Unit 2 Morals and Virtues 重點知識歸納總結(jié)（單詞+短語+句子 +語法）一、重點單詞和短語1. carry sb through sth 幫助某人渡過難關(guān)教材原句These words of Dr Lin Qiaozhi give us a look into the heart of this amazing woman, and what carried her through a life of hard choices林巧稚醫(yī)生的這番話讓我們可以窺見這位了不起的女性的內(nèi)心世界，以及是什么支持她 度過充滿艱難抉擇的一生。Her confidence carried her through.自信心幫助她渡過了難關(guān)。朗文當代聯(lián)想拓展 含有 carry 的其他常用短語carry on 繼續(xù) carry out 執(zhí)行；實行It was important to carry out the work quickly 趕快開展這些工作是重要的。2. majority n大部分；大多數(shù)教材原句At age 18, instead of following the traditional path of marriage like the majority of girls, she chose to study medicine18 歲時，她沒有像大多數(shù)女孩那樣遵循傳統(tǒng)的婚姻道路，而是選擇了學醫(yī)。常用搭配 be in the majority 占多數(shù)the majority of. =most (of). 大多數(shù)In the nursing profession, women are in the majority.女性在護理行業(yè)中占大多數(shù)。特別注意 當“the majority of+名詞”作主語時，其后的謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于 of 之后的名詞；當 the majority 單獨作主語時，如果強調(diào)整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，如果強調(diào)個體， 謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。The majority of rented accommodation in London is probably advertised through housing agencies倫敦大部分的出租房屋可能是通過房屋中介做廣告的。第1頁The majority were/was in favour of banning smoking.大多數(shù)人支持禁煙。聯(lián)想拓展major adj.主要的 vi(+in)主修()n專業(yè)minor adj次要的；較小的minority n少數(shù)；少數(shù)民族be in the minority 占少數(shù)3. complain vivt抱怨；發(fā)牢騷教材原句“Why should girls learn so much？ Finding a good husband should be their final goal！” her brother complained, thinking of the high tuition fees想到高額的學費，她哥哥抱怨道：“為什么女孩子要學這么多？找到一個好丈夫才應(yīng)該 是她們的最終目標！”常用搭配 complain to sb about sth 向某人投訴抱怨某事He threatened to complain to the boss about not feeling appreciated at work他威脅說要去向老板投訴在工作中不受賞識。聯(lián)想句 complaint n抱怨；投訴make a complaint to sb about/of sth 向某人投訴抱怨某事a letter of complaint 投訴信Customers made a formal complaint about the way they were treated 顧客因他們被對待的方式提出了正式的投訴。4. respond vt回答；回復 vi作出反應(yīng)；回應(yīng)教材原句She responded, “I'd rather stay single to study all my life！”她回答道：“我寧愿一輩子單身也要學習?！钡?頁常用搭配 respond to.回應(yīng)；對作出反應(yīng)Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies掌握基本的急救技能將有助于你對緊急情況迅速作出反應(yīng)。聯(lián)想詞 response n反應(yīng)；回答；回復in response (to)作為（的）答復；作為（的）反應(yīng)The law was passed in response to public pressure迫于公眾壓力，法律得以通過。朗文當代5. reject vt拒絕接受；不錄用教材原句Dr Lin，however，rejected the offer然而，林醫(yī)生拒絕了那個提議。He tried to join the army but was rejected because of poor health他想?yún)④?，但因身體太差未被接受。易混辨析 refuse 與 reject 的用法區(qū)別refuse 為普通用語，常用于 refuse to do 結(jié)構(gòu)，表示拒絕做某事，也可接名詞，表示不接 受。reject 語氣比 refuse 強，表示斷然拒絕。He refused to take the money.他拒絕接受這筆錢。They rejected damaged goods.