專(zhuān)題十五 短文改錯(cuò)【2015高考考綱解讀】高考英語(yǔ)短文改錯(cuò)的文章多采用記敘文, 有時(shí)也有應(yīng)用文和議論文。其篇幅長(zhǎng)度為100120個(gè)詞, 語(yǔ)言材料通常取自學(xué)生的作品或類(lèi)似學(xué)生的作品, 話(huà)題多涉及學(xué)生身邊的事情, 文章難易程度符合學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平, 基本上不涉及生僻的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。一、初讀全文, 了解大意。短文改錯(cuò)題的文章較短, 而且大多數(shù)文章很容易讀懂。通讀時(shí)應(yīng)注意文章用什么時(shí)態(tài)以及前后使用的人稱(chēng)代詞。通讀的好處是: 讀后心中有數(shù), 答題有的放矢。二、逐句認(rèn)真閱讀并改正其中的錯(cuò)誤。短文改錯(cuò)中常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型: 1. 動(dòng)詞形, 名詞數(shù)。 (1)動(dòng)詞主要包括兩類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤, 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤, 以及主謂不一致的錯(cuò)誤。Then the trouble started. We cannot open the door. So we asked the policeman for help. 很顯然此句子主時(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí), 因此應(yīng)把cannot改為couldnt。There were a football game on TV last Saturday evening. 原句中a football game決定了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用單數(shù), 所以應(yīng)該把were改為was。 (2)名詞主要考查單復(fù)數(shù)混用。Helen is seventeen year old. She is very busy. “年齡多大了”應(yīng)該為復(fù)數(shù)形式, 因此應(yīng)該把year改為years。2. 還要注意形和副。形容詞/副詞主要考查: 兩者之間是否混用。即該用形容詞的地方原文用了副詞, 該用副詞的地方原文用了形容詞。(1)副詞代替正確形容詞出現(xiàn)在文章當(dāng)中: During the football season, Helen is much busier than usually. “與平時(shí)相比更忙”, 因此需要把usually改為usual。 (2)形容詞代替正確副詞出現(xiàn)在文章當(dāng)中: As the time clock showed one minute and forty-two seconds left in the game, she began cheering excited, “Come onget going! ”原文意思是說(shuō)比賽還剩一分四十二秒時(shí), 她開(kāi)始興奮地叫道, 顯然應(yīng)把excited改為excitedly, 用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞cheer。3. 代詞格, 細(xì)領(lǐng)悟。代詞主要考查: 代詞是否多余, 以及與反身代詞之間的混用。 (1)代詞多余: Dont lose your heart. With the help of the people all over the world, Im sure you will get rid of the sorrow and unhappiness. lose heart: become discouraged泄氣; 喪失勇氣; 而lose ones heart to sb. /sth. : fall in love愛(ài)上; 鐘情于。原文意思很明顯是“別泄氣”。所以應(yīng)該把your去掉。一字之差, 離題千里。 (2)代詞混用: We were living in a big family. We treated each other as brothers and sisters. If any one of them had any difficulty, the other would help him or her out. 應(yīng)把them改為us; 把the后的other改為others。 (3)代詞遺漏: A teacher could make classes lively and interesting. 應(yīng)該在classes前加his, 表示“使他的課堂生動(dòng)有趣”。4. 固定搭配要記住。I have given up smoke. The dog doesnt like the smell. give up doing sth. 是一個(gè)固定搭配。因此動(dòng)詞smoke應(yīng)該改為smoking。5. 非謂語(yǔ), 細(xì)辨別。主要表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面: 非謂語(yǔ)形式的混淆, 不定式to的遺漏或多用, 非謂語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的混淆。I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favorite actors. 這里make不作謂語(yǔ), 應(yīng)該是非謂語(yǔ)的形式, 因此改為making和后面的構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。He had time for a proper breakfast and was still the first reach the factory. 在序數(shù)詞后面往往使用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ), 這里缺少to, 所以在reach前面加to。6. 冠連介要牢記。(1)介詞主要考查: 與動(dòng)詞的固定搭配。介詞遺漏: Im sure you will get rid the sorrow and unhappiness caused by the disaster. get rid of是固定搭配, 意思為“擺脫, 除去”。介詞多余: My wife is also happy because of I have given up smoking. 這里顯然是對(duì)because of與because用法的辨別區(qū)分。前者不能接句子, 而后者充當(dāng)連詞可以接句子。所以應(yīng)該把of去掉。介詞用錯(cuò)(一般為固定搭配): I pick out her false hair and said, “Dont be sad, Miss. ”pick out應(yīng)改為pick up。pick out挑選的意思; pick up撿起的意思。(2)連詞主要考查: 前后兩句話(huà)之間的銜接關(guān)系。?？既N關(guān)系: but轉(zhuǎn)折, and并列, because原因。Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions, but improve their English if they are talking with native speakers. 前后句之間是并列關(guān)系, 應(yīng)該把but改為and。(3)冠詞主要考查: 句中冠詞是否多余。冠詞多余: I sat in the front of the TV at 7 oclock, when the game just began. 原文中應(yīng)該把第一個(gè)the去掉。冠詞遺漏: As we all left home at early age, we met lots of problems in our daily life. at an. . . age固定搭配詞組, 表示“處于年齡”。三、改后復(fù)讀, 糾正失誤, 減少差錯(cuò)。做完短文改錯(cuò)后將答案放回原文, 再重讀全文, 其目的主要是查看有無(wú)不符合邏輯, 語(yǔ)句不通順, 不符合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的問(wèn)題。改后復(fù)讀, 可以發(fā)現(xiàn)那些在通讀與細(xì)讀中不曾發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題或做出的誤改?！緹狳c(diǎn)題型】題型一 名詞和冠詞 例1、 【提分秘籍】 1.指名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)形式的用法錯(cuò)誤。2. 冠詞a， an和the的用法錯(cuò)誤【熱點(diǎn)題型】題型二 動(dòng)詞例2、 【提分秘籍】 1.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要包括兩類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤，以及主、謂不一致的錯(cuò)誤。 