第九屆初中生科普英語競(jìng)賽輔導(dǎo)材料1 An Animal that Sees with Its Earsecholocation eku lukein n. 回聲定位能力, 回聲定位法eyesight 'asat   n. 視力object 'bdikt    n. 物體賓語從句 Scientists now know that bats see by using what we call echolocation.表語從句    Here is how it works.It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.    It is almost impossible to trick them.use their eyesight to hunt for foodcertain bats: some batsmake a soundsend out sound wavesa fraction of a sound later: in a short timenot onlybuteven though: even if 即使without any troublemore importantly catch it in mid-airtell   v. 判斷something good to e2Fish with flashlights?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)   have+過去分詞  Have you ever heard of a fish with flashlight?現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)  Have you ever been sitting at home when the electricity went off?現(xiàn)在分詞doing，具有形容詞或副詞的特點(diǎn)，可以做定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語、表語。 如： There is a man standing there.（后置定語） Being ill today, I wont come.（原因狀語）I see him standing there.        （補(bǔ)語） He is speaking.       （表語）（注意它和動(dòng)名詞做表語的區(qū)別，記住動(dòng)名詞是個(gè)名詞性成分）the 比較級(jí)+the 比較級(jí)   越就越.The darker the surroundings, the brighter the glow appears to be.定語從句These bacteria produce certain chemicals that give off a faint glow.Some of these fish have special shutters over the pouches in which these bacteria live.Other scientists think that the fish use these flashlights to attract smaller fish which they eat as food.There may be other reasons for this special flashlight that we have not yet discovered.Key structures and Phrases被動(dòng)語態(tài)   be+過去分詞  Sometimes the fish do not want to be seen, so they simply close these shutters.This keeps the glow from being seen. (the electricity) go off ：go out  / have a black outgive off lightpretty scary:  very scarysearch for: look forasasto a depth of 到達(dá)的深度once  一旦pitch-black  adj.漆黑的, 墨黑的have the ability to = be able tokeep from doing sth.  =stop from doing sth.at other times  = on other occasionsallow sb. to do sth.a colony of thousands of bacteria  聚集著成千上萬的細(xì)菌give off a faint glow= give off faint light3 Penguins- perfect parentssurvive svaiv  v. 生存,生還amazing meizi 驚人的，驚奇的形容詞最高級(jí)  the most amazing animalsone of the coldest places on Earth虛擬語氣  If their eggs were left on the ice, they would freeze solid!被動(dòng)語態(tài)  be left定語從句  They return to the icy shore where the mother lays one very large egg.make their home in the Antarctic 在南極安家not onlybut also =not only but. as wellsurvive the bitter cold 在嚴(yán)寒的環(huán)境中生存make perfect parents=be perfect parents spend(in) doing sth.at the start of winternothing but= onlya fold of feathered skinroll ontostay behindbe full of feed  withcare for  = take care of = look aftergo back to the seatake turns doing sth.輪流, 依次做某事one parent, the other. 一個(gè)，另一個(gè)聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞-stay+形容詞     stay gone表示狀態(tài)和狀態(tài)的持續(xù),如: be(是), seem(似乎), look(看起來), appear(似乎), feel(覺得), sound(聽起來), smell(聞起來), taste(嘗起來), keep(保持), remain(保持), stand(站立), lie(躺), stay(停留)等。