十、主旨大意標(biāo)題歸納題,專題三第二節(jié)分類突破,真題感悟,名師點(diǎn)津,內(nèi)容索引,隨堂限時練,真題感悟,(2018浙江，B) Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.,Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收銀臺).The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.,Among the bag makers arguments：many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.,The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However，longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.,語篇解讀本文是一篇議論文，主要介紹了環(huán)境科學(xué)家史蒂文斯坦支持提倡使用塑料袋的做法，由此引出了對于塑料袋、紙袋、可重復(fù)使用袋的討論。,Environmentalists dont dispute(質(zhì)疑) these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.,語篇解讀,24.What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A.Help increase grocery sales. B.Recycle the waste material. C.Stop things falling off trucks. D.Argue for the use of plastic bags.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句和第二段最后一句可知，塑料購物袋制造商雇用像Stein這樣的科學(xué)家來說明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為的那樣對地球有那么大的危害，所以D項“據(jù)理支持使用塑料袋”正確。,答案,解析,25.What does the word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A.Bans on plastic bags. B.Effects of city development. C.Headaches caused by garbage. D.Plastic bags hung in trees.,解析詞義猜測題。畫線單詞所在句意為“看到這種逆風(fēng)，塑料購物袋制造商雇用像Stein這樣的科學(xué)家來說明他們的產(chǎn)品不像大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為的那樣對地球有那么大的危害?！甭?lián)系上一句“The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in.”可知，A項“禁止使用塑料袋”為正確選項。,答案,解析,26.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers? A.They are quite expensive. B.Replacing them can be difficult. C.They are less strong than plastic bags. D.Producing them requires more energy.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息“可重復(fù)使用的購物袋的缺點(diǎn)”可定位到倒數(shù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“.longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.”，這種可長期重復(fù)使用的購物袋的生產(chǎn)需要更多的能源，故選D項。,答案,解析,27.What is the best title for the text? A.Plastic，Paper or Neither B.Industry，Pollution and Environment C.Recycle or Throw Away D.Garbage Collection and Waste Control,解析標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要敘述了三方面的內(nèi)容：塑料購物袋產(chǎn)生“白色垃圾”；塑料購物袋制造商想出了對策用可重復(fù)使用的購物袋；環(huán)保專家希望塑料袋和紙袋都不用。故A項“塑料袋、紙袋或者兩者都不用”可作為文章的最佳標(biāo)題。,答案,解析,名師點(diǎn)津,一、題型解讀 記敘文、說明文和議論文三種文體涉及的不同話題的閱讀材料都會考查到標(biāo)題歸納題。設(shè)問形式常有： (1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? (2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text? (3)What is the best title for this passage? (4)The most suitable title of this passage is . 一個好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點(diǎn)：概括準(zhǔn)確而又簡短；針對性標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；醒目能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。,二、解題技巧 1.“高度概括”定標(biāo)題 (1)所選文章標(biāo)題須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容。標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。為吸引讀者的注意，標(biāo)題往往比較醒目。 (2)一般文章的標(biāo)題可根據(jù)主題句來判斷，但在某些文章中，如記敘文，沒有明確的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，查找文章的“主線”，歸納出文章的主題。,2.文章標(biāo)題三特點(diǎn) (1)一般為單詞、短語或句子形式，短語居多； (2)短小精悍，精確性強(qiáng)； (3)涵蓋性強(qiáng)，能覆蓋全文大意。 例如：【真題感悟】中第27題，要求概括標(biāo)題，本文講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題；紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)成本高；環(huán)保專家認(rèn)為塑料袋和紙袋都不要用。對這三個方面進(jìn)行了對比，Plastic，Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引讀者，適合作為標(biāo)題。