閱讀理解（4）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。  Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.  The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.  Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.  “The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.  Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.  As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.  As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.1.The author states that many educators feel thatA steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.the fropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.C the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.D The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.2.Research has shown thatA Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. s in financial attainment.the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.C The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.D about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.A is the most frequent reason for dropping out.is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.C is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.D does not vary in difficulty among universities.4.After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding thatA optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.C colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.D Ph. D. s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies inA salary for Ph. D. too low.academic requirement too high.C salary for dropouts too high.D 1000 positions.Vocabularydropout                  輟學(xué)者，中途退學(xué)well-rounded            全面的attrition                  縮/減員，磨損drain                  枯竭bracket                  一類人，（尤指按收入分類的）階層lagging behind other fields      落后于其它領(lǐng)域glum                  陰郁的難句譯注Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s.【參考譯文】教育工作者嚴(yán)重關(guān)注博士生輟學(xué)的高比率；這對(duì)迫切需要博士生的國家是一個(gè)人才方面的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。It was base on 22,000questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】sent過去分詞，修飾questionnaires。Who定語從句修飾students。【參考譯文】這份全面調(diào)查報(bào)告是以22000份調(diào)查表分送給以前在24所大學(xué)就讀的博士生為基礎(chǔ)的。這份全面調(diào)查報(bào)告似乎說明過去許多擔(dān)心害怕是沒有根據(jù)的。Attrition at the Ph. D. lever is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】被動(dòng)句。To capacity滿額，全力?！緟⒖甲g文】博士水平的人員的縮減被認(rèn)為是寶貴的教授時(shí)間的浪費(fèi)和已經(jīng)被使用到極限的大學(xué)資源的枯竭。This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】the fact的同位語that從句中的where是定語從句，修飾academic fields?！緟⒖甲g文】這也可能表明這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：在博士能掙到最高工資的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，高工資仍然落后于其它領(lǐng)域。寫作方法與文章大意  這是一篇論及“博士生輟學(xué)”的文章。采用對(duì)比和因果手法。文章一開始就提出教育工作者嚴(yán)重關(guān)注博士生輟學(xué)達(dá)50的問題。而調(diào)查報(bào)告證明，只有31。輟學(xué)造成不良后果，有人建議中途退學(xué)者回爐再念博士學(xué)位學(xué)業(yè)。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。答案詳解1.A. 許多教育工作者感到應(yīng)采取步驟讓輟學(xué)者回校學(xué)習(xí)，特別是有些學(xué)科。這在第三段最后一句話：“有些人建議高級(jí)專家和大學(xué)教師短缺現(xiàn)象可以通過勸說輟學(xué)者返回校園完成博士學(xué)位來減少?！盉. 輟學(xué)者應(yīng)回到稍第幾的學(xué)校去完成學(xué)業(yè)。  C. 有博士學(xué)位的人一般比輟學(xué)者具有較好的適應(yīng)性。 D. 高輟學(xué)率主要原因在于教師方面缺乏刺激鼓勵(lì)。這三項(xiàng)文內(nèi)沒有提。2.D.約三分之一開始就讀博士學(xué)位的人沒有完成學(xué)業(yè)取得學(xué)位。第二段第一句：“輟學(xué)率為31。大多數(shù)情況下，輟學(xué)人不能完成博士學(xué)位學(xué)業(yè)，就去從事生產(chǎn)性工作”。A. 輟學(xué)者的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入比博士生低許多。這是錯(cuò)的。見倒數(shù)第二段：“作為輟學(xué)者干得真不錯(cuò)的證明，統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表說明2人文學(xué)科的輟學(xué)者年收入為20000多沒勁，沒有一個(gè)同樣背景的博士生達(dá)到這個(gè)數(shù)字。7000至15000美元年收入水平為博士生的78，輟學(xué)者僅為50?！?B. 在博士學(xué)習(xí)中刺激因素較小。 C. 博士預(yù)備生如果中途退學(xué)很可能改變其專業(yè)領(lǐng)域。 3.C. 博士生應(yīng)達(dá)到外語要求的水平是許多博士生課程的一個(gè)基本組成部分。這在第四段有所表示：“約75的退學(xué)者說，他們決定退學(xué)并不是處于學(xué)術(shù)的原因，而處于學(xué)術(shù)原因的退學(xué)者提出：難以通過資格考試，難以完成研究，通不過外語考試”。這里看出外語是博士生課程的基本組成部分。A. 它是退學(xué)最頻繁的原因。 B.  它對(duì)理科博士生比文科博士應(yīng)考生更難。 