他們拒收損壞的貨物，聯(lián)想詞 rejection n拒絕接受；否決6. appoint vt任命；委派；約定，確定（時間、地點）教材原句In 1941, Dr Lin became the first Chinese woman ever to be appointed director of the OB-GYNdepartment of the PUMC Hospital, but just a few months later, the department was closed because of the war1941 年，林醫(yī)生成為首位被任命為北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科主任的中國女性，但僅僅幾個 月后，這一科室就因戰(zhàn)爭而被關(guān)閉了。They have appointed a new head teacher at my son's school他們在我兒子讀書的學校任命了一位新校長。第3頁常用搭配 appoint sb (as) sth 任命某人某個職位appoint sb to do sth 委派某人做某事appointed time/date 約定的時間日期Mr White is a careful and experienced engineer, so he is often appointed to finish some challenging tasks懷特先生是位細心且有經(jīng)驗的工程師，所以他經(jīng)常被派去完成一些有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)。 聯(lián)想詞 appointment n約會；預約；任命have an appointment with sb 與某人有約make/arrange an appointment 預約；約時間keep an appointment 守約She made an appointment for her son to see the doctor.她為兒子預約了看醫(yī)生的時間。7. electvt選舉；推選；決定（做某事）教材原句In 1954, she was elected to the first National People's Congress and, over the next several decades, she held many important positions.1954 年，她當選為第一屆全國人大代表，在接下來的幾十年間，她擔任過許多重要職 務(wù)。常用搭配 be elected to. 入選；被選為elect sb (as). 選某人為elect to do sth 決定選擇做某事He was elected (as) the new Prime Minister他被選為新一屆首相。You can elect to delete the message or save it你可以選擇刪除或者保存這條消息。第4頁聯(lián)想詞 election n選舉；推選；當選8. tendvt照顧；照料教材原句She was more interested in tending patients, publishing medical research on care for women and children, and training the next generation of doctors她更感興趣的是照顧病人，發(fā)表婦女和兒童護理方面的醫(yī)學研究，以及培訓下一代醫(yī)生。 常用搭配 tend (to) sb 照顧某人Sofia was in the bedroom tending to her son索菲婭在臥室里照料她的兒子。朗文當代vi傾向；趨于常用搭配 tend to do sth 易于做某事；往往會發(fā)生某事tend towards/to. 有的趨勢；傾向于People tend to need less sleep as they get older.隨著年齡的增長，人需要的睡眠通常會減少。The sort of music I listen to varies, but it tends towards light music 我聽的音樂種類繁多，不過傾向于輕音樂聯(lián)想詞 tendency n傾向；趨勢a tendency to/towards的傾向have a tendency to do sth 有做某事的趨勢This drug is effective but has a tendency to cause headaches.第5頁這種藥很有效，但可能會引起頭疼。9. scared adj.害怕的：對感到驚慌或恐懼的教材原句She was so scared during the interview that she completely forgot how she should respond to the questions她面試的時候太害怕了，以至于完全忘記了該如何回答這些問題。常用搭配 be scared to death 嚇得要死聯(lián)想詞 scare vt驚嚇；使害怕 vi受驚嚇 nC驚恐；驚嚇（用作單數(shù)）；（社 會上的）大恐慌scare sb/sth away/off 把某人某物嚇跑scare sb into/out of doing sth 恐嚇某人做不做某事scare sb to death 把某人嚇得要死You really gave us a scare！你真的嚇了我們一跳！Our guides will have guns with them for defence-they can use the guns to scare the animals away if they come too near我們的導游將隨身帶槍用于防衛(wèi)如果動物靠得太近，他們就可以用槍將它們嚇跑。 Some parents try to scare their children into behaving well有些父母試圖去嚇唬孩子讓他們守規(guī)矩。