,隨堂限時練,A (2018河南六市第一次聯(lián)考) In the fall of 1988，I visited many Buddhist temples，but after a while they all began to 9fade from my memories.However，there was one temple that left a great impression in my heart. It is called the Temple of the Golden Buddha.After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.,Back in 1957 a group of monks from a monastery(修道院) had to 5relocate a 1clay Buddha from their temple to a new location.The monastery was to be relocated to make room for the development of a highway.When the crane(吊車) began to lift it，the weight of it was so large that it began to 2crack.Whats more，rain began to fall.The head monk decided to lower the statue back to the ground and cover it with a large oilcloth to protect it from the rain.,Later that evening the head monk went to check on the Buddha.He shined his flash-light under the oilcloth to see if the Buddha was staying dry.As the light reached the crack，he noticed a little beam shining back and thought it strange.As he took a closer look at this beam of light，he wondered if there might be something underneath the clay.He went to fetch a chisel and hammer from the monastery and began to chip away at the clay.As he knocked off pieces of clay，the little beam grew brighter and bigger.Many hours of labor went by before the monk stood face to face with the extraordinary solid-gold Buddha.,Historians believe that several hundred years before the head monks discovery，the army was about to invade the country.The monks，realizing that their country would soon be attacked，covered their precious golden Buddha with an outer covering of clay in order to keep their treasure from being robbed by the enemy. Unfortunately，it appears that the enemy killed all the monks，and the well-kept secret of the golden Buddha remained uncovered until the day in 1957.,As I flew home I began to think to myself，“We are all like the clay Buddha covered with a shell of hardness created out of fear，and yet underneath each of us is a golden Buddha，a golden Christ，or a golden spirit，which is our real self.Somewhere along the way，between the ages of two and nine，we begin to cover up our golden spirit，our natural self.Much like the monk with the hammer and the chisel，our task now is to discover our true spirit once again.”,語篇解讀本文作者通過講述金佛寺中金佛不同尋常的歷史，說明我們都像被一層堅硬的外殼覆蓋著的泥佛，要發(fā)現(xiàn)自己真正的金色。,語篇解讀,1.What made the monks cover the Buddha with a large oilcloth? A.Hiding it from being stolen. B.Protecting it from the rain. C.Protecting it from being damaged. D.Avoiding being seen.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段末句可知，修道士們在金佛上蓋上一塊大油布是為了保護(hù)佛像不被雨淋。故選B。,答案,解析,2.Why was the author greatly impressed by the golden Buddha? A.Because he likes it very much. B.Because it differs from others. C.Because of its history. D.Because of the protection of the monks.,答案,解析,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段末句及下文的具體介紹可知，這個金佛給作者留下了深刻印象是因?yàn)樗牟粚こ５臍v史。故選C。,解析標(biāo)題歸納題。作者通過講述金佛寺中的金佛出于保護(hù)被涂上一層粘土，經(jīng)雨淋后露出本來面目，揭開了其不同尋常的歷史。作者以此說明我們都像被一層堅硬的外殼覆蓋著的泥佛，要發(fā)現(xiàn)自己真正的金色?！癟he Golden Buddha(金色的佛)”貫穿全文，適合作為標(biāo)題。故選B。,3.What might be the best title of the passage? A.Visiting Buddhist Temples B.The Golden Buddha C.Protecting Their Country D.Relocating the Buddha,答案,解析,4.What advice is given to us according to the passage? A.Covering up ourselves. B.Finding the truth. C.Discovering our true spirit. D.Building up our belief.,答案,解析,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句中的“our task now is to discover our true spirit once again”可知，作者建議我們要發(fā)現(xiàn)自己真正的精神。故選C。,B (2018山東棗莊一模) 3D printing is being more and more popular.We are now able to create things we need very quickly and easily using 3D printers.But can you imagine printing food? Some scientists are trying to 3revolutionize the dining experience by doing this.They hope that having a 3D printer in the kitchen will be as mon as the microwave oven or blender.,Scientists say that itll be quite easy：you simply have to select a 4recipe and put the raw food inks into the printer.You can also modify the instructions to make the food exactly how you want it.This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals. Using 3D printers to create your meals would also be saving the environment.There would be less need for traditional growing，transporting and packaging processes as food production would be a lot more efficient.For example,6alternative ingredients(原料) such as proteins from algae，beetroot leaves and insects