閱讀理解（4）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。(Cryptic Coloring)   Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring ) as well as of defense (protective resemblance or procryptic coloring ). The fact that the same method concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well explained by T.Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations. Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus well-concealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themselves actively. On the other hand, small animals which have no means of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist in an exaggerated form. Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general or special. In general resemblance the animal, in consequence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environment, but the conditions do not require any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especially common among the animal inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earths surface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and “their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.” Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes. Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps more important than any other element in the complex method by which concealment is effected. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of bark. In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is of no interest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well-know object.In seeking the interpretation of these most interesting and elaborate adaptations, attempts have been made along two lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as a result of the direct influence of the environment upon the individual (G.L.L.Buffon), or by the inherited effects of efforts and the use and disuse of parts (J.B.P.Lamarck). The second believes that natural selection produced the result and afterwards maintained it by the survival of the best concealed in each generation. The former suggestion breaks down when the complex nature of numerous special resemblances is appreciated. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival. A few of the chief types of methods by which concealment is effected may be briefly described. The colors of large numbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on the back and become gradually lighter on the sides, passing into white on the belly. Abbot H. Thayer has suggested that this gradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which is due to shadow. The color harmony, which is also essential to concealment, is produced because the back is of the same tint as the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the cold blue-white of the sky, while the belly, being cold blue-white and bathed in shadow and yellow earth reflections produces the same effects. This method of neutralizing shadow for the purpose of concealment by increased lightness of tint was first suggested by E.B.Poulton in the case of a larva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate the great importance of the principle. In an analogous method an animal in front of a background of dark shadow may have part of its body obliterated by the existence of a dark tint, the remainder resembling, e.g., a part of a leaf. This method of rendering invisible any part which would interfere with the resemblance is well know in mimicry.1.      The black and white stripes of the zebra are most useful form A. hunters.                        . nocturnal predatorsC. lions and tigers.                  C. insectivorous  Vertrbrata2.      Aggressive resemblance occurs whenA. a predaceous attitude is assumed. special resemblance is utilized.C. an animal relies on speed.D. an animal blends in with its background.3.      Special resemblance differs from general resemblance in that the animal relies onA. its ability to frighten its adversary.       . speed.C. its ability to assume an attitude.         D. mistaken identify4.      The title below that best expresses the ides of this passage is A. Cryptic coloration for Protection.         . How Animals Survive.C. The uses of Mimicry in Nature.           D. Resemblances of Animals.5.      Of the following which is the least common?A. protective resemblance.                 . General resemblance.C. Aggressive resemblance.                D. Special resemblance.Vocabulary1.  cryptic                   隱藏的，保護的          cryptic coloring     保護色，隱藏色2.  predaceous                食肉的，捕食其他動物的。3.  vertebrate                 脊椎動物門4.  tint                       色澤，色彩5.   zebra                    斑馬6.   Sargasso                 果本馬尾藻7.   twig                     嫩枝8.   lichen                   地衣9.   flake                    一片10.  gradation                等級，層次，分等11.  obliterate                涂抹，擦去，使消失12.  larva                    幼蟲，幼體13.  pupa                    蛹14.  