scary adj恐怖的；嚇人的（多用于形容事物具有令人驚恐害怕的特征）scary movies/stories 恐怖電影故事10. replace vt接替；取代；更換教材原句The student union will hold a special meeting in January to elect someone to replace the secretary學生會將在一月份舉行一次特別會議，選舉出接替秘書的人選。常用搭配 replace sth with/by sth 用代替Teachers will never be replaced by computers in class.課堂上電腦永遠不會取代老師。聯(lián)想拓展 表示“代替”的其他表達：take the place of，take one's place, in place of, in one's第6頁place, instead of。Natural methods of pest Control are now taking the place of chemicals自然方法正在取代化學品來控制蟲害。I had to find someone to take Jenny's place我必須找個人來替珍妮。If I refuse to go, they would send someone else in my place如果我不去，他們會派其他人代替。You probably picked up my keys instead of yours你可能沒拿你的鑰匙而錯拿了我的。11. whisper vt& vi悄聲說；耳語；低語 vt私下說；傳說教材原句I saw her whispering something into his ear, obviously not wanting to be heard.我看見她在他耳邊悄聲說了些什么，顯然是不想被聽見。Let your heart guide you. It whispers, so listen closely.跟隨你心的指引吧，它悄聲訴說，所以請仔細聆聽。小腳板走天涯常見用法 whisper sth to sb 向某人低聲說某事whisper to sb that. 輕聲對某人說whisper about sth 嘀咕某事It is whispered that.私下說；秘密告訴；悄聲暗示Mum whispered to us, “Be quiet！ Your little sister's sleeping”媽媽輕聲對我們說：“安靜！你們的小妹妹正在睡覺?！眓耳語（聲）；低語（聲）；傳言；謠傳常用搭配 in a whisper = in a low voice 低聲地；耳語地12. assist vt幫助；援助；協(xié)助教材原句Despite the difficult situation, Dr Bethune did whatever he could to assist the Chinese people 盡管條件困難，白求恩大夫還是盡其所能幫助中國人民常用搭配 assist sb within sth 在某事上幫助某人第7頁assist sb in doing sth 幫助某人做某事The family decided to assist me with my chores 全家人決定幫我做家務(wù)聯(lián)想詞 assistant nC助手；助理；商店店員 adj助理的；副的 assistance nU幫助；援助易混辨析 assist，help 和 aid 的用法區(qū)別易混詞assisthelp用法指幫助者在援助過程中只起輔助作用，事情主要由被幫助者來做。 Heasked us to assist him in carrying through their plan 他要我們幫助他完成他們 的計劃。最普通用詞。指一般性的或迫切需要的 幫助，側(cè)重積極地為他人提供物質(zhì)、精神 或其他方面的幫助。He tries to help people in trouble ，but firmlybelieves they should do more to help themselves池盡力 幫助有困難的人，但 仍堅信他們更應(yīng)該 努力自救。aid側(cè)重強者對急需幫助的弱者的幫助。This feature is designed to aidinexperienced users這項特色是為幫助沒有經(jīng)驗的用戶 而設(shè)計的。13. memory n記憶力；回憶教材原句After Dr Bethune's death, Chairman Mao Zedong wrote an article in memory of him, in which he praised Dr Bethune as a hero to be remembered in China白求恩醫(yī)生去世后，毛澤東主席寫了一篇文章紀念他，文章中毛主席稱贊白求恩醫(yī)生是 一名英雄，在中國將被銘記。常用搭配 in memory of sb (=in honour of sb)/to the memory of sb 作為對某人的紀念 have a good memory 記憶力好第8頁from memory 憑記憶；根據(jù)記憶in/within memory 記憶中的For the Japanese festival Obon, people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors在日本的盂蘭盆節(jié)，人們要去掃墓、燒香，以紀念他們的祖先。A film will be shot in memory of these brave firefighters.一部紀念這些英勇消防員的電影即將開拍。Testing yourself repeatedly before an exam teaches the brain to recall and apply knowledge from memory在考試前反復測試自己，這樣能夠教會大腦從記憶中回想及運用知識。聯(lián)想詞 memorise v記住，熟記memorable adj.