111人教新課標(biāo)版高一必修一Unit 4 Earthquakes期末知識(shí)梳理一、訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)入I.考綱單詞寫(xiě)出下列考綱詞匯的詞性和漢義(如果不止一個(gè)詞性學(xué)生自行增補(bǔ)詞性及相應(yīng)漢義)1.earthquake ( )2.burst( )3. million( )4. event( )5. nation( )6. steam( )7. ruin( )8. injure( )9. destroy( )10. shock( )11. rescue( )12.trap( )13. bury( )14. damage( )15. judge( )II.核心短語(yǔ)1. right _ 立刻，馬上2. _ an end 結(jié)束；終結(jié)3. dig _ 掘出；發(fā)現(xiàn)4. think _ of 考慮的少，滿不在乎5. lose _ 失去希望6. be _ in 被困在7. in _ 嚴(yán)重受損；破敗不堪8.a (great) _ of 許多；大量的9. tens of _ of 數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的10. be _ of 以而自豪11. run out _ 用完， 從跑出12. _ if 好像13. fall _ 倒塌14. _ train 乘火車(chē)15. act _ 表演16. give _ 用完，發(fā)布17. quite _ few 頗多18. put _ shelters 搭建避難所19. _ that special day 在那個(gè)特殊的日子20. get away _ 離開(kāi)二、知識(shí)精講I.重點(diǎn)詞匯 1. burst v.&n. 爆裂, 爆發(fā), 突然破裂典例 1).The red balloon suddenly burst. 那個(gè)紅色的氣球突然爆了。2). The police burst through the door. 警察破門(mén)而入。3). On hearing the news, Leslie burst into laughter while Tracy burst out crying. 一聽(tīng)到這則消息，Leslie突然大笑，而Tracy則突然大哭起來(lái)。4). A burst of hand-clapping followed the ending of the song. 歌聲結(jié)束后響起了一陣掌聲。重點(diǎn)用法burst into laughter = burst out laughing 突然大笑 burst into tears = burst out crying 突然大哭2. rescue n.&vt. 援救，營(yíng)救典例 1). The police came to his rescue and pulled him out of the river. 警察來(lái)救他，把他從河里拉了出來(lái)。2). The rescue team made countless rescues during the earthquake. 營(yíng)救隊(duì)在這次地震期間進(jìn)行了無(wú)數(shù)次救援。3). Michael rescued a boy from drowning. 邁克把溺水的男孩救了起來(lái)。重點(diǎn)用法rescue sb./ sth. from sb./ sp. 把.從營(yíng)救出來(lái)come to/ go to sbs rescue = rescue sb. 援救某人 a rescue team 救援隊(duì)a rescue mission 救援任務(wù) rescue workers 救援人員3. judge n.&v. 法官，鑒賞家，裁判，判斷，估計(jì)典例 1). His father used to be a judge. 他的父親過(guò)去是一名法官。2). She's a good judge of wine. 她是鑒別酒的專家。3). The blind cant judge colors. 盲人無(wú)法判斷顏色。4). Dont judge a man by his looks. 不要以貌取人。重點(diǎn)用法judge sb./ sth. by/from 通過(guò)判斷as far as I judge 我認(rèn)為judging from 從來(lái)看， 根據(jù)判斷4. ruin v.&n. 毀滅，使破產(chǎn)，遺跡，廢墟（名詞時(shí)常用復(fù)數(shù)）典例 1). The hurricane ruined all the houses here. 颶風(fēng)使這里所有的房屋成為廢墟。2). He ruined his prospects by carelessness. 他因疏忽大意而斷送了前途。重點(diǎn)用法be in ruins 呈一片廢墟 fall into ruin 變成廢墟 come to ruin 毀滅，落空 ruin oneself 自我毀滅 bring sb. to ruin 使毀滅II.重點(diǎn)詞組 1. right away 立刻，馬上典例1).Ill return the book to you right away. 我會(huì)馬上還書(shū)給你。2). If war breaks out, we shall be called up right away. 如果戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，我們將立即被征召服役。短語(yǔ)歸納“立刻，馬上”的表達(dá)方式：right away，right now，at once，immediately， in no time2. at an end 結(jié)束，終結(jié)（= finished）典例1). The war was finally at an end. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終于結(jié)束了。短語(yǔ)歸納與end搭配的常用短語(yǔ) at the end of 在末尾by the end of 在末為止in the end 最后，終于at a loose end 無(wú)所事事，處于雜亂狀態(tài)make ends meet 收支相抵3. instead of 代替，而不是典例1). The Chinese use chopsticks instead of knives and forks. 中國(guó)人不用刀叉,用筷子。2). Instead of working, Jack was idling away his time. 杰克不去工作,虛度著光陰。3). She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday. 她決定星期日而不是星期一離開(kāi)這里。短語(yǔ)歸納instead 是副詞，單獨(dú)使用，用于句首或句末作狀語(yǔ)，意為“代替；相反”。instead of 是復(fù)合介詞，后接名詞、代詞、或動(dòng)名詞，其后面的動(dòng)作，意為“代替、而不”。in place of 為介詞短語(yǔ)，也是“代替、而不”的意思，表“以甲代乙”，不含比，而instead of則是“用甲不用乙”，除“代替”外，還有對(duì)乙作否定的意思，有時(shí)意為“不”。take the place of 作謂語(yǔ)，用在名詞、代詞前。4. tens of thousands of 數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的典例 1). Tens of thousands of people were watching the game in the stadium when it began to rain heavily.短語(yǔ)歸納hundreds of數(shù)百的hundreds of and thousands of 成百上千的thousands of數(shù)千的millions of數(shù)百萬(wàn)的dozens of許多； 大量scores of 許多； 大量III.重點(diǎn)句型 1. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.老鼠跑到地里找地方躲。 解釋 這句話中的looking for places to hide 是作ran out of the fields 的伴隨狀況，這是動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式的一個(gè)用法?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。 （1）現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)可由連詞when, while引出。While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書(shū)，一邊不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫(huà)，他想起了她的童年。（2）現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如：Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. 因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂罚也荒馨堰@本書(shū)送給他。 Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 因?yàn)榉浅＜?dòng)，那晚我們?cè)S多人都沒(méi)睡著。 （3）現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。如： His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了，留給他許多錢(qián)。 She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生氣，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。 （4）現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語(yǔ)的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如： They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他們?cè)谀莾赫玖税胄r(shí)，觀察著天上的星星。 Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年輕人跟在老人的后面開(kāi)始慢慢地走起來(lái)。（5）現(xiàn)在分詞間或也可作條件狀語(yǔ)和讓步狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。如： A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 一個(gè)人如站在大山的腳下會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很渺小。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。 注：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)。（6）“with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+現(xiàn)在分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或時(shí)間、原因等。如： His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時(shí)間的推移，他的頭發(fā)變花白了。 Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒(méi)人注意，他從窗戶溜了出去。 2. All hope was not lost. 并不是所有的希望都破滅了。解釋All the students do not know how to deal with the problem. = Not all the students know how to deal with the problem. 并非所有的學(xué)生都知道如何解決個(gè)問(wèn)題。I dont know all of them. 我并不認(rèn)識(shí)他們所有的人。表示“全體”意義的代詞、副詞或形容 “all, both, every, everybody, always” 等和否定副詞not連用時(shí)表部分否定, 而“none, neither, nobody, nothing” 等表完全否定。如：Everyone doesnt like the story. = Not everyone likes the story. 并非每個(gè)人都喜歡這個(gè)故事。Nobody likes the story. 沒(méi)人喜歡這個(gè)故事。Both of the students dont like the story. 并非這兩個(gè)學(xué)生這個(gè)故事。Neither of the students likes the story. 這兩個(gè)學(xué)生都不喜歡這個(gè)故事。三、語(yǔ)法突破定語(yǔ)從句（I）高中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句詳解定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)充當(dāng)句中定語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；它主要用于修飾句子中的名詞、代詞。而定語(yǔ)從句的位置常常是緊跟在被修飾的名 詞、代詞的后面。在被修飾的名詞、代詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間往往有一個(gè)關(guān)系詞將其前后兩部分聯(lián)系成一個(gè)整體，或是構(gòu)成一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)；或是構(gòu)成一個(gè)代詞短語(yǔ)。但從 結(jié)構(gòu)上說(shuō)，關(guān)系詞與從句是一個(gè)整體。排除句子的其他各部分，這種帶有定語(yǔ)從句的名詞短語(yǔ)或是代詞短語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成可演示如下：1）three signs that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack三種意味著一個(gè)人是患有驚恐癥而不是心臟病的跡象在這個(gè)帶有定語(yǔ)從句的名詞短語(yǔ)中：signs是：被修飾的名詞； that是：關(guān)系詞；that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack是定語(yǔ)從句2）those who drink a lot 那些大量飲酒的人在這個(gè)帶有定語(yǔ)從句的代詞短語(yǔ)中：those是：被修飾的名詞； who是：關(guān)系詞;who drink a lot是：定語(yǔ)從句通過(guò)上面的演示,我們可以歸納出定語(yǔ)從句在句子中的位置、結(jié)構(gòu)如下：被修飾的名詞 / 代詞 + 關(guān)系詞 + 句子 (其中，"被修飾的名詞/代詞"在語(yǔ)法叫作"先行詞".)要點(diǎn)提示：1）"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"之間實(shí)質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系。也就是說(shuō)，關(guān)系詞的作用就是將先行詞所表達(dá)意義"代到"從句中來(lái)起作用。例如：They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations （先行詞）where (關(guān)系詞)people normally would not be afraid .他們常在人們一般不會(huì)感到害怕的情況下卻很容易感到恐懼或是感到不自在。（本句中的關(guān)系詞where = 先行詞（in）situations 。如果把這個(gè)復(fù)合句拆成兩個(gè)分句，那就是：They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situationspeople normally would not be afraid in situations 由此可以看出，"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"之間實(shí)質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系）。 