2 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（1）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞細(xì)辨別不定式動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)and連接的不定式或動(dòng)名詞前后一致現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別等 （2）名詞動(dòng)詞的修飾詞修飾名詞、系動(dòng)詞要用形容詞；修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、整個(gè)句子用副詞；比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的使用。形容詞的ed形式與ing形式【舉一反三】【熱點(diǎn)題型】題型三 連詞例3、Im sorry， and I wont be able to come tonight .【提分秘籍】 連詞but，and，or， so和although等的用法錯(cuò)誤【舉一反三】【熱點(diǎn)題型】題型四 代詞例4、 【提分秘籍】【熱點(diǎn)題型】題型五 從句引導(dǎo)詞例5、 【提分秘籍】復(fù)合句中從句的關(guān)系詞或引導(dǎo)詞運(yùn)用是否得當(dāng)【舉一反三】【高考風(fēng)向標(biāo)】1、（2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷）假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)()，并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)()劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下畫(huà)一橫線(xiàn)，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2.只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)，不計(jì)分。Nearly five years before, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果) in our back garden. Since thenfor all these yearwe had been allowing tomatoes to self­seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing somewhere. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste. There are so much that we often share them with our neighbours.Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost! 【答案】 2、（2014·陜西卷）假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯(cuò)誤涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏詞符號(hào)()，并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)()劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下畫(huà)一橫線(xiàn)()，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。注意：1. 每處錯(cuò)誤及修改均僅限一詞；2. 只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。My father took me out camping for the first time when I was seven. He wanted teach me about animals, insects and trees. My uncles all come along with bows and arrows for hunting. One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue. Just then a bird was flying over us. My uncles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows on the bird. Neither of the arrows hit the target. Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the skythey were looked like rain! We ran to escape but fortunately no one was injured.That day I didn't learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!【答案】3、（2014·浙江卷）下面短文中有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。請(qǐng)?jiān)谟绣e(cuò)誤的地方增加、刪除或修改某個(gè)單詞。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)()，并在其下面寫(xiě)上該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)()劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下畫(huà)一橫線(xiàn)，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)上修改后的詞。注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。I was taking a train to London's Victoria Station.I had noticed that the carriage was noise and filled with people.en everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.The person who found a ticket smiled with pleasure at his success.No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket­owner before.Yet they had so quickly offered the strangers their help.If we could show concern to others on need，the world would be a better place to live in.【答案】4、（2014·遼寧卷）假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)()，并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)()劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下畫(huà)一橫線(xiàn)，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。Dear Jeremy and Alice，Although we've been delighted to have you as neighbours, we're hoping to settle something that bothers to us. In a word, your dogCleo.We're called several time about Cleo's early morning barking. It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she's outside. The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. Beside, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. This morning she starts barking even before 5 o'clock. That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are.We appreciate our apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure a good way of settling the matter.Sincerely，Jack and Rose【答案】 5、（2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷）假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。