值得紀念的；難忘的聯(lián)想拓展 “in +n+of”形式的其他常見短語in honour of 為了對表示敬意紀念in favour of 支持；贊成in place of 代替in need of 需要in terms of 就而言in search of 尋找in face of 面對；面臨14. tearn眼淚；淚水（常用復數(shù)）教材原句She picked herself up and limped away in tears第9頁她站起來，一瘸一拐地哭著走了。常用搭配 in tears 流著淚；含著淚（作狀語）burst into tears/burst out crying 突然大哭起來fight/hold back tears 強忍住淚水A swimming player talked in tears of his training with injuries in a live TV interview.一位游泳運動員在一次電視直播采訪中含淚說起自己帶傷訓練的經(jīng)歷。 vt(tore，torn)撕破；撕扯常用搭配 tear sth apart 撕碎某物；使某物分崩離析；使某物分裂tear sth down 推倒，拆毀（建筑物）tear sth up 把（紙或布）撕碎In animals' world, a hungry animal can't wait to tear its prey apart在動物世界里，一只饑餓的動物會迫不及待地把它的獵物撕碎。15. harm n& vt傷害；損害教材原句“Is there no one in this village who feels any responsibility to keep their neighbours from harm？”“難道這個村子里沒有人覺得有責任保護他們的鄰居免受傷害嗎？”常見用法 do no/great harm 無害有極大的傷害do sb harm/do harm to sb 對某人有害mean no harm 沒有惡意there is no harm in doing sth 做某事沒有什么壞處He means no harm by saying what he thinks, but people tend to be upset by it他想到什么就說什么，并無惡意，但人們聽了往往會感到不快。They may not be able to help but there's no harm in asking them第10頁他們可能幫不上忙，但問他們一下倒也無妨。聯(lián)想詞harmful adj.有害的be harmful to 對有害harmless adj無害的16. a great/good deal (of)大量教材原句After a great deal of effort, she finally succeeded in moving it to the side of the street經(jīng)過大量的努力，她終于成功把它移到了街道的一邊。There is a great deal to learn from Hal's expert approach.從哈爾熟練的方法中可以學到很多。Our patient is a great deal better today我們的病人今天好多了。特別注意 a great/good deal of 只可修飾不可數(shù)名詞，作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。A great deal of practice and research has been done in some developed countries.在一些發(fā)達國家已經(jīng)做了大量的實踐和研究工作。二、重點句子講解1. In 1941 Dr Lin became the first Chinese woman ever to be appointed director of theOB-GYN department of the PUMC Hospital, but just a few months later, the department was closed because of the war.句意：1941 年，林醫(yī)生成為首位被任命為北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科主任的中國女性，但僅 僅幾個月后，這一科室就因戰(zhàn)爭而被關(guān)閉了。知識拓展 動詞不定式作后置定語由 the first，the last，the best，the only 所修飾的詞后常跟不定式作定語。He is the first man to navigate the Atlantic Ocean by air.第11頁他是第一個飛越大西洋的人。time, way, right, chance, reason, effort, ambition等名詞后常跟不定式作定語，說明其修 飾的名詞的內(nèi)容。Thank you for giving me the chance to make the speech.謝謝你給我發(fā)言的機會。被修飾詞是 something，nothing，anything 等不定代詞時，常用不定式作定語。 I have nothing to say.我沒有什么要說的。2. Though Lin Qiaozhi never married, she was known as the "mother of ten thousand babies", having delivered over 50,000 babies in her lifetime.句意 林巧稚雖然終身未婚，但她被譽為“萬嬰之母”，一生共接生過 5 萬多個嬰兒。 知識拓展 動詞-ing 形式的完成式作狀語動詞的-ing 形式的完成式由“having+動詞的-ed 形式”構(gòu)成。它表示動作發(fā)生在句中謂語 動詞表示的動作之前。在邏輯上，當句子的主語執(zhí)行動詞-ing 形式表示的動作時，動詞-ing 形式的完成式用主動式；當句子的主語承受動詞-ing 形式表示的動作時，動詞-ing 形式的完成式用被動式。動詞-ing 形式的完成式只表示在謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生以前已完成的動作，與現(xiàn)實 時間并沒有直接關(guān)系。