表示從一種狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N狀態(tài),如:become(變成), go(變得), get(變得), turn(變成), grow(變成), fall(變成某種狀態(tài)), come(成為), run(變成)等。4 What?! A meat- eating plant?!herbivorous h:'bivrs    a. 食草性的carnivorous k:'nivrs    a. 食肉性的the pitcher plant 'pit    豬籠草sundew 'sn,du:    n. 毛膏菜be composed of km'puzd   由.組成slippery 'slipri   a. 滑的rim    rim   n. （尤指圓形物的）邊緣preventfrom doing sth.  防止做某事nectar  'nekt   n. 花蜜projection pr'dekn  n. 突起，突狀物suffocate 'sfkeit    v. 使窒息fearfully 'fifli     adv. 可怕地定語從句Those that eat plants; and those that eat meat.People in Asia could tell you about the pitcher plant, which is shaded with bright red color and produces a honey-like juice that attracts insects.The fluid then suffocate the insect, which gradually is digested by the plant.divide into 把分成believe it or not  信不信由你，不管你是否相信for example：for instance  例如tell sb. about sth.is shaded with  掩映在.之中（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）be composed of 由.構(gòu)成extremely slippery=very slipperylean over  彎下身子，俯身于之上lose ones footing  失足at the bottom of  在.的底部drown the insect 將昆蟲淹死   draundigest. as food for the plant  將它作為植物的美食消化掉secrete a sticky substance sikri:t 分泌一種粘稠的物質(zhì)preventfrom doing sth. 防止做某事struggle to free itself  掙扎著想飛走adapt to  適應(yīng)5 Light night, dark starshaze   heiz  n. 薄霧artificial  ,:tifil adj. 人造的surround  sraund vt. 包圍, 環(huán)境be surrounded by  被.環(huán)繞invisible  invizbl  adj. 看不見的, 無形的disorient dis:rint vt. 使失去方向感, 使迷惑              efficient Ifint adj. (直接)生效的, 有效率的, 能干的energy-efficient  a. 節(jié)能的shielding  i:ldi n. 護(hù)罩blind    n.(pl.) 百葉窗，窗簾internal    a. 內(nèi)在的，內(nèi)部的形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)more wisely and with less wasteeven worse/   far more difficulton a clear night  在一個(gè)晴朗的晚上block the view   擋住視線see. from afar   從遠(yuǎn)處看witness light pollution  見識(shí)光污染be made up of  由.組成makeeven worse 使. 更嚴(yán)重this haze of light  這團(tuán)光霧make it far more difficult for sb. to do sth.  it 為形式賓語depend on  依靠，依賴guide them into the water 指路回到水中end up doing sth.    以結(jié)束Key structures and Phraseshead towardby mistake 錯(cuò)誤地朝著走lit-up parking lots  燈火通明的停車場(chǎng)It is estimated that 據(jù)估計(jì)preventfrom doing sth.in use     使用中encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵(lì)某人做某事motion-sensor lights 感應(yīng)燈energy-efficient light bulbs 節(jié)能燈泡shine skyward   向天空照可修飾比較級(jí)的詞 1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等2）還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語3）以上詞(除by far)外，必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面6 Dont eat that sandwich!contaminate   kntæmineit  v. 弄臟，污染bacteria bæktiri  n. 細(xì)菌vomit vmit v.嘔吐diarrhea ,dairi n. 痢疾,腹瀉organism :nizm   n. 有機(jī)體，有機(jī)組織symptom  'simptm   n.  癥狀Salmonella sælm'nel n. 沙門氏菌thoroughly rli  ad. 徹底地，完全地attach to   tæt  附在.上 in the rush to do sth.