D. 它在大學(xué)中的難度并沒有不同。4.A. 讀完這篇文章，人們不會(huì)有這種結(jié)論。這在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我們研究的結(jié)果并不支持這些一件（包括返回校園之意見）：缺乏動(dòng)力是退學(xué)的主要原因。大多數(shù)退學(xué)者在博士課程上已經(jīng)達(dá)到和他們的能力水平和專業(yè)水平相一致的水平。大多數(shù)退學(xué)者現(xiàn)在從事的工作和他們所受教育和動(dòng)機(jī)相一致?！弊詈笠欢危骸爸劣诜祷匦@的可能性，前景不樂觀。至少有25的退學(xué)生可能考慮返回研究生院就讀，條件是保證他們保留現(xiàn)有的收入水平，有些還要保留他們目前的工作?！盉. 博士生退學(xué)者，大體而論，并不具備得到學(xué)位所需要的一切。 C. 學(xué)院和大學(xué)雇傭了許多退學(xué)生。 D. 博士生在非學(xué)術(shù)崗位上沒有掙到他們應(yīng)得的錢。B.、C.兩項(xiàng)文內(nèi)沒提。D.不對(duì)，參見難句譯注4。5.A. 博士生的工資太低。見第四題A.的譯注和難句譯注4。B. 學(xué)術(shù)要求太高。這只是某些因?qū)W術(shù)原因輟學(xué)者之強(qiáng)調(diào)點(diǎn)。 C. 輟學(xué)者工資太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。見第二題D項(xiàng)注釋。 D. 職位低。文內(nèi)沒有提。【閱讀理解】Skeptics are a strange lot.Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the enviroment, and they are tired of people who disagree with them.Those people，say skeptics，spread nothing but bad news about the environment.The “eco­guilt”brought on by the discouraging news about our planet gives rise to the popularity of skeptics as people search for more comforting worldviews.Perhaps that explains why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so much publicity.That book ，The Skeptical Environmentalist, declares that it measures the “real state of the world”as fine. Of course ，another explanation is the deep pockets of some big businesses with special interests. Indeed, Mr. Lomborg's views are similar to those of some industry­funded organizations, which start huge activities through the media to confuse the public about issues like global warming.So it was strange to see Mr. Lomborg's book go largely unchallenged in the media though his beliefs were contrary to most scientific opinions. One national newspaper in Canada ran a number of articles and reviews full of words of praise, even with the conclusion that “After Lomborg, the environmental movement will begin to die down.”Such one­sided views should have immediately been challenged. But only a different review appeared in Nature, a respected science magazine with specific readership. The review remarked that Mr. Lomborg's “preference for unexamined materials is incredible(不可信的)”A critical (批判的)eye is valuable, and the media should present information in such a way that could allow people to make informed decisions. Unfortunately, that is often inaccessible as blocked by the desire to be shocking or to defend some special interests. People might become half­blind before a world partially exhibited by the media. That's a shame, because matters concerning the health of the planet are far too important to be treated lightly.本文講述了懷疑論者不承認(rèn)人類活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境造成的危脅，認(rèn)為地球狀況是良好的，這迎合了一些追求利益的商業(yè)公司。但是關(guān)系地球健康的問題是相當(dāng)重要的，人們一定要嚴(yán)肅對(duì)待。1. According to the passage, which of the following may be regarded as “skeptics”？A. People who agree on the popularity of “eco­guilt”B. People who disbelieve the serious situation of our planet.C. People who dislike the harmful effect of human activities.D. People who spread comforting news to protect our environment.答案：B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文第一段可知，懷疑論者不承認(rèn)人類活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。短文第二段第二句話中提到，他們認(rèn)為世界的真正狀態(tài)是好的，由此可知B項(xiàng)正確。2. Which of the following can be a reason for the popularity of Lomborg's book?ASome big businesses intend to protect their own interests. BThe book challenges views about the fine state of the world.CThe author convinces people to seek comforting worldviews.DIndustry­funded media present confusing information.答案：A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文第二段最后一句話可知Lomborg的觀點(diǎn)與一些由工業(yè)資助的組織的觀點(diǎn)是相似的。因此可知這些大的組織為了自己的利益也不會(huì)注重環(huán)保。3. The author mentioned the review in Nature in order to _.A. voice a different opinionB. find fault with Lomborg's book C. challenge the authority of the mediaD. point out the value of scientific views答案：A。