mimicry                 模仿，擬態(tài)15.  nocturnal                夜間發(fā)生的，夜出的16.  insectivorous             食蟲的17.  procryptic                有保護色的，保護性的     難句譯注1.      the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations.參考譯文  追捕動物和被追的動物也利用快速的動作。這種快速的運動同樣是通過幾代更迭，逐漸消除了慢速，而發(fā)展到快速頂峰。2.      Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey.參考譯文  保護性模仿遠比侵犯行模仿要普遍得多，這是和下述的情況想配合的：食肉的（形式）動物，按慣律總是比他們捕食的對象要大而且多得多。3.      The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast.參考譯文  在驚人的對比中，色澤的綜合可能產(chǎn)生外形一致的效果。4.      their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.參考譯文  （這里指斑馬的黑白條）比例正好和在月光下觀看貧瘠土地所具有的蒼白色澤相吻合。5.      In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes.參考譯文  在這些環(huán)境中，動物的保護色常常得到特定的形狀變化和本能的協(xié)作，這種本能會使動物采取特定的姿勢。6.      Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized參考譯文絕對靜態(tài)和采取一般姿勢在陸地的一般模仿中起很大作用，而在專門模仿中，姿勢常常是高度專門化的。7.      Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude.參考譯文  因此許多類顏色排列成恰當?shù)哪Ｊ?形式，要求把合適的外形和嚴格的采用一定的精心設(shè)計的姿勢相結(jié)合。8.      The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival.參考譯文  保護效果是由于所以這些因素確切合作而形成。根據(jù)目前科學(xué)水平，唯一的解釋（此種現(xiàn)象）就是自然選擇理論，它可以累積要生存的各種變異/變種。寫作方法與文章大意文章以一般到具體的協(xié)作和分類方式寫作，第一段點出生物界生存競爭中最常用的一種顏色是保護色，保護色可分為兩類：進犯（進攻）型和防衛(wèi)型。一般是防御性保護色多于進攻型。而兩種類型都可歸納為一般性模仿和專門（特定）模仿。居?。ⅲ┰趩我簧珴傻牡胤降膭游?，如海洋或沙漠，常采用模仿性保護色如透明的綠色，土色等，而特定摸剛的動物則棲息在多樣性的地方，如海岸，淺水，海洋表面等。特定模仿還需要有改變形狀姿勢之協(xié)作，使其看起來像客觀環(huán)境中的某物，某種身份mistaken identify.第二段涉及有關(guān)模仿性的解釋的探索，結(jié)果為二。一種觀點是環(huán)境直接影響的結(jié)果。第二種是自然選擇的結(jié)果。當人們理解了許多特定模仿的復(fù)雜特性時，第一種解釋就不能成立了。這說明保護效果是一切因素合適的外形和某種精心設(shè)計的姿勢等合作而成。按現(xiàn)在科學(xué)水平來解釋，只能歸之“自然選擇”理論，然后是用具體例子來證實。答案祥解1.      B. 夜間活動的食肉動物。見難句譯注4，斑馬的黑白相間顏色的比例正好和月光下所見的貧瘠土地的蒼白的色澤相吻合。當然能保護斑馬夜間免遭這些食肉動物的襲擊。A. 捕獲者。         C. 獅子和老虎。              D. 食蟲的脊椎動物2.      A. 在裝成捕食其他動物的姿勢時。B. 應(yīng)該專門模仿。        C. 動物依賴速度。         D. 動物和背景混在一起。3.      D. 搞錯/認錯了動物（身份）（mistaken identify 認錯了人之義）。見第一段最后一句話，它不像一般模仿那樣，通過動物和背景難以辨別從而從視覺中隱藏起來，它是被誤認為某種著名動物。A. 用以嚇走它的對手（敵人）的能力。   B. 速度。     C. 采用某種姿勢的能力。4.      C. 自然界模擬的運動。文章一開始就點命保護色迄今為止生存斗爭中最常用的一種顏色，常用于進攻和防衛(wèi)。保護色常和其他措施相配合，首先提到速度，見難句譯注1。然后講到保護色分類，一般（普通）和特殊（專門）模擬/模仿。第二段解釋或說明模擬適應(yīng)性。第一種解釋為環(huán)境使然/影響。第二種認為是自然界選擇之結(jié)果。A. 為了保衛(wèi)的保護色。     B. 動物是如何存活下來。      D. 動物之模仿性。5.      C. 進攻性（侵犯性）模仿。見難句譯注2。A. 保護色模仿。        B. 一般性模仿。         D. 專項模仿。閱讀下列短文, 從給的四個選項 (A、B、C和D) 中, 選出最佳選項。(2013·蘇錫常鎮(zhèn)四市二調(diào)，C)Global Positioning Systems are now a part of everyday driving in many countries. These satellitebased systems provide turnbyturn directions to help people get to where they want to go. But they can also cause a lot of problems, sending you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost. Many times, the driver is to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible. Most often, says Barry Brown, it is a combination of the two.Barry Brown is with the Mobile Life Centre in Stockholm, Sweden. The center studies humancomputer interaction, or HCI, especially communications involving wireless devices. We spoke to Mr Brown by Skype. He told us about an incident involving a friend who had flown to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPSequipped car to use during his stay.Barry Brown：“And they just plugged in an address and then set off to their destination.” And, then it wasn't until they were driving for thirty minutes that they realized they had put in a destination back on the West Coast where they lived. They actually put their home address in. So again, the_GPS_is_kind_of_“garbage_in_garbage_out”Mr Brown says this is a common human error. But, he says, what makes the problem worse has to do with some of the shortcomings, or failures, of GPS equipment.Barry Brown：“One problem with many GPS units is they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn. Because they just give you the next turn, sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would need to know that it's going to the wrong place.”Barry Brown formerly served as a professor with the University of California, San Diego. While there, he worked on a project with Eric Laurier from the University of Edinburgh. The two men studied the effects of GPS devices on driving by placing cameras in people's cars. They wrote a paper based on their research. It is called “The Normal, Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS.”Barry Brown: “One of the things that struck us, perhaps the most important thing was that you have to know what you're doing when you use a GPS. There are these new skills that people have developed. There are these new competencies that you need to have to be able to use a GPS because they sometimes go wrong.”Barry Brown says this goes against a common belief that GPS systems are for passive drivers who lack navigational (導(dǎo)航) skills.