could be 7converted into tasty products.,Printing food could also help people who suffer from dysphasia (a swallowing disorder).They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them. However，some people think that a future of 3D food printing would be a disaster.It could take away many jobs，including those for growing，transporting and packaging food.Imagine a world where there was no need for farming or growing crops and the same tastes could be printed from a raw “food ink”.8Likewise，traditional cafes and restaurants might lose business.Also，there are concerns about the nutritional value of printed food：is it really possible to get the nutrients we need from food-based inks and gels(凝膠)?,語篇解讀本文介紹了一項新技術(shù)3D食物打印，它是一種能像打印文件一樣把食物“印”出來的技術(shù)。,Whats more，cooking and eating together with family and friends has long been a traditional and enjoyable activity.It is hard to imagine a world where the pleasure of cooking is dead and meals can be created at the touch of a button.,語篇解讀,5.Which of the following best describes 3D food printing? A.Quick and popular. B.Easy and efficient. C.Nutritious and tasty. D.Soft and convenient.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.”可知，3D食物打印很快、很容易就能創(chuàng)造出好吃、有營養(yǎng)的食物。故選B。,答案,解析,6.Why do some think that 3D food printing would be a disaster? A.Traditional food would disappear. B.Many people could lose their jobs. C.It would affect the peoples health. D.We could all eat the same food.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段前兩句可知，一些人認(rèn)為3D食物打印在未來將會是一個災(zāi)難，因?yàn)樗鼤屓藗兊娘埻氡热缡澄锏姆N植、運(yùn)輸、打包工作，故選B。,答案,解析,7.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A.3D food printing will replace traditional cooking. B.The future of 3D food printing is uncertain. C.It would hurt our tradition of food culture. D.3D food printing would be a failure.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，烹飪和聚餐是人類的傳統(tǒng)活動，很難想象3D食物打印帶來的按鈕世界，由此可推知，3D食物打印的應(yīng)用會破壞我們的傳統(tǒng)飲食文化。故選C。,答案,解析,8.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A.3D Food Printing：Coming to the Kitchen B.Can 3D Printing Create Everything? C.3D-Printing Food Will Be in Fashion! D.The Disadvantages of 3D Food Printing,解析標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)全文大意可知本文講述了一項新技術(shù)即將進(jìn)入廚房的3D食物打印。故選A。,答案,解析,素材提煉再拓展,做完以上兩篇閱讀后，巧妙運(yùn)用語境，解決障礙詞和長難句,.障礙詞匯突破 (一)閱讀下列句子，并根據(jù)句意猜測畫線部分的意思 1.The aged walls are made out of clay from the earth and wood. _ 2.A gas main had a crack under my neighbours garage and gas had seeped into our homes. _ 3.Over the past forty years，plastics have revolutionized the way we live. _,黏土,徹底改變,裂縫,4.Its her turn to cook this evening so she looks up a recipe for tomato soup on the Internet. _ (二)同義詞語替換 5.If the pany was to relocate，most employees would move. 6.He said there is no alternative for him but to maintain order under any circumstances._ 7.You can use these transformations to convert the data from one model to another. 8.The fish were delicious. Likewise，the eggplant was excellent._,菜譜,remove,choice,transform/shift,Similarly,(三)一詞多義 9.fade褪色；枯萎，凋謝；(逐漸)消失 (1)All memory of the childhood faded from her mind. _ (2)Coloured cloth often fades when it is washed. _ (3)The roses he planted in the garden faded after three days. _,(逐漸)消失,褪色,枯萎，凋謝,.長難句理解 1.After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art. 句式分析本句話是一個復(fù)合句，句子的主干部分I walked over to a glass case是簡單句的 結(jié)構(gòu)；After walking around it and taking some photos是 ；next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art是 從句，修飾 ；describing the history of this magnificent piece of art為現(xiàn)在分詞作 ，修飾 。,主謂,時間狀語,a glass case,定語,定語,a typewritten page,精美譯文,圍著它走了幾圈并拍了幾張照片以后，我走向一個玻璃箱子，在它的旁邊是一張打印的紙張，描述了這件壯麗的藝術(shù)品的歷史。,2.They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them. 句式分析本句話是一個復(fù)合句，主句是簡單句的 結(jié)構(gòu)；so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them為 從句。 精美譯文,主謂賓,目的狀語,他們給打印機(jī)輸入程序，讓它打印出較軟的食物，以便他們吞咽的時候沒有困難。,