2013年高考第二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語安徽版專題升級(jí)訓(xùn)練十四史地、自然、科普、新聞?lì)愰喿x理解（一）AThe Alps are the youngest and highest mountain system in Europe.They stretch across the western and southern part of the continent in a broad arc.The mountain range starts near the Mediterranean Sea on the border between France and Italy.Then it curves north and eastward through northern Italy，Switzerland，Liechtenstein，southern Germany，Austria and Slovenia.The Alps are about 1,000 km long，and the broadest section is over 260 km wide.The highest peak，Mont Blanc，situated on the border between France，Italy and Switzerland，rises 4,807 meters above sea level.Other famous peaks are the Monte Rosa，the Matterhorn，the GroBglockner and the Zugspitze.Millions of years ago the area of today's Alps was covered by a large sea that separated Europe and Africa.The southern land mass started moving northwards.This movement folded rock layers at the bottom of the sea.Heat and pressure transformed the rock and pushed the_material upwards.Today these regions are the highest parts of the Alps.Most of the newly formed rock is granite and gneiss，but many ranges consist of limestone which also formed on the seabed.During the Ice Age，which started about a million years ago，the Alps were covered with a thick blanket of snow.Glaciers moved down valleys and made them wider and deeper.As they moved they took rock and other material with them，creating moraines（冰磧）When glaciers started to melt water filled up behind these natural dams and created the alpine lakes we know today.The largest of these glaciers is the Aletsch in Switzerland which reaches a length of about 25 km.The longest glacier of the eastern Alps is the 8 km long Pasterze，at the foot of the GroBglockner.The ice and snow of the alpine regions helped create the large rivers of today：the Rhine，Rhone，Danube and the Po.1From the first two paragraphs we know the Alps _.Aare about 260 km wideBstretch across the western part of AfricaCare the youngest mountain system in the worldDhave the highest peak 4,807 meters above sea level2What does the underlined phrase “this material” in Para.3 refer to?ASea water and rock.BRock that was transformed.CRock layers that were folded.DLimestone which was on the seabed.3It can be inferred from the passage that the Alps were formed _.Abefore the Ice AgeBduring the Ice AgeCbecause of seas' movementDbecause of glaciers' movement4From the passage we know Danube is _.Aa kind of rockBone of the Alps' famous peaksCthe name of a riverDone of the largest glaciersBNanoparticles（納米粒子） are everywhere，from cosmetics and clothes，to soda and snacks.But as common as they are，they also have a downside，say researchers at Binghamton University and Cornell University in a recent paper published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.These tiny particles，even in low doses，could have a big impact on our long­term health.According to the lead author of the article，Gretchen Mahler，assistant professor of bioengineering at Binghamton University，much of the existing research on the safety of nanoparticles has been directly related to health effects.But what Mahler and a team of researchers really wanted to know was what happens when someone gets constant exposure in small dosesthe kind you'd get if you took a drug or supplement that included nanoparticles in some form.“We thought that the best way to measure the more subtle（精細(xì)的） effects of this kind of intake was to monitor the reaction of intestinal（腸道的） cells，”said Mahler.“And we did this in two ways：through human intestinal­lining cells that we had cultured in the lab，and through the intestinal linings of live chickens.Both sets of results pointed to the same thingthat exposure to nanoparticles influences the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.”The uptake of iron was of particular interest due to the way it is absorbed and processed through the intestines.“What we found was that for brief exposures，iron absorption dropped by about 50 percent，”said Mahler.“But when we extended that period of time，absorption actually increased by about 200 percent.It was very clearnanoparticles definitely affect iron uptake and transport.”While brief oral exposure disrupted intestinal iron transport，long­time exposure caused intestinal cells to be larger and broader，thus allowing iron to enter the bloodstream much faster.“The intestinal cells are a gateway that ingested nanoparticles must go through to get to the body，”said Mahler.“We monitored iron absorption and found that the polystyrene nanoparticles affected the absorption process and caused a physiological response.”5What is the best title for the passage?ANanoparticles are common in our life.BNanoparticles have an effect on our health.CWe should know more about nanoparticles.DThe intake of nanoparticles should be banned.6Gretchen Mahler's research is to _.Ameasure the direct health effects of iron uptakeBfind out the effect of long­time exposure to nanoparticlesCexplore how to reduce the effects of nanoparticlesDstudy how nanoparticles affect chickens7The underlined word “disrupted” in the last paragraph probably means “_”Adisordered BbenefitedCdiscovered Dfollowed8In which part of a magazine can this passage most likely be found?AScience.BHistory.CEntertainment.DEconomy.CClimate change is threatening to redraw the world's wine­producing map，and the effects are already being seen in earlier harvests and coarser（更為粗糙、劣質(zhì)的） wines.