推理判斷題。第三段提到加拿大的一家報(bào)紙對(duì)Lomborg的書大加贊揚(yáng)，第四段又提到這片面的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)受到挑戰(zhàn)，然后說“Nature”雜志上就有不同的評(píng)論。由此可知A項(xiàng)正確。4. What is the author's main purpose in writing the passage?A. To encourage the skeptics to have a critical eye.B. To warn the public of the danger of half­blindness with reviews.C. To blame the media's lack of responsibility in presenting information.D. To show the importance of presenting overall information by the media.答案：D。作者意圖題。由短文最后一段第二句話可知，媒體應(yīng)當(dāng)提供全方位的信息，讓人們?cè)诹私馇闆r的前提下做出決定。由此可知D項(xiàng)正確。閱讀理解。Businesses are witnessing a difficult time, which has in turn produced influence on consumers desire to go green. However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns.Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations inform their purchases to the same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy.This may help to influence how shops store goods on their shelves. And the companies should still make efforts to become more environmentally friendly. Two out of three people think it is important to buy from environmentally responsible companies, with about one in seven saying that they had even decided to take their custom elsewhere if they felt a companys environmental reputation was not good enough.Harry Morrison, chief executive（主管）of the Carbon Trust, sympathizes：“I understand this situation where survival is very important now. But from environmental considerations, the clock is tickingwe dont have much time. In addition, cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand.”Larger companies have an extra motivation to look at reducing their carbon footprint, as new rules next year will require businesses to buy carbon allowances to make up for their emissions（排放）. Those that have taken early action will have a head start. More than two thirds of consumers are not clear about which companies are environmentally responsible. This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers.The Carbon Trust believes that it can help by informing customers about the good work companies are doing. “When companies are granted（授予）the standard, they can use a logo（標(biāo)識(shí)）in all their marketing which makes it clear that they are working towards cutting emissions,” Mr. Morrison said. ( ) 1. Whats the main idea of the passage?A. Businesses are finding ways to send their message to the shoppers.B. Companies will soon get information about cutting carbon emissions.C. Firms are making efforts to encourage customers to keep goods at home.D. Firms are urged to cut carbon emissions by shoppers environmental awareness.( ) 2. The underlined word “inform” in Paragraph 2 probably means“ ”.A. affect B. change C. disturb D. reject( ) 3. According to Harry Morrison, businesses .A. will benefit from cutting carbon emissionsB. should buy carbon allowances for shoppersC. are required to make up for their carbon emissionsD. have encouraged shoppers to take their custom elsewhere( ) 4. We can learn from the passage that businesses will .A. have a strong desire to reduce costsB. use the same logo in their marketingC. gain advantages by taking early actionD. attract more shoppers by storing goods【語篇解讀】本篇文章為說明文?，F(xiàn)在顧客購物已經(jīng)開始考慮環(huán)保的問題。面臨顧客環(huán)保的心理需求，企業(yè)只有主動(dòng)采取措施，減少排放，才會(huì)更好地贏得顧客的信賴，進(jìn)而獲得更好的收益1、答案 D?！窘馕觥恐髦即笠忸}。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns”及最后一段第一句可知，企業(yè)因購買者的環(huán)保意識(shí)而去減排。故選D項(xiàng)。2、答案 A。【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。由本段中“while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy”可知，現(xiàn)在三分之二的顧客在購物時(shí)對(duì)環(huán)境的考慮比一年前程度加深了。因此A項(xiàng)符合句子意思3、答案 A。解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand”可以推斷出：商業(yè)會(huì)受益于減排。因此A項(xiàng)符合文章。4、答案 C?！窘馕觥客评砼袛囝}。根據(jù)第五段最后一句“This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers”可知，早采取行動(dòng)減排的企業(yè)可以更好地吸引顧客。因此可以推斷出C項(xiàng)。