“The Normal, Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS” lists several areas where GPS systems can cause confusion for drivers. These include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. They also include timing issues related to when GPS commands are given.Barry Brown says to make GPS systems better we need a better understanding of how drivers, passengers and GPS systems work together.文章大意：本文是一篇說明文。GPS全球定位系統(tǒng)可以幫助人們找到想去的地方，但GPS也會帶來許多問題，所以使用GPS全球定位系統(tǒng)是否可靠變得不確定。5What is the best title for this passage?AIs GPS system reliable to use? BWhat is the use of GPS?CHow to make the most of GPS? DBlame! GPS or Passengers?答案：A標題概括題。文章第一段是全文的主旨段。根據(jù)第一段可知，GPS全球定位系統(tǒng)可以幫助人們找到想去的地方，但GPS也會導(dǎo)致許多問題，所以使用GPS全球定位系統(tǒng)是否可靠變得不確定。所以A項最適合做文章的標題，故答案選A。6What is the implication of the underlined part?AGPS is just a garbage device.BGPS will not correct human errors.CGPS adjusts your wrong destination.DGPS is just as smart as human beings.答案：B句意理解題。根據(jù)畫線句子后面一句“Mr Brown says this is a common human error.”并結(jié)合上下文可知，畫線句子所包含的意思是：GPS不能糾正人類的錯誤。故答案選B。7Which is NOT mentioned as a GPS shortcoming in the passage?ASmall screen. BTiming of commands.COutdated maps. DDear cameras GPS uses.答案：D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段第一句可知，A項是GPS的缺點；根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段可知，B、C兩項均是GPS的缺點。所以只有D項不是GPS的缺點。故答案選D。8According to the passage, people commonly believe that _.Ayou have to know where to go when using GPSByou need to have new competencies to use GPS wellCGPS is proper for drivers with little sense of directionDGPS is fit for people having good understanding of maps答案：C推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，人們普遍認為，GPS全球定位系統(tǒng)適合方向感差的人。C項符合文義，故答案選C。閱讀下列短文, 從給的四個選項 (A、B、C和D) 中, 選出最佳選項。(2013·東北三省三校第二次聯(lián)考，C)UGG boots have been a winterweather fashion for several years now, combining function, comfort, warmth and even some style. What many UGGenthusiasts don't know is that their boots are a breeding ground for bacteria and cause foot problems.Doctors believe the boots, which are particularly popular among young teenage girls, are leading to a rise in the number of people suffering pains in their feet and knees.Dr. Ian Drysdale, head of the British College of Osteopathic Medicine, believes because the foot does not get the proper support on the inside, it will lead to more ankle, knee, hip and back problems. “These boots are not designed for outside wear. Just because something becomes a trend or fashionable doesn't mean it's good or right，” he said. “The particular problem with this type of footwear is that it is unsupported. It's a slipper. You wouldn't normally expect to be doing outdoor activities from something that's indoor. If you decide to wear your pajamas outside all the time, someone will come up and say it's not a good idea.” Dr. Drysdale explained that the feet issues become a particular problem among young teenage girls, whose bones are “plastic” and developing when they are growing. “If that structure is developing in an inappropriate way，” he said，“then the ultimate structure will be deformed.”Mike O'Neill, a consultant surgeon, said，“As the foot slides around, you get wear and tear (磨損) on the joints on the inside of the foot. The ankle is in the wrong position, the thigh bone also changes position, and you get an abnormal movement in the pelvis, which leads to back problems.”UGG Australia, who makes the designer version of the boots, told The Daily Wirror that their boots are “comfort” rather than “performance” footwear and consumers should be aware of “knockoffs (仿制品)” which lack reinforced heels in their boots.文章大意：本文是一篇議論文。文章介紹了雪地靴因它的時尚、舒適、保暖等特性而備受年輕女孩的青睞。但研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，在它時尚的外觀背后，隱藏著一些不為人知的健康隱患。9Teenage girls prefer to wear UGG boots because of the following EXCEPT _.Adesign Bcomfort Cquality Dwarmth答案：C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第一句“. combining function, comfort, warmth and even some style.”可知，A、B、D三項都是年輕女孩喜歡雪地靴的原因。故C項正確。10According to Dr. Ian Drysdale, _.Athere is a possibility that bacteria will multiply in UGG bootsBwearing UGG boots will lead to more ankle and toe problemsCit's not a good idea to wear boots like UGG outside all the timeDteenage girls' bones are plastic enough to wear UGG boots答案：C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“These boots are not designed for outside wear. Just because something becomes a trend or fashionable doesn't mean it's good or right， he said. The particular problem with this type of footwear is that it is unsupported.”可知，C項正確。11The underlined word “deformed” is closest in meaning to _.Ashaped Bstrengthened Creformed Ddamaged答案：D詞義猜測題。由語境可知，年輕女孩子的骨頭正在發(fā)育，具有一定的可塑性。如果骨骼結(jié)構(gòu)以一種不合適的方式發(fā)育的話，骨骼就會損傷，發(fā)生變形。shaped合適的，有計劃的；strengthened使加強的；reformed革新的；damaged損傷的，毀壞的。此處與倒數(shù)第二段中“back problems”相照應(yīng)。故D項正確。12Which of the following can be the best title for the text?APotential Harm of UGG Boots BThe Popularity of UGG BootsCThe Unique Design of UGG Boots DBenefits of UGG Boots答案：A標題概括題。通讀全文可知，本文主要講述了雪地靴對年輕女孩生長發(fā)育過程中所造成的潛在危害。故A項正確。