只有謂語動同才表示現(xiàn)實時間。Having studied English for three years, he can read brief stories in English學了三年英語，他能讀簡短的英文故事。（謂語表示的是現(xiàn)在時間）Having been called by a stranger, he realised what had happened.被一個陌生人叫住后，他意識到發(fā)生了什么事。（謂語表示的是過去時間） Having found out the truth, he will come back to apologise for his behaviour.他已經(jīng)查明了真相，他會回來為他的行為道歉的。（謂語表示的是將來時間） 3 Imagine her surprise when she saw the gold coins where the stone had been！句意 想象一下當她在原來放石頭的地方看見那些金幣時的驚訝！知識拓展 where 引導地點狀語從句where 可以引導地點狀語從句，意為“地方”，where 是從屬連詞，從句修飾主句或 主句的謂語動詞。Where there is a will，there is a way第12頁有志者，事竟成。We should go where we are needed我們應(yīng)當?shù)叫枰覀兊牡胤饺?。單元重點句型總結(jié)句式 1 “否定詞+比較級”表示最高級意義，通常譯為“沒有比更；沒有像 一樣”。常用的否定詞有 no, not, never, nothing, nobody, hardly 等。知識拓展 表示最高級意義的其他結(jié)構(gòu)：比較級+ than+ anyone else比較級+ than+ any other+單數(shù)名詞比較級+ than+ all (the) other+復數(shù)名詞比較級+ than+ any of the other+復數(shù)名詞比較級+ than+ the rest of+復數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞He is working harder than any other student in his class.= He is working harder than all the other students in his class.=He is working harder than any of the other students in his class.=He is working harder than the rest of students in his class他比班上的其他學生都更加努力。鏈接課文 To a person nothing is more precious than their life, and if they entrust me with that life, how could I refuse that trust.對一個人來說，沒有什么比生命更珍貴，如果他們把生命托付給我，我怎么能拒絕這種 信任呢經(jīng)典例句Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued沒有什么比時間更寶貴，但時間是最不受人重視的。I couldn't agree more with the concept that cheap things are not always good便宜的東西并不總是好的，我完全贊同這個說法。Just imagine performing such an opera in the Forbidden City-there could not be a more awesome setting！第13頁想象一下在故宮上演這部歌劇吧不可能有比這更棒的場景了！句式 2 sth takes/took+ 一段時間+to do 需要多長時間去做某事類似的句型有：it takes (sb)+一段時間+to do sth，意為“做某事花費（某人）多長時間”。鏈接課文Within six months, she was named a chief resident physician, a position thatusually took four years to achieve6 個月內(nèi)，她被任命為住院總醫(yī)師，這一職位通常需要 4 年時間才能獲得。經(jīng)典例句It look me over 21 years to get my college degree. =My college degree look over 21 years to get我花了超過 21 年的時間才拿到大學學位。That cut is taking a long time to heal.那個傷口需要很長時間才能愈合。Her bike took three hours to repair她的自行車用了三個小時才修好。句式 3 neither. nor. 既不也不知識拓展 neither. nor. 意為“既不也不”，連接兩個并列的成分。連接并列主語時，謂語動詞的形式遵循就近一致的原則。連接并列的分句且位于分句句首時，兩個分 句都要用部分倒裝。鏈接課文 Neither she nor her friends thought about moving the stone out of the road 她和她的朋友都沒想過把石頭從路上移開。經(jīng)典例句Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.人們既不知道它的病因，也不了解它的治療方法。Neither I nor Amy is to attend the business conference if we are busy.如果我們忙的話，我和埃米都不會去參加那個商業(yè)會議。（連接并列的主語） They can neither read not write, nor can they comprehend such concepts他們不會讀，不會寫，也理解不了這樣的概念。（連接并列的謂語動詞）But what if you had no expectations-then their actions would be neither good not bad, just actions但是如果你不抱期望會怎么樣呢那么他們的行為就會變得既不好也不壞，就只是行 為而已。（連接并列的表語）第14頁Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.我不知道這件事，也不關(guān)心它。（連接并列分句）四、單元語法突破重點 1、動詞ing 形式作賓語補足語教材原句The new People's Republic of China saw Dr Lin Qiaozhi playing a key role 新中國成立 后，林巧稚醫(yī)生發(fā)揮了重要的作用。（playing.作賓語補足語）I saw her whispering something into his ear, obviously not wanting to be heard我看見她在他耳邊悄聲說了些什么，顯然是不想被聽見。(whispering. 作賓語補足語)動詞-ing 形式作賓語補足語時，賓語往往是其邏輯主語，該動詞與賓語存在邏輯上的 主動關(guān)系，表示一個正在進行的主動性的動作，強調(diào)一個過程或一種狀態(tài)。They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.他們使用電腦讓交通順暢。當轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，原來作賓語補足語的動詞-ing 形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補足語。 A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen如果廚師被發(fā)現(xiàn)在廚房吸煙，他會被立即開除。能用動詞-ing 形式作賓語補足語的幾類動詞(1)表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的感官動詞，常見的有 see，hear，feel, find, notice, observe 等。One day, when she was five years old, Hannah and her mother saw a man eating out of a garbage can.漢娜五歲時，有一天她和媽媽看到一個人從垃圾箱中翻找東西吃。Listening to music at home is one thing ； going to hear it being performed live is quite another在家里聽音樂是一回事，去現(xiàn)場聽又是另一回事。On the bank of the river, we found him sitting on a bench, with his eyes fixed on a kite in the sky.在河岸上，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他坐在長凳上，眼睛盯著天上的風箏。(2)表示指使意義的使役動詞，常見的有 have，get， set，keep，leave 等。I won't have you running around in the room.第15頁我不會讓你在房間里跑來跑去。His remark left me wondering what he was driving at他的評論使我想知道他到底是什么意思。see，hear，feel，watch 等感官動詞之后用動詞-ing 形式和動詞不定式（常省略 to）作賓語補足語的區(qū)別：前者表示動作正在進行，后者表示（或強調(diào)）動作的全過程。 She felt the tears roll down her cheeks.她感到眼淚順著臉頰流了下來。She felt the tears tolling down her cheeks她感到眼淚正順著臉頰流下來。重點 2、動詞ing 形式作狀語教材原句. her brother complained, thinking of the high tuition fees想到高額的學費，她哥 哥抱怨道（thinking of.作原因狀語）Thinking of all the people still in need of help, Dr Lin opened a private clinic考慮到那些仍然需要幫助的人，林醫(yī)生便開了一家私人診所。（Thinking of. 作原因狀 語）Though Lin Qiaozhi never married, she was known as the “mother of ten thousand babies”, having delivered over 50，000 babies in her lifetime林巧稚雖然終身未婚，但她被譽為“萬嬰之母”，一生共接生過 5 萬多個嬰兒。（having delivered.為現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作原因狀語）動詞的-ing 形式可在句中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、伴隨、方式、讓步等， 相當于一個狀語從句。其基本形式如下：一般式完成式形式doingbeing donehaving done含義與句子的主語為邏輯上的 主動關(guān)系，與句子謂語動詞表示的動作 同時發(fā)生或幾乎同時發(fā)生，表主動、進行。與句子的主語為邏輯上的 被動關(guān)系，與句子謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生或 幾乎同時發(fā)生，表被動、進行。與句子的主語為邏輯上的 主動關(guān)系，先于句子謂語 動詞表示的動作發(fā)生，表 主動、完成。第16頁havingdonebeen與句子的主語為邏輯上的 被動關(guān)系，先于句子謂語 動詞表示的動作發(fā)生，表 被動、完成。