又例如：Rude people are those （先行詞） whose (關(guān)系詞)behavior shows little respect for the rules（先行詞） that(關(guān)系詞) the majority follows .不講禮貌的人是指那些，他們的行為對(duì)大多數(shù)人所遵從的規(guī)則并不表示尊敬的人。由此我們還可以看出，"先行詞"往往是分別重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)分句中的名詞或代詞。這也就是我們做定語(yǔ)從句的條件之必需。否則，"關(guān)系詞"就無(wú)法去替代"先行詞"而構(gòu)筑定語(yǔ)從句了。這個(gè)道理就如同我們?cè)谟?jì)算機(jī)上"做剪貼以前要先做復(fù)制"一樣。）2）"先行詞"的意義決定"關(guān)系詞"的選擇"關(guān)系詞"的選擇往往是由"先行詞"自身表達(dá)的意義，以及它在從句中的語(yǔ)法功能而決定的。這 個(gè)意思就是說(shuō)，假如"先行詞"自身表達(dá)的意義是表示"人的意義"或是"物的意義"，那么我們就相應(yīng)地選擇表示"人的意義"或是"物的意義"的"先行 詞"。"先行詞" 在從句中的語(yǔ)法功能也是決定"關(guān)系詞"選擇的重要條件。比如說(shuō)，同樣都是表示"人的意義"的"先行詞"，如果它在從句中作主語(yǔ)，"關(guān)系詞"就得用表示"人 的意義"的主格形式，如果它在從句中作定語(yǔ)，"關(guān)系詞"就得用表示"人的意義"的所有格形式。另外，有時(shí)"先行詞"本身是表示事物的名詞，而它在從句中卻 與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，在這種情況下，我們就應(yīng)該用"關(guān)系副詞"而不能用"關(guān)系代詞"了。例如：Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields . 有些在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)上很有成就的人,在其他領(lǐng)域常常一無(wú)所成。In our class , we have some students whose families are not in Wuhan.我們班上有些家不在武漢市的同學(xué)。There are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words .有許多聲音有意義但不是詞。Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class .如果把這個(gè)復(fù)合句拆成兩個(gè)分句，那就是：tell him to go to the classroom .We often have our English class in the classroom )告訴他去我們常上英語(yǔ)課的那間教室。(一) 關(guān)系詞從前面的討論中我們可以清楚地看出，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句的構(gòu)成里是至關(guān)重要的。我們甚至可以說(shuō)，掌握不好關(guān)系詞就無(wú)法做成定語(yǔ)從句，也無(wú)法理解文中帶有定語(yǔ)從句部分的意思。因此，我們首先討論一下關(guān)系詞的有關(guān)問(wèn)題。定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞只有兩類(lèi)：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞；沒(méi)有連詞。也就是說(shuō)，定語(yǔ)從句中的所有關(guān)系詞不但都有具體的意義而且都在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。1）關(guān)系代詞：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。who用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作主語(yǔ)；在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)里，也可取代whom在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。例如：I have no idea about the man who wrote the article .我不認(rèn)識(shí)寫(xiě)這篇文章的那個(gè)人。The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .whom 用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)里，如果whom在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，它與who可以通用；但是如果 whom在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，那么就只能用whom而不能與who通用了。當(dāng)然，如果在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中，介詞沒(méi)有提前，也就沒(méi)有這點(diǎn)要求了。例如：Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ? 剛才和你說(shuō)話的那個(gè)女孩子是誰(shuí)？Yesterday, I happened to meet , in the shopping center , the professor who ( whom ) I got to know at a party .昨天在購(gòu)物中心，我碰巧遇見(jiàn)了那位我在一次聚會(huì)上認(rèn)識(shí)的教授。 They are looking for the patient on whom doctors just performed an operation . 他們正在尋找那位醫(yī)生剛剛給他做過(guò)手術(shù)的病人。 (句中的關(guān)系代詞whom代替the patient ，在從句中作介詞on的賓語(yǔ)，而且介詞on提到關(guān)系代詞的前面，所以who 和whom就絕不可以通用了，此處只能用whom 。)Who is the girl to who (whom) you talked just now ? （錯(cuò)誤）(句中的關(guān)系代詞whom(who)代替the girl ，在從句中作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)，但是由于介詞to已提到了關(guān)系代詞的前面,who 和whom就絕不可以通用了,所以如果還繼續(xù)使用who句子就錯(cuò)了。此處只能用whom 。)whose 用于代替"表示人或物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，往往與它所修飾的名詞一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。Whose常表達(dá)"某人的、某物的"之意。例如：Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?你知道她的哥哥與你同寢室的那位女孩的名字嗎？Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor. 沸點(diǎn)在攝氏100度的水無(wú)色、無(wú)味。which 用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。例如：Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是來(lái)自國(guó)外的觀點(diǎn)或許也很難被接受。I've got a novel which you may like to read .我弄到一本你或許想看的小說(shuō)。That was a fault which could not be forgiven . 那是不能饒恕的錯(cuò)誤。that 既用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，也用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞；在從句中既可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，但是不能作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。