急匆匆地做某事throw it away  扔掉follow a rule  遵循規(guī)則single celled organisms 單細(xì)胞有機(jī)體   cause illnesses: cause diseasescommon symptoms  常見的癥狀food borne bacteria食物上滋生的細(xì)菌   （bear- bore- born/borne）make people sickearlier this year  今年年初attach to     附在上according to 根據(jù)，據(jù)說carry out a series of experiments 開展一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)it takes sb. some time to do sth.toss it out   把它丟棄, 扔掉be careful (not) to do sth. 當(dāng)心（別）做某事at the manufacturing plant  在生產(chǎn)廠家  mænju'fæktbe found in raw eggs and chicken    被動(dòng)語態(tài)raw- cooked     反義詞cook thoroughly 燒熟                                    tip   n.  提示, 技巧動(dòng)名詞-動(dòng)詞原形+ing構(gòu)成，具有名詞，動(dòng)詞一些特征Being a good housekeeper is a second tip for preventing infection.動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞在形式上和現(xiàn)在分詞相同，然而現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞或副詞的特點(diǎn)；而動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的特點(diǎn)，在句子中可作主語、表語、賓語或介詞的賓語。e.g.Working with you is a pleasure. 和你一起工作是一種樂趣。                  （主語）Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。（主語）Another goal was ending the chaos in the country. 另一個(gè)目標(biāo)是結(jié)束國家的混亂狀態(tài)。（表語）My job is teaching.我的工作是教學(xué)。（表語）Her shoes wants mending. 她的鞋該修理了。（賓語）I have finished writing this book.我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。                    (賓語)She left without saying good-bye to us.她沒有向我們告別就走了。（介詞賓語）My brother is fond of skating. 我弟弟喜歡滑冰（介詞賓語）Thank you for giving me some help. 謝謝你給我些幫助。           (介詞賓語)Being a good housekeeper is a second tip for preventing infection.7. A different way to wake upassignment   'sainmnt n. 作業(yè)halogen    'hældn  n. 鹵素cured    kjud   a. 腌制的clang    klæ  v. 發(fā)出當(dāng)當(dāng)聲strip   strip    n. 條preserved pri'z:vd a. 保鮮的spoil  spil    v. 壞掉nostril 'nstril   n. 鼻孔beep bi:p     n. 喇叭work on a degree in art and technology 攻讀藝術(shù)與技術(shù)學(xué)位in electronic class 在電子班create something for the household  開發(fā)一個(gè)家居用品an alarm clock    鬧鈴deal with wake up to  被.叫醒instead of   替代clanging   發(fā)出當(dāng)當(dāng)聲的rather than   而不是There is no danger of burning 不會(huì)有失火的危險(xiǎn)use for doing sth. = use to do sth. 用來做某事turn off automatically 自動(dòng)熄滅（關(guān)閉）a couple of(= several) frozen strip 幾條速凍的肉the night before  前一天晚上spoil  v. 壞掉，腐壞set the alarm for 把鬧鐘設(shè)在(幾點(diǎn))under the halogen bulbsblow the scent out 把香味吹出smell yourself awake 烤肉的香味把自己叫醒on the side  邊上的被動(dòng)語態(tài)    be+過去分詞Just a few easy steps are required to set the alarm.8. Europe tops the world charts for quality of lifetop  n.蓋，加以頂，高達(dá)，超越chart  圖表，這里指排行榜quality of life      生活質(zhì)量showas顯示為tie  n.（投票等的）同數(shù)，（比賽時(shí)）同分，平局；v. 不分勝負(fù)tying  tie的ing形式criteria     kraitirin.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)key criteria   關(guān)鍵的（主要的）評(píng)選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)be lacking in     “缺乏”magnify  mægnifai  v.放大，擴(kuò)大scrape   skreip  v.刮擦，摩擦，“觸地”stakes    n.木樁，“方面”knock into把打入、擊入dominate   dmineit v. 