作時間狀語，為了強調(diào)，還可與 when，while 等連詞連用。Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once. =While hearing theirteacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once. =When hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once聽到他們老師的聲音，學生們立即停止了講話。Seeing that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed看到她要去睡覺了，我問她是否喜歡床上的那個小娃娃。（see 與邏輯主語 I 之間是主 動關(guān)系，與句子的謂語動詞表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生）Having worked for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule工作兩天后，史蒂夫設(shè)法按時完成了報告。（work 的動作發(fā)生在句子的謂語動詞表示 的動作之前，且與其邏輯主語 Steve 之間是主動關(guān)系）Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away？人家給了她一個這么好的機會，她怎么能輕易放過？（give 與其邏輯主語 she 之間是被 動關(guān)系，且發(fā)生在句子的謂語動詞表示的動作之前）作原因狀語，相當于 because，since，as 引導的原因狀語從句。Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help. =Because he didn't know how to work out the difficult physics problem ，he asked the teacher for help.因為不知道如何解這道物理難題，他向老師求助。Having eaten at the cafeteria before, Tina didn't want to eat there again.因為之前在那家自助餐廳吃過飯，蒂娜再也不想在那兒吃了。（eat 與其邏輯主語 Tina 之間為主動關(guān)系，且發(fā)生在句子的謂語動詞表示的動作之前）Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film那天晚上我被要求加班，錯過了一場精彩的電影。（ask 與其邏輯主語 I 之間是被動關(guān) 系，且發(fā)生在句子的謂語動詞表示的動作之前）作條件狀語，其邏輯主語應(yīng)為句中的主語，相當于一個條件狀語從句。 Working hard, you'll succeed. =If you work hard, you'll succeed第17頁如果你努力工作，你會成功的。作結(jié)果狀語，相當于一個結(jié)果狀語從句。分詞短語在句中作結(jié)果狀語時，通常位于句 末，前有逗號。有時為了加強語氣，在分詞前加 thus。Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay 他們的車遇上了交通阻塞，因而耽誤了。The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary. 涼爽的風透過我們臥室的窗戶吹進來，讓空調(diào)變得毫無必要。在句中表示方式或伴隨，說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況。Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing where she was heading.簡在林蔭道上漫無目的地走著，不知道她要往哪里去。2017 北京Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using the sun and the stars像古代的水手一樣，鳥類可以利用太陽和星星找到它們的路。（use 與其邏輯主語 birds 之間是主動關(guān)系，using.在句中作方式狀語）作讓步狀語，相當于一個讓步狀語從句，有時分詞前可以帶有連接詞although，even if，even though 等。Though lacking money and support from his family, he managed to complete the task by himself, which brought him confidence and experience.盡管缺少資金和家人的支持，他還是靠自己設(shè)法完成了任務(wù)，這給了他信心和經(jīng)驗。 （lack 與其邏輯主語 he 之間為主動關(guān)系）評注性狀語：有些慣用的現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）在句中可以沒有邏輯上的主語而獨立存在， 表明說話者的態(tài)度、觀點等。常見的有：generally speaking 一般說來strictly speaking 嚴格說來frankly/honestly speaking 坦白說老實說judging from/by.根據(jù)判斷considering. 考慮到seeing.因為，由于Generally speaking, when taken according to the directions，the medicine has no side effect. 通常說來，當按照說明書服用時，這個藥沒有副作用。Judging from his face on which there was a confident smile ，we knew that he didn't lose第18頁heart從他帶著自信的笑臉來看，我們知道他沒有灰心。第19頁