“The consequences of global warming are already being felt.Harvests are already coming 10 days earlier than before in almost all grape­growing regions，”said Bernard Seguin，the head of climate studies at France's INRA agricultural research institute.He was speaking at the opening of the Second International Congress on Wine and Climate Change.“Wine and wine­producing will change in a way that will depend on how we face global warming，”said Seguin.“If the temperature rises two or three degrees centigrade，we could manage to see Bordeaux remain as Bordeaux，Rioja as Rioja，Burgundy as Burgundy.But if it goes up five or six degrees，we must face up to huge problems，and the changes will be hard，”he said.Grapes are damaged if they ripen too quickly，due to higher temperatures and a lack of rain.“When a grape matures more quickly，you get higher concentrations of sugar，lower acidity（酸性） and a higher PH level，”said Fernando Zamora of the oenology faculty（葡萄酒釀造學(xué)系） at the University of Tarragona in Spain.The result is coarser wines，with a higher alcohol level and lower acidity which can destroy the delicate flavor of good quality wines，he said.It would also lead to higher prices in countries which tax wine according to its alcohol level.“The types of wines will change in almost all regions，”said Vicente Sotes，a professor at the Polytechnic University.And some regions which still produce good wine would no longer benefit from the ideal climatic conditions that are responsible for their fame.“The French will have problems，especially in the Bordeaux region，”said Pancho Campos，the president of the Wine Academy of Spain，who organized the Barcelona conference.“German producers on the banks of the Rhine will be the least at risk，”he said.The French “Grand Crus” could be further threatened by the “New World” wines of Australia，California，Chile，Argentina，South Africa and New Zealand，which would have the best climatic conditions.“The countries in the southern hemisphere（半球） are next to a greater mass of water，and it is sea currents that maintain the temperature at its level，”said Campos.9What's the main idea of the passage?AHow we should fight against the climate change.BEarlier harvests are the causes of coarser wines.CWine production is threatened by the climate change.DGlobal warming is very serious in many countries.10A brand of wine with poor quality bears the feature of _.Aa lower alcohol levelBa lower PH levelCa lower acidity levelDa lower sugar level11It can be inferred from the passage that _.Awines of lower alcohol level are taxed more heavilyBclimate is a very important factor in wine producingCFrance is a leading wine producer in the worldDGerman wine producers face threatens from other countries12The last paragraph indicates that _.Awines produced in the countries in the southern hemisphere have low pricesBFrench wine producers face more threats from the rise of temperatureCthe southern countries have much higher temperature compared with the northDthe countries in the southern hemisphere would have ideal climate for wine producingDScientists think it will be possible to record people's dreams and then interpret them.They claim to have developed a system which allows them to record higher level brain activity.Dr Moran Cerf told the journal Nature：“We would like to read people's dreams.”Previously the only way to access people's dreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpret them.Dr Cerf hopes to eventually compare people's memories of their dreams with an electronic picture of their brain activity.He told the BBC：“There's no clear answer as to why humans dream.And one of the questions we would like to answer is when do we actually create this dream.”The scientist believes his latest research shows that certain neurons（神經(jīng)元） or individual brain cells are linked with specific objects or concepts.He found that a particular neuron lit up when a volunteer thought about Marilyn Monroe.If a database was built up identifying various neurons with concepts，objects and people，it would allow them to “read the subject's minds”，according to Dr Cerf.However，Dr Roderick Oner，a clinical psychologist and dream expert，said that this kind of picture would be of limited help when it came to interpreting the “complex dream story”In order to get a detailed picture of individual neurons，scientists had to have electrodes（電極） implanted deep in the brain by using surgery.The Nature researchers used data from patients who had electrodes implanted to monitor and treat them for brain seizures.However，Dr Cerf said he hoped that it would be possible at a later stage to monitor people without invasive surgery.He said it would be “wonderful” to be able to read the minds of coma（昏迷的） patients who are unable to communicate.13How did we record and interpret our dreams in the past?AWe couldn't do that because of our limited science knowledge.BOnly some scientists could do that with some special systems.CEveryone could do that by asking about the dreamers after the event.DPsychologists could do that by asking about the dreamers after the event.14What can be inferred from the 3rd paragraph?ADr Cerf's latest research is really a success.BDr Cerf's latest research turns out to be a failure.CNot all scientists are in favor of Dr Cerf's opinion.DAll scientists think Dr Cerf's research is ridiculous.15Why did scientists have electrodes implanted deep in the brain?ABecause they