在一定范圍內(nèi)，that = who / whom / which 。例如：Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是來(lái)自國(guó)外的觀點(diǎn)或許也很難被接受。Salaried people that ( who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .工薪在幾千美元以上的人必須將工資中的一定百分比交付給聯(lián)邦政府。Who is the girl to that you talked just now ? （錯(cuò)誤）要點(diǎn)提示：定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;如果關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)可以省略。例如：This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday . 這就是你昨天找的那本書(shū)。I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .我不喜歡你看的這本小說(shuō)。Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ? 你們談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人是誰(shuí)？定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon .（先行詞Those是復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞who也就看作是復(fù)數(shù)，所以從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用了復(fù)數(shù)形式are了。）請(qǐng)那些年齡在四十幾歲的人于今天下午去進(jìn)行體檢。This is the magazine which was sent to me by post .（先行詞the magazine是單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞which也就看作是單數(shù)，所以從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用了單數(shù)形式was sent） 這是通過(guò)郵局寄給我的雜志。關(guān)系代詞that 和which的區(qū)別 that 和which在一般情況都可以用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。但在下列情況下一般只用that而不用which ：- 先行詞本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代詞時(shí)，例如：Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy .任何能夠燃燒的東西都是熱能源。There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事。They had nothing that could cure of his disease .他們沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)能治愈他疾病的東西了。- 先行詞已有序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)或the last, the only等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，例如：This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 這是以前從未上演過(guò)的最有感染力的電視劇。That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .我們必須要考慮啟動(dòng)我們工作的第一件事。然而，在下列情況下卻只用which而不用that：- 當(dāng)先行詞表示事物意義，并且在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，那么就只能用which 。當(dāng)然，如果在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中，介詞沒(méi)有提前，也就沒(méi)有這點(diǎn)要求了。例如：The world in which we live is made of matter .我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow . 洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。The world that we live in is made of matter.（正確。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞雖然在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，但是介詞沒(méi)有提前，所以沒(méi)有這點(diǎn)要求。）我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。The world in that we live is made of matter.（錯(cuò)誤。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而且介詞已經(jīng)提前，所以必須遵從這點(diǎn)要求。）- 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句（關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)隨后就要講解）中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞表示事物意義時(shí), 只能用which 。這是語(yǔ)法所規(guī)定的，沒(méi)有任何解釋。例如：The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太陽(yáng)給予大地?zé)幔@就使植物的生長(zhǎng)成為可能。The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是電能，它廣泛地運(yùn)用于我們的日常生活之中。- as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句、非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。例如：限定性定語(yǔ)從句 （常用于such as和the same as 等句式中）Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem .你提到的這些方面在解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題上的確很重要。People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays .你描述的這種人現(xiàn)在很少見(jiàn)了。This computer has the same functions as that one has .這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)有著和那臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)一樣的功能。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 （as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，as是指全句：也就是說(shuō)，將整個(gè)主句看成一件事或是一個(gè)事實(shí)；并對(duì)其進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。這種非限定性定語(yǔ)從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。） As I know , she hasn't got married . 