文中共有10處錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)()，并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)()劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下畫(huà)一橫線(xiàn)，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。注意：1. 每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞； 2. 只允許修改10處，多者 (從第11處起) 不計(jì)分。My dream school starts at 8：30 am and ends at 3：30 pm. They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didn't need to do so many homework. Therefore, we have more time with after­school activities. For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.My dream school look like a big garden. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings. We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening music. The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only our teachers but also our friends.【答案】 6、（2014·四川卷）下面短文中有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。請(qǐng)?jiān)谟绣e(cuò)誤的地方增加、刪除或修改某個(gè)單詞。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)()，并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)()劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下畫(huà)一橫線(xiàn)，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。注意：1每句不超過(guò)兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤；2每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；3只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。 Hello, boys and girls! Today, I am going to talk withwhat you should do when a fire alarm go off. If you hear thealarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to leadyou outside. Stay close to your teacher and classmate. Don'tpanic or get out of line, and trying to remain quiet and calmly. Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire. If it's afalse alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us backto the classroom. If you notice that when someone is missingand hurt, tell your teacher immediately.【答案】【隨堂鞏固】 Passage 1When you go aboard，there are a number of things to remember.There are three important areas of every new culture you must adopt to： the language，the food and the clothing.The best thing to do is to do how the people of the country do.Unless they eat snack for breakfast，you should try snack too.Your vacation will be comfortable and pleasant if you dare follow it.If you have never traveled overseas before，you may find difficult to face the problems you meet.But you can always get off cultural difficulties by visiting some old great museum.Dont spend all your time alone or you will be lonely.You should spend some time make friends.In this way you could learn about the new culture and have fun.Passage 2It was snowing heavily Monday morning.Li Hua was at the bus stop，waited for Bus No.601 to go to school.After the while，the bus came and she got on it.There are many passengers in the bus.Some were talking but some were looking out of the windows.Suddenly the bus stopped.The driver turned around and said，“Sorry.The bus has been broken down.Please get off and help push the bus.” When we heard this，Li Hua and the other passenger got off the bus.They worked hardly together，pushing the bus slowly backward.Soon the bus was running again.All the passengers were smiling and the sun was shining.Passage 3Dear Editor，Im writing to tell you about a food poisoning accident.Several days ago，my neighbor ate a bag of food buying from the market.After the meal，they had stomachaches and their faces turn pale.Fortunately，one of their friends found the accident and immediately called on an ambulance，which carried them quickly to a hospital.After several hours treatment they finally escaped from death.As some illegal businessmen only interested in making profits to become rich quickly，we seldom care about the necessary safety measures or care which happens to consumers.They must be charged with law.Meanwhile，I do hope whole society can realize the important of food safety and begin taking action together to make sure food is safe.Yours，Wang MingPassage 4In order to realize his dream，Bill Gates，richest man in the world，gave up studying in Harvard University，that is the most famous in the world.He set up a company and researching the computer software.An old saying go，“Interest is the best teacher.”I quite agree with this idea.I began to be crazy about English when I was a little girl.I got extreme interested in foreign cultures or customs.To meet me curiosity，I read in