldwide.,文章來源題或讀者對象題,Trump was born and raised in New York City and received a bachelors degree in economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1968.In 1971，he was given control of his father Fred Trumps real estate and construction firm.Trump has appeared at the Miss USA pageants，which he owned from 1996 to 2015，and has made cameo appearances in films and television series. Trump and his businesses，as well as his three marriages，have received prominent media exposure.He hosted a popular NBC reality show，The Apprentice，from 2004 to 2015.As of 2016，he was listed by Forbes as the 324th wealthiest person in the world，and 156th in the United States，with a net worth of $3.7 billion in October 2016.,Trump first campaigned for the U.S.presidency in 2000，winning two Reform Party primaries.On June 16，2015，Trump again announced his candidacy for president，this time as a Republican.Trump became known for his opposition to illegal immigration and free trade agreements，as well as his frequently non-interventionist views on foreign policy，and quickly emerged as the Republican nomination front-runner.As of March 23，2016，Trump has won 21 contests in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries. He was elected as the 45th U.S.president in the 2016 election on the Republican ticket，defeating Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton，and is scheduled to take office on January 20，2017.At 70 years old，he will be the oldest person to ever assume the presidency.,1.This passage is mostly probably taken from _.,A.a story book B.a biography book C.a science book D.an advertisement 答案B文章出處題。通讀全文可知，本文介紹的是美國新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)特朗普。由此可推知，本文極可能來自于一本人物傳記。故選B。,【技巧點撥】,如何解決文章來源題？,做此類題目要求讀者具備一定的常識，這樣文章的內(nèi)容才能與讀者本身已具備的常識結(jié)合起來。做此類題目應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處。如果來源于報紙，前面一般會出現(xiàn)日期、地點或通訊社名稱；如果是廣告，其格式很容易辨認(rèn)；產(chǎn)品說明和藥品說明也很容易辨認(rèn)。,典例(福建高考閱讀E) A MENTORING(導(dǎo)師制) program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth. Young Inspirations was founded two years ago to provide mentoring sessions for students and unemployed young adults aged 11 to 21. Alex Goldberg，the programs founder，said：“We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.”,“We try to create work experience opportunities that will really make a difference to our youth.For example，weve secured internships(實習(xí)) with world-famous firms such as Honda.” “At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring，it is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.” Kieran Hepburn，14，is one of a group of Banbury youth who has benefited from the program so far.In October the Banbury School pupil was acpanied by Young Inspirations staff to Paris where he was an observer at the United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) International Youth Forum(論壇).,The event was held for young people from around the world，to seek their views on how the future of youth and education should look.Kieran joined several hundred observers mostly in their 20s and was the only UK school pupil to attend the event.Kieran thinks the trip was a life changing experience.“Before we left I didnt quite know what to make of it but when we got there we didnt stop，it was amazing，” he said，“We went to three or four hours of debates each day and then did something cultural each afternoon.”,The main theme of the forum was how youth can drive change in political and public life.It dealt with issues(問題) such as drug abuse，violence and unemployment. Kieran said：“It has really helped me to improve my confidence and social skills as well as my school grades and I was voted most improved pupil at school in August.” The Young Inspirations mentoring sessions take place each Friday in Banbury.For details visit younginspirations.,71.The Young Inspirations mentoring program aims to _.,A.train staff for world-famous firms B.offer job opportunities to young adults C.provide youth with unique experiences D.equip the unemployed with different skills 答案C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段中的“We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences.”可知，目的是給青年提供獨特的經(jīng)驗。,【技巧點撥】,如何解決讀者對象題？,做此類題目通常從文章內(nèi)容入手，明確所談話題及具體內(nèi)容，體會作者使用的語言適合于哪一群體，這樣才能根據(jù)文章的特點對號入座，從而得出正確判斷。,典例(2017全國卷閱讀B ) Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However，these plans were abandoned because of financial problems.Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm，which plans to build a shopping plex on the land where the theater is located.,預(yù)測推斷題,6.What will probably happen to the building?,A.It will be repaired. B.It will be turned into a museum. C.It will be knocked down. D.It will be sold to the city government. 答案C根據(jù)“which plans to build a shopping plex on the land where the theater is located.”可以推斷出這個劇院將被拆除，取而代之的是一個現(xiàn)代的購物中心。,【技巧點撥】,如何解決預(yù)測推斷題？,有些題目要求根據(jù)語篇，對事件可能的結(jié)局或下一段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進(jìn)行猜測推理。做此類題目時，務(wù)必把握作者的寫作思路，如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過描寫，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系來敘述，從而做出比較科學(xué)的、合情合理的預(yù)測判斷。特別要注意文章最后一段的內(nèi)容及最后幾句話。,