支配, 占優(yōu)勢(shì)rank  ræk n. 排名 v. 排列,歸類于,列于annual   ænjul      a. 每年的;全年的consultancy knsltnsi n. 顧問retain  ritein  vt. 保持, 保留distinction distinkn n. 聲望Brazzaville bræzvil 布拉柴維爾Congo   kngu 剛果in which to live用來修飾先行詞cityZurich    zurik n. 蘇黎世Vancouver vænku:v 溫哥華(加拿大一港市)Vienna    vienn. 維也納(奧地利首都)be used to  被用于 desirability di,zairbilti n.愿望, 需求v. desire  渴望  -able 形容詞后綴  -ability 能力natural and socio-cutural environment siu 自然人文環(huán)境recreation rekriei()n 娛樂，消遣equal with  與.相等，與.并列senior researcher  si:nj  高級(jí)研究員basic comforts of life   基本的生活舒適度hygiene  haidi:n  n. 衛(wèi)生personal safety  個(gè)人安全differentiators difrni,eit  差距developing countries  發(fā)展中國家developed countries   發(fā)達(dá)國家instability  n.不穩(wěn)定性stable  a. 穩(wěn)定的-stability n.穩(wěn)定性- instabilityround out   充實(shí)，還有，豐滿in the environmental stakes 在環(huán)境方面pollution-choked 城市污染嚴(yán)重的  choke窒息Frankfurt   frænkft 法蘭克福Helsinki    helsiki 赫爾辛基Auckland   :klnd 奧克蘭Copenhagen ,kupnheign 哥本哈根Ouagadougou   wa:gdu:gu:瓦加杜古Burkina Faso b:kin fæsu布基納法索（非洲國家）Baghdad  bægdæd巴格達(dá)Calgary  kælgri 卡爾加里Mexico City meksiku 墨西哥被動(dòng)語態(tài)          be+過去分詞 was used as/ were used to/ is magnified by現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has+過去分詞 Though the worlds living standards have risen slightly since last year, rise- rose risen 上升用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的詞：already, yet, ever, never, before, just, lately, up to now, up till now, now, so far, for+一段時(shí)間, since+時(shí)間點(diǎn), three times. 9. Skip the milk chocolate, dark is better for youskip 跳過bonbon  bnbn 糖果be better off (doing sth.) 最好做某事，做某事很明智protect against  使免受interfere with  妨礙，干擾dietary  daitri a. 飲食上的    diet n.飲食flavonoid  fleivnid 類黃酮degenerative disease  n.變性疾病，變異疾病    didenrtivbe good for  -be better forif, mightfavor   vt.支持, 贊成, 喜歡  favorite a.喜愛的favorover喜歡勝過variety  n.品種，種類  a variety of 各種各樣的         varied a. 各式各樣的be better off switching  最好還是改變一下antioxidant æntiksidnt抗氧化劑, 硬化防止劑   anti- 反，抗       oxid- 氧氣，氧化oxygen 氧氣   carbon-dioxide  二氧化碳 carbon monoxide 一氧化碳raise +n.  vt  及物動(dòng)詞，后接名詞   n.上升, 高地,rise    vi.  不及物動(dòng)詞，后不接名詞 n. 上升, 增加protect against    使免受heart disease    心臟疾病along with   伴著interfere with 妨礙，干擾 ,intfiabsorption n.吸收   absorb v.scientific journal Nature 科學(xué)雜志自然100 grams of     100克blood analysis  nælisis  血液分析epicatechin  epikætitin  表兒茶酸associate  suieit n. 同事,助手in contrast   相反，對(duì)比    a- æmoreover= in addition  此外(in the) bloodstream  血流highlight the possibility    增加了可能性highlight v.使顯著   possible-possibilitytake into account  重視，考慮dietary habits  飲食習(xí)慣assess v. 評(píng)估     assessment n.被動(dòng)語態(tài)     be+過去分詞   is/ was eaten/was seen形容詞比較級(jí)     is better for   be better off doing sth.   much lower than good- better best  much more- most  many- more-most10. Lots of fruit in childhood cuts adult cancer riskcuts adult cancer risk  成年少生癌癥the more. the more越越.have an effect on  對(duì).有影響fill in  填寫（表格）inventory invntri n.