English stories every day.It seemed to be the best “meal” of a day.As a result，I always did very well in English exam.Interest is the key of success.Passage 5It is important to know that a parent can do to help reduce childrens stress.If you notice that your child is becoming nerve，he may have problems at the school.He may has trouble sleep.He may be depressing and begin to suffer from headaches.You should talk him to try to discover the cause of her stress.You can spend extra time help him.In short，you need to be complete supportive and encouraging all the time. Passage 6Mrs. Smith was unable to fall sleeping at night and was tired during the day to do anything，even the simple things that she used to enjoy doing.She had headaches more often，it prevented her from reading or watched TV.The more she thought about her conditions，the more worse she felt.At last she went to see her doctor，whom she had known for year.The doctor listened to his heart and said，“There is nothing serious wrong with you，and I accept the fact that you dont feel well.Now，I will give you some pills that will help.Come tomorrow morning and tell me how you felt.”P(pán)assage 7I like music very much，pop songs particularly.Every evening then I am doing homework and at weekends when I at home，I always play some of my favorite songs on my tape recorder.The familiar patterns of notes attract me into the colourfully world of music.Now and then I stopped to follow the songs.Sometimes，my mother comes in，asked me to fix my attention to my homework.She does not like the pop music.Like most grown-ups，she enjoys folk songs，because the peaceful music reminds her of their beautiful life when she was young.It is a truth which people of different age understand music differently and enjoy different kinds of music. Passage 8It was my first day of high school，and I was late.My next lesson，F(xiàn)rench，scared to me，for I just can not speak that language.At the door，a hand reached out and shook me firmly.I looked up.The man with a smile and welcoming words eased my fears.That year，I enjoyed his classes a great deal because I learned more than just French.Sometime he told us interesting stories.After school his room always filled with students and he would listen to and chatted with them.He taught me what every person is worth your times.How fortunately I felt being his student!Passage 9A few years before，Jack and I had a quarrel over score in a football match.From then on，we didnt speak to each other any longer.One day，when I was standing by a tree read，a ball flew to me and I kicked it back with looking at the player，but while I put up my head，I found it was Jack.Seen him，I was feeling very embarrassed.However，he was smiled to me，so I smiled either.Then we began to make up.This way the walls between us were torn down with a smile but we become good friends again.Passage 10One day last month，a group of Chinese student arrived in Brisbane.I was one of them.After speaking goodbye to my dear parents at Beijing Airport，I started my long journey.That was my first journey abroad! How exciting I felt when I got on board.We left Shanghai to Hongkong to change to another plane to Melbourne，second largest city in Australia.From there we went to Brisbane，that is the capital city of Queensland，Australia.We were exchange students and send to the country by their government to learn English in Brisbane for twelve months.From the first few lessons，we found the teachers there really worked hardly，and I am sure of everything will go well in the next months. Passage 11The first time I decide to leave home was when I was upon graduation in high school.I was having trouble get along with my parents.I had about fifty dollar in my pockets，and so I thought about leaving home.It took me only two weeks away from home while I started to feel homesick.Living on my own is a total different experience for three main reasons：being more responsible，more decisive and more creative.Because of Im on my own，I get to deal with my duties without be told.I have to be more careful because my parents are not here to give me their advices.In the other hand，I could make my own future plan.I have made rules for my to follow.Passage 12Dear Li Hua，Its a long time since I heard from you in last time.Now Id like to tell you a impressive story that happened on the first day of my teaching career.A boy，Li Ming，whom father died a month