如我所知，她還未結(jié)婚。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以預(yù)料，他們?cè)诒荣愔械昧说谝?。Professor Li is extremely popular among students , as is known to all of us . 如我們大家所知，李教授極受學(xué)生們的歡迎。2)關(guān)系副詞：when , where , why 等。在定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系副詞 = 介詞 + which 。也就是說(shuō)，每個(gè)關(guān)系副詞里本身就已經(jīng)含有了一個(gè)介詞：when = 在什么時(shí)候，where = 在什么地方，why = 為什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪個(gè)具體的介詞，就得依具體情況而定了。when 代替表示時(shí)間的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),例如：People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland .人們會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記住香港和澳門(mén)回歸祖國(guó)的那一時(shí)刻。He came at a time when we needed help . 他在我們需要人幫忙的時(shí)候來(lái)了。We don't know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我們不知道英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)舉行的確切時(shí)間。where 代替表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。例如：The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.我們舉行演講比賽的地點(diǎn)還未定下來(lái)。He is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . 他現(xiàn)在居住的新房是原先一個(gè)池塘的舊址。That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .那是一座我曾經(jīng)在那兒有過(guò)許多夢(mèng)想的美麗的校園。why 代替表示原因的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。例如：He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy .他沒(méi)有告訴她為什么他那么高興的原因。The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .她遲到的原因不那么令人接受。They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before .他們向我們解釋為什么他們以前誤解了我們的原因。介詞+關(guān)系代詞在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞若是表示人的意義，就只能用whom ；關(guān)系代詞若是表示事物的意義，就只能用which 。而這種結(jié)構(gòu)中較難解決的問(wèn)題是介詞的選擇問(wèn)題，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決取決于多種因素：A）動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配B）名詞與介詞的搭配C）形容詞與介詞的搭配，等等?？傊?，要依從句的具體需要而定。例如：A）動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配He has found a good job for which he is qualified .（ qualify + 名詞+ for "使具有資格" ）他找到了一份他能勝任的工作。The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . （ talk to + 名詞 "與某人談話" ） 你剛才與他談話的那個(gè)人明天主持那個(gè)會(huì)議。He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents .名詞+ rent at + 表示價(jià)格的詞 "某物以某價(jià)格出租" ）他在與房東就那套公寓出租的月租金進(jìn)行磋商。B）名詞與介詞的搭配They are still living in the little house in which they've been lived for 15 years . （ in the house "在屋子里" ）他們現(xiàn)在還住在他們已住了15年的那個(gè)小房子里。We've worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通過(guò)某種方法) 我們已研制出了一個(gè)能大規(guī)模提高生產(chǎn)的方法。She didn't realize the extent to which she had been distracted .（ to extend "到某種程度" ） 她沒(méi)有意識(shí)到她心煩意亂的程度。C）形容詞與介詞的搭配The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency . (happy with "對(duì)表示滿意")老板對(duì)其不滿意的那個(gè)秘書(shū)將由于她沒(méi)有工作效率而被解雇。I've found the job for which I've been eager for a long time.（ eager for "渴望得到" ） 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .(familiar with 熟悉)他是一位我們熟悉的有學(xué)識(shí)的人。2）定語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi)在英文中，有兩種定語(yǔ)從句：限定性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。這兩種定語(yǔ)從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區(qū)別：限定性定語(yǔ)從句限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊奏，對(duì)其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會(huì)影響句子意思的完整性；有時(shí)甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如：Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .為了加速他們各自所在國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，熱帶雨林作為有價(jià)值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句非 限定性定語(yǔ)從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)"，"隔開(kāi)；它對(duì)其先行詞沒(méi)有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明的作用。有時(shí)也用它來(lái)對(duì)全 句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。即使將其去掉，也不會(huì)影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語(yǔ)從句。另外，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在 中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個(gè)分句處理，而不把它作定語(yǔ)翻譯。 