清單be less likely to  可能性較小suffer from  患(某種病); 受(某種病痛)折磨cancer  kæns  癌癥the more.the less likely越多，的可能性就越小lung, bowel and breast cancer     baul  腸    brest 乳房      肺癌，腸癌，乳腺癌childhood fruit consumption  knsmpn 孩提時(shí)代水果的食用量 （consume  v.消耗，消費(fèi)）have an effect on  對(duì)有影響in adulthood   在成年以后Medical Research Council 醫(yī)學(xué)研究會(huì)look into   瀏覽，調(diào)查in rural and urban areas   rurl   農(nóng)村的  :bn   城市的up to    直到,多達(dá)diagnose the case of cancer診斷患癌癥病例in addition to  除了fewer= make fewer 減少be associated with  與有關(guān)，與有關(guān)系 suieit be loaded with  富含 lud裝載, 裝載量,負(fù)荷vitamin  vitmin   維他命nutrient  nju:trint   營養(yǎng)物，營養(yǎng)品genetic damage dinetik 遺傳學(xué)   遺傳損傷;遺傳性損傷lead to  導(dǎo)致the development of cancer 癌變impact    impækt n. 影響, 作用the impact on  在.方面的影響beta carotene bi:tkærti:n 胡蘿卜素evidence  evidns  證據(jù); 跡象individual  ,ndividjul  adj. 個(gè)別的, 單獨(dú)的, 個(gè)人的as protective as   和一樣有效prtektiv adj. 保護(hù)的, 防護(hù)的過去完成時(shí)    had+過去分詞    had eaten/  had been diagnosed 11. Internet may cause depressionappear to= seem to  似乎，好像log on  lg  上網(wǎng)be contrary to 與.相反  kntrriaccount for 解釋per se  p:sei ad.本身，就其本身而論in terms of  和.相關(guān)decline diklainn. 下降, 減少, 衰退in psychological well-being  心理健康   ,saikldikl  adj. 心理的; 精神的well-being    n. 健康，康樂，安寧according to  根據(jù)depression  dipren  n. 憂傷, 消沉, 沮喪loneliness  lunliniz  n. 孤獨(dú)lonely  a. lonelinessalone 單獨(dú)的less frequently頻率較低 fri:kwntli adv. 常常,頻繁地,經(jīng)常地two-year study      復(fù)合形容詞spend time on sth.it is not.but. 不是，而是actually   æktuli  adv. 實(shí)際上, 確實(shí)puzzle over  對(duì).困惑不解be contrary to 與相反expectation  ekspektein n. 預(yù)料; 期望expect   ikspekt  v.預(yù)料，預(yù)期socially suli  adv.從社交角度上healthy- healthier  (than)since= becauseavailable veilbl adj. 可用的或可得到的hypothesize haipisaizv.假設(shè),假定,猜測(cè)faceless  見不到面的bodiless 看不見人的（body）virtual communicationv:tjul adj. 實(shí)質(zhì)上的, 事實(shí)上的, 實(shí)際上的k,mju:nikein n. 交流, 交際, 通訊psychologically satisfying 心理滿足actual conversation 現(xiàn)實(shí)的溝通shallow- shallower 更淺exposure to   暴露 ikspuexpose   v.   exposure  n.via= through  通過be satisfied with 對(duì)感到滿意psychology  n.心理學(xué)-psychological a. - psychologically adv. - psychologist n. 心理學(xué)家sponsor  spns發(fā)起人point to 指向application  ,æplikein 實(shí)際應(yīng)用12. What is color blindness?tease sb. about sth.  ti:z 嘲笑某人have trouble doing sth. 做某事有困難tricky triki a. 棘手的trick  vt. 哄騙; 欺騙normal  n:ml正常的respond to 對(duì)作出反應(yīng)inherited trait inheritid遺傳特征far more likely to do sth. 更容易，更可能at least  至少lend him a hand =give him some helphad better do sth. 最好做某事13. 2009s eclipse  iklipssolar eclipse就是自然奇觀“日食”。Solar源于希臘語，指“of，relating to，or proceeding from the sun”（和太陽有關(guān)的或從太陽發(fā)出的），其相關(guān)的表達(dá)如：solar calendar（陽歷），solar cooker（太陽灶），solar heating system（太陽能加熱系統(tǒng)）。 eclipse，由于它指代“天體的部分或全部受其它天體的遮掩而變得晦暗”，我們可以將其引申為“使黯然失色”，用在英語寫作或口語表達(dá)上會(huì)您增色不少。  “日全食”-total solar eclipse    “日偏食”-partial solar eclipse月食：lunar eclipse; eclipse of the moon; moon's eclipsebe into.對(duì).