wanted to gain a more clear image of individual neurons.BBecause they hoped to find a new way of curing the patients' brain seizures.CBecause they could get the data that would be used for treating brain seizures.DBecause they wanted to read the minds of coma patients unable to communicate.16Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?AA famous scientist，Dr CerfBScientists plan to record people's dreamsCWhen do we actually create this dreamDRoderick Oner，a clinical psychologist and dream expertEChildren in Somalia are suffering some of the highest malnutrition（營養(yǎng)不良） rates in the world，says the United Nations as drought continues to affect the country.An UN official told the BBC that about two and a half million people had been affected.She said there had been complete crop failure in southern Somalia and that many had lost their livelihoods（生活來源，飯碗，生計(jì)）The country has also been ravaged by two decades of violence.“Many people are leaving rural areas to search for work in Somali towns，while others are quitting the country altogethergoing to Kenya and Yemen，”said Grainne Moloniy of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization.“One in four children is malnourishedthat's one of the highest rates in the world，”she told the BBC's World Today.The rains have either failed or been inadequate for several seasons，fields are parched，and livestockthe mainstay of the economyare dying.“People are becoming more dependent on money from their relatives abroad，”Ms Moloniy said.However，the Somali diaspora（海外索馬里人） have been hit by the global economic crisis，and in the past few years have been unable to send as much money home.“UN agencies and other humanitarian groups are also short of fundsthe UN has only raised a third of what it needs for food aid for Somalia，”Ms Moloniy said.“With no end to the drought in sight，and insecurity continuing in many parts of Somalia，it is likely the situation will get worse before it gets better，”says BBC Africa analyst Mary Harper.The country has experienced more than 20 years of conflict，with Islamist insurgents fighting forces of the transitional government，backed by peacekeepers from the African Union.17Drought in southern Somalia has resulted in _.AviolenceBa small number of children going hungryCglobal economic crisisDmillions of people losing their livelihoods18What does the underlined word “ravaged” in Paragraph 3 mean?ADestroyed. BProtected.CControlled. DFrightened.19Which of the following statements is true?AThe UN and other humanitarian groups have collected enough money to help people in Somalia.BSomalia diaspora have been unable to send much money home to their poor relatives.CSomalia has the largest number of children suffering from malnutrition.DThe drought will soon be over.20Where do you think the passage is taken from?ANewspaper.BIntroduction.CTextbook.DLiterature magazine.參考答案1. 答案：D解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段的第二句話可知阿爾卑斯山脈的最高峰勃朗峰海拔4807米。 2. 答案：B解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)該句的結(jié)構(gòu)“Heat and pressure transformed the rock and pushed the material upwards.”可知該詞語指代前面的the rock，故選B項(xiàng)。 3. 答案：A解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三、四段的首句，可以推斷出阿爾卑斯山脈是在冰河世紀(jì)之前形成的，故選A項(xiàng)。 4. 答案：C解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章最后一段可知Danube（多瑙河）是由阿爾卑斯山脈的冰雪融化形成的大河之一。 5. 答案：B解析：主旨大意題。第一段提出了文章的主旨。根據(jù)第一段中的“These tiny particles，even in low doses，could have a big impact on our longterm health”可知，答案為B項(xiàng)。 6. 答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“But what Mahler.was what happens when someone gets constant exposure in small doses.”可知，答案為B項(xiàng)。 7. 答案：A解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中的“What we found was that for brief exposures，iron absorption dropped by about 50 percent.”和“.nanoparticles definitely affect iron uptake and transport.”可推斷，disrupt意為“干擾”，故答案為A項(xiàng)。 8. 答案：A解析：推理判斷題。本文介紹了關(guān)于納米粒子的最新研究成果，屬于科學(xué)方面，故答案為A項(xiàng)。 9. 答案：C解析：主旨大意題。文章第一段是本文的主題句，提到氣候變化對(duì)葡萄酒生產(chǎn)的影響及后果。 10. 答案：C解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題目涉及劣質(zhì)葡萄酒的特點(diǎn)，原文第三段提到葡萄成熟得太快所導(dǎo)致的葡萄以及葡萄酒的特點(diǎn)。 11. 答案：B解析：推理判斷題。文章一直在論述氣候變化對(duì)葡萄酒生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生很大影響，據(jù)此推出氣候?qū)ζ咸逊N植和葡萄酒生產(chǎn)十分重要。 12. 答案：D解析：推理判斷題。從最后一段最后一句中可知“南半球這些國家鄰近大片海域，海流可維持適宜的溫度”，由此推測出氣候變化會(huì)使南半球的國家產(chǎn)生適宜種植葡萄的理想氣候環(huán)境。 13. 答案：D解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段最后一句“Previously the only way to access people's dreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpret them.”可知心理學(xué)家通過事后詢問做夢的人可以記錄并解釋他們的夢。 14. 答案：C解析：推理判斷題。第三段最后說到另外一位著名的臨床心理學(xué)家及研究夢境的專家Dr Roderick Oner認(rèn)為Dr Cerf的研究成果對(duì)解讀人的夢境幫助不大，故選C項(xiàng)。 15. 答案：A解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段首句可知他們把電極通過外科手術(shù)植入大腦是為了得到更加詳細(xì)清楚的個(gè)人神經(jīng)元圖像。16. 答案：B解析：主旨大意題。本文是在介紹科學(xué)家們?cè)谘芯咳绾斡涗洸⒔庾x人的夢境的方面的研究成果，故答案為B項(xiàng)。 17. 答案：D解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段中的“.two and a half million people had been affected.many had lost their livelihoods.”可知選D項(xiàng)。 18. 答案：A解析：詞義猜測題。上文指出索馬里正遭受干旱之災(zāi)，接著用also一詞引出ravage的動(dòng)作，表明這個(gè)國家也受到近二十年的武裝沖突的破壞。 19. 答案：B解析：推理判斷題。由第四段中的“However，the Somalia disapora have been hit by the global economic crisis，and in the past few years have been unable to send as much money home.”可知B項(xiàng)正確。 20. 答案：A解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知這是對(duì)索馬里目前狀況的報(bào)道，所以選A項(xiàng)。