ago，was late for school.He stood outside the classroom silent.I smiled to him and asked him to come.After a while，he began to cry.Seeing this，I walked to him and asked what has happened.He told me his mother was ill but he had to get some medicine for her.At the same time，he apologized to me for his lateness.Moved by his word，I praised him for his deeds and decided to sing a song was named “Mother” for the students.From then on，I began to realize we should respect our parents and did our best to help them.Do you think so?Im looking forward to your reply.Passage 13On Saturday afternoon，Li Hua and Wang Ping，members from “Green Eyes”，was having an environmental protection activity near the riverside when they catch sight of a bird on the ground.They picked it out and found it wounded.Thinking it should die without timely help，they took it home.Under their treatment and care，the lucky bird got recovered soon.When time came for them to flying the bird，they felt a bit of pity but very delightful.I think its worthwhile for him to do such a thing.Here I call on the public to show respects for the nature.Only by changing the way which we treat the environment can we get along well with it.Passage 14Rose wanted a job.She went to many offices and she didnt like any of them.One day she saw a board in an office read：“This office needs a typist whom can type 200 words a minute.”Rose was exciting.When Rose went to the managers office，the man was writing something.Rose knocked at the door and the manager raised her head.“Do you need a typist?”asked Rose.“Yes!”he said.Rose clapped her hand.She couldnt help saying，“OK!How much will you pay for me every month?”The manager thought for a while and said，“I will pay you 77 dollars for first three months.Then I will pay you 30 dollars every month.”Rose smiled and answer，“Great!I will come and work here three months late.”The manager was speechless.Passage 15I went hiking to a mountain with my friends last summer.It was a good trip at the beginning and something unexpected happened half way.One of my friend suddenly felt a terrible pain in his stomach and he couldnt move any far.Nobody knew what to do it.One girl tried to call her mum in her mobile phone，but there was no signal in the mountain area.Lucky we had brought a tent with us.We put it up and let him rested in it.He took some medicine.Then he drink some water，and ate some food.After while，he felt much better and we walked on.We all enjoyed us on the top of the mountain. Passage 16(2011遼寧實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)期末)When Jack bowed to someone，he always did it much too quickly.They neednt to wait any longer after he finished nodding his head.So he was blamed for no manner.Then a warm-hearted man teaches him，“When you bow to somebody next time，you can count the January，F(xiàn)ebruary，March，until December.Then you can lift your body.Thus，the ceremony will almost perfect.”The next day，he met his uncle，but he did as the man told him to.The bow was too long that it made his uncle escape soon with a surprising look.When Jack looked down，he found his uncle gone.So he asked a passer-by，“In which month did she go away?” Passage 17It was dinner time.Mr.and Mrs.Smith were about to begin their dinner then they find that their son，Mike，wasnt there yet.So Mrs.Smith asked her husband to go and find him.Mr.Smith went to Mikes room and found Mike laying on his face on the floor，read a book.He was laughing!Mr.Smith told him to go for dinner，and he left quite unwilling.Wondering that what absorbed his son so much，Mr.Smith took a look at the book.Now Mrs.Smith and Mike were at the table，waiting Mr.Smith.She got quite patient and sent her son for his father.Mike went back to his room.To his great surprised，he saw his father lying on the floor，reading the same storybook of hers on the floor!Passage 18Im eighteen years old and I live in small village in the Peak District，not far from Nottingham.I grow up in this village，so I know everyone here.Thats the problem-the problem is theres nothing to do，and nobody of my age to do it with!At the moments I travel into Nottingham every day to the shop as I work.Theres a bus at 7：30 in the morning or the last bus back in the evening is at 5：30.From September，therefore，Im going to stay in Nottingham by my aunt and uncle when my cousin joins in the Navy.I can use his room.Im really looking forward to living in No