例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .（此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞a sphere進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。）更早之前，巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖，但是他們把它繪制成平盤(pán)狀而不是托勒密所采用的球體狀。The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .（此句中，三個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句分別對(duì)三個(gè)先行詞：satellites ，computers和television進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。如果去掉這三個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，那么句子可簡(jiǎn)化為：The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）衛(wèi)星能傳輸信息，計(jì)算機(jī)能儲(chǔ)存信息，電視能顯示信息，把這些手段結(jié)合起來(lái)可以使每個(gè)家庭都成為教育娛樂(lè)的中心。 The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明,將全句表達(dá)的意思看成"一件事情）。太陽(yáng)給予大地?zé)?，這就使植物的生長(zhǎng)成為可能。The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞son進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。但本句所傳達(dá)的信息是："這位老人只有一個(gè)兒子" 。如果將此句改寫(xiě)成限定性定語(yǔ)從句：The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一個(gè)在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。那么，限定性定語(yǔ)從句就要對(duì)先行詞son進(jìn)行限定、修飾。這樣一來(lái)，句子所傳達(dá)的信息就變成了："這位老人有一個(gè)兒子在 部隊(duì)工作，還有其他的兒子在干別的工作"。）那位老人有一個(gè)兒子，他在部隊(duì)工作。專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練1Football is a very interesting game ,    is played all over the world Athat Bwhich  Cit Dwho 2Is there anything else    you require? Awhich Bthat  Cwho Dwhat 3The last place    we visited was the Great Wall Awhich Bthat  Cwhere Dit 4He talked happily about the men and books   interested him greatly in the school Awhich Bwho  Cit Dthat 5The railway tunnel, though the train goes,   will be completed soon Awhich Bthat  Cit Dwhom 6His uncle works in a factory    bicycles are made Athat Bwhich  Cwhere Dthere 7There is no dictionary   you can find everything Athat Bwhich  Cwhere Din that 8Next month,   youll spend in your hometown is coming Awhich Bthat  Cwhen Dwhere 9Next month,   youll be in your hometown is coming Awhich Bthat  Cwhen Dwhere 10I often thought of my childhood ,   I lived on a farm Awhich Bwhere  Cwhen Dwho 11He wanted to know the time   he needed to know Athat Bwhen  Cwhere Dwhat 12There  isnt  so much noise in the country in big cities Athat Bwhich  Cwhere Das 13They could only read such stories  had been rewritten in simple English Athat Bwhich  Cas Dwhat 14The stems of bamboo are hollow  makes them very light Awhich Bas  Cthat Dit 15Crusoes dog became ill and died ,   made him very lonely Aas Bwhich  Cthat Dthis 16Theyve invited me to their party , is kind of them Aas Bwhich  CThat Dthis 17 we know now ,bats come out only at night AAs BWhich  C That DWhat 18John got beaten in the game , had been expected Aas Bthat  Cwhat Dwho 19 has been said above ,grammar is a set of dead rules AWhich BWhat  CThat DAs 20Do you know the reason he was late? Athat Bwhich  Cfor what Dfor which 21He built a telescope he could study the skies Ain which Bwith that  Cthrough which Dby it 22I have bought two ballpens , writes well Anone of which Bneither of which  Cnone of them Dneither of them 23There are two thousand students in our school , are girls Aof whom two thirds Btwo -thirds of themCtwo -third in them Dtwo -thirds in which 24Do you know the man ? Awhom I spoke Bto who I spoke  CI spoke to Dthat I spoke 25The factory well visit next week isnt far from here Awhere Bin which  Cwhich Dto which 26This is one of the best films this year Ahave been shown Bthat have shown  Cthat have been shown Dwhich has been shown 27Can you lend me the book the other day ? Ayou talked about Babout that you talked  Cthat you talked Dwhich you talked 28Is there any one in you class family is in the city Awho Bwhos  Cwhich Dwhose 29Ill never forget the days we stayed together Awhen Bin which  Cwhich Dwhat 30Is some German friends visited last week ? Athis school Bthis the school  Cthis school one Dthis school where 31Ill tell you he told me last month Aall which Ball what  Cthat all Dall 32Do you know the r