感興趣spectacular spektækjul 壯觀，場(chǎng)面浩大charter t:t 包租，承租humidity hju:miditi 空氣濕度，潮濕   humid  a. 潮濕的sky-gazers 觀天象者，天文愛好者gaze v.凝視-gazer n.凝視者eternity It:niti永恒eternal a. 永恒的junkie n.對(duì)入迷/上癮的人   dkia total solar eclipse 日全食book a trip= reserve a tripsell out 賣完as soon as 一就on average  平均被動(dòng)語態(tài)  are announced 被宣布 are created equal 被平等地創(chuàng)造 dark a. -darken v. 使變暗make a huge difference有很大關(guān)系take place= occur= happenfrequent  a. 時(shí)常發(fā)生的，常見的humidity  n. 空氣濕度，潮濕make for 致使relatively  adv. 相對(duì)地easy-to-reach 交通便利的predicted length 預(yù)計(jì)的長度long a.- length n.even longer     even+比較級(jí)get out to sea  出海Iwo Jima 硫磺島 i:wu di:m14. Why do people shrink?shrink   rik  v. 縮gravity  ræviti n. 重力cushion kun n. 墊子spine  spain n.脊柱press v. 擠壓osteoporosis,stiup:rusis n.骨質(zhì)疏松癥replace v. 代替    recover  v. 恢復(fù)become tiny enough  become+ adj.  聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞+形容詞  又如： become smaller and weaker       stay strong 形容詞+enough    enough+名詞it is +adj+for sb. to do sth.a little shorter  a little +形容詞比較級(jí)over time 隨著時(shí)間的流逝over years 年復(fù)一年at all    根本       take hold  控制get compressed= be compressedend up doing sth.以結(jié)束lose a little height  使人變矮high a. - height n. 高度break down 衰弱下來is said to be lost  據(jù)說 被流失its not being replaced 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)eat a well-balanced diet  均衡地飲食rich in   富含bone-building mineral calcium 強(qiáng)骨礦物鈣質(zhì)         kælsim 鈣exercise regularly  有規(guī)律地運(yùn)動(dòng)not as tall as 不如高15. Benjamin Franklin and the discovery of electricityknow more about it  對(duì)他多一些了解pass through metal 穿過金屬base 根部brass  a-a:thundercloud   ndklaud 雷雨云pick up electrical charges 獲得電荷wet-wet/wetted- wet/wettedcautiously k:sli 謹(jǐn)慎地reach out his finger  伸出他的手指a series of sparks  一串火花thus 因此might+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)     表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事進(jìn)行猜測(cè) 如：might have been killeda bolt of lightning 一道閃電figure out a way 找到一個(gè)解決辦法16. Einsteins theory of relativitytheory of relativity 相對(duì)論  iri    reltivtibe famous for   以而聞名mass  mæs 質(zhì)量unchangeable  一成不變be relative to  與.相對(duì)in my point of view 就我的角度來看different points of view 不同角度from your point of view 從你的角度construct a theory構(gòu)建一個(gè)理論apply to 應(yīng)用到the world of physics 物理世界make advancement 取得進(jìn)步it is +adj+ for sb.+ to do sth.remain the same   保持不變elevator  =lift    直達(dá)電梯crash at the bottom 摔至底部it seems that 似乎depend on  取決于You wont feel like youre being pulled on anymore than gravity usually does.你不會(huì)感覺到向下的拉力，正如你平時(shí)也不會(huì)感受到重力一樣。  feel like / sound like / taste like / smell like / look like Ifwere, it would .虛擬語氣are being pulled 正在被拽著 使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)注意什么被動(dòng)語態(tài)的不同時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”，其中be根據(jù)情況可使用各種不同時(shí)態(tài)。這句口訣是“被動(dòng)語態(tài)必有be  done，時(shí)態(tài)在be上體現(xiàn)” ，也就是說只在“be動(dòng)詞上做文章，過去分詞不動(dòng)！”初中階段要掌握六個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：was/were done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：was/were being done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：has/have been done一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：am/is/are done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：am/is/are being done一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：will be done；am/is/are going to be done否定句和疑問句都在助動(dòng)詞be后加not，疑問句把助動(dòng)詞be提前情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：can/may/must/could/should be done否定句和疑問句都在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not,疑問句把情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前哪些動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)：不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。因?yàn)椴患拔飫?dòng)詞沒有賓語，所以若將其用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)則沒有主語，故不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：take place(發(fā)生)，happen(發(fā)生)，break out(爆發(fā))，appear(出現(xiàn))，disappear(消失)，last(持續(xù))，spread等：17. Animals compassescompass kmps  n. 羅盤，指南針navigate  nævieit v. 導(dǎo)航，航行 navigation n.magnetic mænetik a. 磁性nectar  nekt n. 花蜜hive  haiv n. 蜂箱，蜂房migrate maireit v. 遷徙migrating animals  遷徙的動(dòng)物a variety of  各種各樣的vary   vri v.  呈現(xiàn)不同various vris adj.各種不同的, 各種各樣的-variety vraiti  n. 品種, 種類inner compasses  體內(nèi)的指南針steer =navigate sti 掌舵，駕駛the position of the Sun 太陽的位置switch to  轉(zhuǎn)向the homing pigeon 信鴿homing （鳥、動(dòng)物）有返回原地能力的the Earths magnetic fields 地球的磁場(chǎng)indication ,ndikein n.跡象mollusk  mlsk n. 軟體動(dòng)物make use of  利用otherwise 否則complicated kmplikeitid復(fù)雜的naturalist nætrlst n. 博物學(xué)家bee scout skaut  偵查員in relation to  與.有關(guān)gather the food 采集食物may have changed 可能已經(jīng)改變了somewhat 有點(diǎn)，稍微In later trips during the day, the Sun will seem to move farther and farther toward the west.出發(fā)地越遲，太陽就越偏西。  far fartherfarthest  far further- furthestchange their course correspondingly 相應(yīng)地改變前進(jìn)的方向course k:s  n. 課程，進(jìn)程, 過程，航向, 航線，一道菜correspondingly ,krispndiliadv.相對(duì)地,比照地,相應(yīng)地18. Colour and lifeoptimist ptimist n. 樂觀主義者-optimistic a. 樂觀的- optimism ptimizm n. 樂觀主義; 樂觀pessimist n. 悲觀主義者-pessimistic a. pessimism depressing a.令人沮喪的-depressed  a.感到沮喪的depression n.沮喪，憂傷suicide sjuisaid  n 自殺excitement n. 興奮,激動(dòng)（的事）exciteexcitedexcitingwould rather than寧愿而不是tend to do sth.傾向做某事at least 至少what psychologist tell us 做be動(dòng)詞的表語have been seriously studying 一直在認(rèn)認(rèn)真真地研究     現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)the meaning of colour preference 色彩偏愛的意義prefrnsas well as  也have effect on  在的影響 Ifektinfluence our moods  影響我們的情緒influns v.n.影響 mu:d n.心情,情緒doubt   daut   n. 懷疑cheerful  歡樂的，高興的relaxed  輕松的，自在的on the other hand 在另一個(gè)方面used to be 過去常常scene si:n  現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，地點(diǎn)any other +名詞單數(shù)  any other bridge any other student    any other boypaint-repaint be repainted 被動(dòng)語態(tài)suicide attempt 自殺的企圖sharply  adv. 急劇地