Chapter One Greek CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.         European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希臘羅馬的） element and the Judeo-Christian （猶太教與基督教的）element.2. 2.         Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3. 3.         In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.4. 4.         In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5. 5.         Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the worlds foremost amateur sports competition.6. 6.         Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.7. 7.         The Homer's epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey . 8. 8.         The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9. 9.         The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca.10. 10. The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.（公民大會）11. 11. Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.12. 12. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13. 13. Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.14. 14. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.15. 15. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.16. 16. Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊萊克特拉(謀殺其母及其情人者), and Antigone. Oedipus complex（戀母情結）and Electra complex(戀父情結) derived from Sophocles plays.17. 17. Euripides (歐里庇得斯) wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women.18. 18. Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.19. 19.  Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays". 20. 20. Herodotus（希羅多德） is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.21. 21. Thucydides（修西得底斯） described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.22. 22.Pythagoras（畢達哥拉斯） was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.23. 23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24. 24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.25. 25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26. 26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics（犬儒學派）, the Sceptics（懷疑論學派）, the Epicureans（伊壁鳩魯學派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛學派）.27. 27.Euclid(歐幾里得) is well-known for his Elements幾何原本, a textbook of geometry.28. 28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king, “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”29. 29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric （多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（愛奧尼亞式） style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式） style.30. 30.The Acropolis at Athens（雅典衛(wèi)城） and the Parthenon(萬神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.II. Multiple choices:1. 1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek Culture B. Roman Culture C. Egyptian Culture D. Chinese Culture2. 2.In _ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200 B. C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C. D. The 5th century3. 3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the King B. Iliad C. Odyssey D. Antigone4. 4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. Antigone B. Agamemnon C. Persians D. Prometheus Bound5. 5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. Electra B. Antigone C. Trojan Woman D. Oedipus the King6. 6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. Antigone B. Persians C. Electra D. Medea7. 7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. Aristophanes B. Euripides C. Sophocles D. Aeschylus8. 8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river.”?A. Pythagoras B. Heracleitus C. Aristotle D. Plato9. 9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. Heracleitus B. Aristotle C. Socrates D. Pythagoras10. 10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A. Protagoras B. Pythagoras C. Pyrrhon D. EpicurusChapter Two Roman CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2. 2.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.（大意是：征服者反而被被征服者所征服。） 3. 3.In 27 B. C. Octavius（屋大維）took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus（奧古斯都）.4. 4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana（羅馬的和平）.5. 5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul ).6. 6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Goths(哥特人) and marked the end of the West Roman Empire.7. 7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.8. 8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these writings, collected in his Commentaries（高盧戰(zhàn)記）, are models of succinct Latin.9. 9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.10. 10. The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D.11. 11. She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.12. 12. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C. 13. 13. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is said by Julius Caesar.II. Choice:1. Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. Horace B. Julius Caesar C. Virgil D. Marcus Tullius Cicero2. The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things is _ _. A. Virgil B. Julius Caesar C. Horace D. Lucretius 3. Which of the following is not Roman architecture? A. The Colosseum B. The Pantheon C. The Parthenon D. Pont du Gard 4. Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive.”? A. Sappho B. Plato C. Virgil D. HoraceChapter There Christian CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.3. Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews the Hebrews（希伯來人） wandered through the deserts of the Middle East.(Hebrews：希伯來人，猶太人北方閃米特民族的一員或后裔，自稱是亞伯拉罕、以撒克和雅各的后代；古以色列人；猶太人)4. About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms.Canaan：迦南 (圣經(jīng)故事中稱其為上帝賜給以色列人祖先的“應許之地”，是巴勒斯坦，敘利亞和黎巴嫩等地的古稱)5. The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.6. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7. The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five books, called Pentateuch（摩西五書）.8. When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.9. Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament. Amos：阿摩司(前八世紀的希伯來先知)10. In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues to practise their religion.11. At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.12. Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.Galilee：加利利(巴勒斯坦北部一多山地區(qū))13. Jesus of Nazareth（(巴勒斯坦地區(qū)北部古城)拿撒勒） lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.14. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Judas.15. In 313 the Edict of Milan(米蘭敕令) was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.16. In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and outlawed all other religions.17. After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in the Mediterranean regions.18. By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish（教區(qū)） and had a full time leader known as priest.19. Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.20. When as Jesus mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost21. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover（逾越節(jié)）, but was betrayed by Judas and caught at the Last Supper.22. The Hebrews history was recorded in The Old Testament of the Bible. 23. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 24. The story about Gods flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as Noahs Ark. 25. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew(馬太福音).26. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as The Last Supper. 27. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. II. Choice:1. 1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A. Buddism B. Islamism C. Christianity D. Judaism2. 2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called _.A. Exodus B. Commandments C. Amos D. Pentaeuch（摩西五書）3. 3. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?A. Honor your father and your mother. B. Do not commit suicide.C. Do not desire your neighbors wife. D. Do not take the name of God in vain.4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion? A. in 169 B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C. D. in the 6th century5. After the _ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixth B. fifth C. second D. third(Nestorianism: 聶斯托里教;景教: 5世紀君士坦丁大主教 Nestorius 創(chuàng)立的) 6. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? A. Theodosius B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar7. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? A. Augustus B. Thedosius C. Nero D. Constantine I8. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _.A. St. Peter B. St. Paul C. John Baptist(施洗者約翰) D. John Wycliff9. By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _languages.A. 228 B. 974 C. 1202 D. 15410. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as _.A. the Latin Vulgate B. the AristeasC. the “Authorized” D. the Septuagint(舊約圣經(jīng)的希臘文譯本)11. When printing was invented in the 1500s, the _ Bible was the first complete work printed.A. English B. Latin C. Aramaic D. Hebrew12. When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear?A. 1885 B. 1611 C. 1901 D. 1979 Chapter Four Medieval CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2. 2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions.3. 3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.4. 4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchange for military service.5. 5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs(封地, 采邑) as a reward for their service.6. 6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.7. 7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone and designed as fortress.8. 8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.9. 9.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.10. 10.The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who lived in North Africa in the fifth century. （奧古斯?。毫_馬帝國基督教思想家; 北非希波主教)）11. 11.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.12. 12.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe.13. 13.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court the Inquisition(宗教審判所) to stamp out so-called heresy（異教）.14. 14.One of the most important sacraments（圣禮） was Holy Communion（圣餐禮）, which was to remind people that Christ had died to redeem man.15. 15.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem（耶路撒冷：巴勒斯坦著名古城)）.16. 16.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holy wars called the Crusades.17. 17.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period.18. 18.Charlemagne was crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.19. 19.The Summa Theologica（神學大全） by St. Thomas Aquinas （阿奎那：神學家和哲學家；經(jīng)院哲學杰出代表）forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.20. 20.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research and called for careful observation and experimentation.21. 21.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular(本國的) languages that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.22. 22.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.23. 23.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.24. 24.Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.25. 25.The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity and monumentality with all overall blocky appearance.26. 26.The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.II. Choice:1. 1.In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing a large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes? A. the Mongolians B. the Huns（匈奴人）C. the Turkish D. the Syrians2. 2.The Middle Ages is also called the _.A. “Age of Christianity” B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit” D. “Age of Faith”3. 3.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? A. To be loyal to his lord B. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbot（修道院）D. To respect women of noble birth4. 4.In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs（封地, 采邑） as a reward for their service? A. Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler B. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish ruler D. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler5. 5.When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?A. after 1066 B. after 1296 C. after 1054 D. after 4766. 6.Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe is NOT true?A. A.Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. B.A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C. C.As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D. D.At about fourteen, the page became a knight.7. 7.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe? A. A.At the age of 14.B. B.When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies.C. C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing（騎士爵位的授與）.D. D.When he was pledged to fight for the church.8. 8.Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering the monastery according to the Benedictine Rule?A. A.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight.B. B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.C. C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.D. D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.9. 9.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?A. clergy, knights and serfs B. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasants D. knights, nobles and serfs10. 10.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? A. 1270 B. 1254 C. 1096 D. 129111. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? A. St. Thomas Aquinas B. CharlemagneC. Constantine D. King James12. 12.Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture? A. Charles I B. Constantine IC. Alfred the Great D. Charles the Great13. 13.Does Song of Roland belong to which countrys epic? A. English B. Germanic C. Hebrew D. French14. 14.Who is the author of the Opus Maius（新工具論）? A. Roger Bacon B. Dante Alighieri C. Chaucer D. St. Thomas AquinasChapter Five RenaissanceI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.2. 2.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.3. 3.In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie（資產(chǎn)階級）, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities.4. 4.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture a