Lesson 51 Reward for Virtue 對(duì)美德的獎(jiǎng)賞 Why did Hugh's diet not work?My friend, Hugh, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet. He began his diet a week ago. First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden. The list included most of the things Hugh loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate; and sweets. Yesterday I paid him a visit. I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Hugh was still as fat as ever. He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk. It was obvious that he was very embarrassed. When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk. He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally. Then he showed me the contents of the parcel. It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!參考譯文 我的朋友休一直很胖，但是近來(lái)情況變得越發(fā)糟糕，以致他決定節(jié)食。他是一星期前開(kāi)始節(jié)食的。首先，他開(kāi)列了一張長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的單子，上面列了所有禁吃的食物。這張單子上的大多數(shù)食物都是休喜歡吃的：黃油、土豆、米飯、啤酒、牛奶、巧克力和糖果。昨天我去看望了他。我按響了門(mén)鈴，當(dāng)看到休仍和往常一樣胖時(shí)，我并不感到驚奇。他把我領(lǐng)進(jìn)屋，慌忙把一個(gè)大包藏到了桌子下面。顯然他感到很尷尬。當(dāng)我問(wèn)他正干什么時(shí)，他內(nèi)疚地笑了，然后把那個(gè)大包拿到了桌上。他解釋說(shuō)，他的飲食控制得太嚴(yán)格了，以致不得不偶爾獎(jiǎng)賞自己一下。接著他給我看了包里的東西。里面裝了5大塊巧克力和3袋糖果！【New words and expressions】（10） reward n. 報(bào)償 virtue n. 美德diet n. 節(jié)食 forbid v. 禁止forbadeforbiddenhurriedly adv. 匆忙地 embarrass v. 使尷尬guiltily adv. 內(nèi)疚地 strict adj. 嚴(yán)格的reward v. 給獎(jiǎng)賞 occasionally adv. 偶爾地一單詞講解： reward n. 報(bào)償同義詞compensate, pay, remunerate, award反義詞punish, punishment 變化形 名復(fù)rewards 變化形 動(dòng)變r(jià)ewarded rewarded rewarding （1） n. 報(bào)酬、獎(jiǎng)賞、酬謝、賞金eg：He received a medal in reward for his bravery. 他因表現(xiàn)勇敢而獲得了一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?eg：A 10-million reward has been offered for the capture of Bin Laden . 懸賞一千萬(wàn)美元捉拿賓拉登。eg：He worked hard without（any） hope of reward . 他辛勤工作,但卻不期待得到報(bào)酬。（2） v. 給予報(bào)酬，酬謝，報(bào)答eg：Is this how you reward me for my help ？你就這樣報(bào)答我對(duì)你的幫助嗎? eg：You will be fully rewarded with all your efforts . 你所有的努力都將得到充分的回報(bào)。eg：I will reward you later . 以后我會(huì)報(bào)答你。rewarding adj. 報(bào)酬的, 有益的, 值得的a rewarding experience一次富有價(jià)值的經(jīng)歷 virtue n. 美德同義詞goodness, righteousness, morality 變化形 名復(fù)virtues （1） 美德、善、清高（反意詞 ：vice 惡行，缺德行為）a man of virtue有德之人eg：Honesty is a virtue . 誠(chéng)實(shí)是一種美德。 lead a life of virtue 過(guò)高尚的生活 eg：Virtue is its own reward . (諺)做好事即樂(lè)在其中. eg：All of the virtues get here . 全聚德（2） 優(yōu)點(diǎn)、長(zhǎng)處eg：The big class has the virtue of making more friends . 大量的美德使能交更多的朋友。eg：My room has virtue of being warm even in winter . 我的房間有個(gè)好處即使是冬天也很溫暖。virtual adj. 'v:tjul 實(shí)質(zhì)的, 實(shí)際上的eg：Our deputy manager is the virtual head of the business .我們的副經(jīng)理是公司的實(shí)際負(fù)責(zé)人. diet n. 節(jié)食同義詞food and drink, food, foodstuffs, victuals變化形 名復(fù)diets  變化形 動(dòng)變dieted dieted dieting （1） 節(jié)食 go on a diet be on a diet 實(shí)行節(jié)食lose weight 減重 put on weight gain weight 增胖（2）（日常的） 飲食a balanced diet 均衡的飲食 ； diet sheet（病人的） 規(guī)定食譜 forbid v. 禁止, 不許O1O2+v-ing.同義詞prohibit, disallow, bar, ban 反義詞permit, allowforbid forbade forbidden forbiddingforbid +n. / doing eg：Who can forbid our marriage ？誰(shuí)可以禁止我們的婚姻？eg：Smoking is forbidden in this building . 在這幢樓里吸煙是被禁止。forbid sb 禁止某人.eg：If you want to go , I cant forbid you . 如果你想去，我不能阻止你。eg：He didnt like his daughters boy friend , and forbade him into the house . 他不喜歡他女兒的男朋友，并禁止他進(jìn)了屋。forbid sb to do . 禁止某人做某事eg：My father forbad me to watch television . 我的父親就禁止我看電視。eg：It is forbidden to smoke in this room .（No Smoking） 在這個(gè)房間禁止吸煙。forbidden adj.（被） 禁止的forbidden fruit 禁果;非法的歡愉forbidden ground 禁區(qū)、必須避免的問(wèn)題、犯忌諱的問(wèn)題the Forbidden City 故宮, 紫禁城eg：God forbid that we should have class tomorrow.上帝保佑，我們明天不用上課。 hurriedly adv. 匆忙地、草率地hurried adj. 倉(cāng)促的, 慌忙的 ； a hurried trip 匆忙之旅a hurried meal 匆忙吃了頓飯 hurriedly adv. 'hridli匆忙地 ； speak hurriedly 匆促地講hurry v.匆忙, 催促, 趕緊 eg：Dont hurry . 不要急。eg：Hurry up . 快點(diǎn)eg：With this , the woman hurried away / off . 說(shuō)完了，該女子匆匆離去。eg：He hurried home . 他匆匆趕回家。eg：He hurried to school . 他急忙趕到學(xué)校。hurry to + 地點(diǎn) ：匆忙趕到某地eg：He hurried back to his office . 他急忙趕回他的辦公室。eg：They hurried into the car . 他們急忙上車。 embarrass v. 使窘; 使不好意思, 使局促不安H(.同義詞disconcert, discomfit, abash, confound變化形 動(dòng)變embarrassed embarrassed embarrassing embarrass sb 使某人難堪eg：Your sharp words embarrassed him a lot . 你尖酸的話令他很難堪。eg：Are you trying to embarrass me ？ 你想要我難堪？eg：Dont embarrass them by asking / with personal questions . 不要問(wèn)他們令人難堪的個(gè)人問(wèn)題。eg：She was embarrassed by his loud laughter . 他的大笑令她感到尷尬。embarrassing adj. 令人困惑的、難堪、尷尬的embarrassed adj. 感到困惑的、難堪、尷尬的eg：It was obvious that he was very embarrassed .顯然他感到很窘。financially embarrassed short of money囊中羞澀、經(jīng)濟(jì)受窘embarrassment  imbærsmnt n.窘迫；困惑；為難an embarrassment of riches 好東西太多而難以選擇東西多得令人為難；財(cái)富多得成了累贅blush in embarrassment 因難為情而臉紅 區(qū)別 ：embassy  embsi n.大館；大使館全體成員 guiltily adv. 內(nèi)疚地（1） 責(zé)任、罪行、罪狀eg：Guilt was written all over her face . 她的罪過(guò)都寫(xiě)在臉上了；她在臉上寫(xiě)滿了內(nèi)疚。establish the suspects guilt證實(shí)嫌疑犯有罪eg：He denied his guilt . 他否認(rèn)自己有罪。eg：He confessed his guilt . 他承認(rèn)自己有罪。（2） 不安、內(nèi)疚 feeling of guilt 內(nèi)疚感、罪悪感、罪意識(shí)guilty  'gilti adj.有罪的, 內(nèi)疚的guiltless （innocent , clear）'giltlis  adj. 不熟悉 . 的, 無(wú)罪的eg：I feel guilty about cutting classes . 曠課我感到內(nèi)疚。eg：I feel guilty because I have no money to lend you .因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有錢(qián)借給你感到內(nèi)疚。eg：Not guilty . 裁決某人 無(wú)罪.eg：The boys were guilty of theft . 男孩子們犯了盜竊罪。guiltily adv. eg：She smiled guiltily as she saw me . 當(dāng)她看見(jiàn)我時(shí)她尷尬地笑。 strict adj. 嚴(yán)格的、嚴(yán)厲的(+with)同義詞harsh, exact, precise, rigorous反義詞lenient, loose, lax 變化形 形變stricter strictest （1） adj. 嚴(yán)格地、嚴(yán)厲的be strict with sb 對(duì)某人嚴(yán)厲 be strict in sb 對(duì)某人嚴(yán)厲 be strict in ones work / study 對(duì) 工作/學(xué)習(xí) 嚴(yán)格eg：First of all , you must be strict with yourself .首先，你必須嚴(yán)格要求自己。a strict teacher一位嚴(yán)格的老師 ； strict rules 嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定（2）adj. 嚴(yán)密地、正確地the strict truth 確鑿的事實(shí) 、絕對(duì)真實(shí)in the strict sense 嚴(yán)格說(shuō)來(lái)strictly  'striktli adv.嚴(yán)格地, 完全地eg：Strictly speaking , you are not fit for your job .嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，你是不適合這份工作。eg：Smoking is strictly prohibited . 嚴(yán)禁吸煙、吸煙被嚴(yán)格地禁止。 occasionally adv. 偶爾地、偶爾, 間或同義詞sometimes, now and then, once in a whileadv. now and then , at times 偶而地eg：I occasionally go to the movies with him . 我偶爾和他去看電影。occasional adj. 偶而的occasional visits 偶爾的拜訪eg：Well have occasional snow during the night . 晚上偶而會(huì)下一陣雪。occasion kein n.時(shí)刻，場(chǎng)合；盛會(huì)；時(shí)機(jī)；起因 vt.引起on one occasion一次 , on another occasion 另一次on this / that occasion 在 這種/那種 場(chǎng)合eg：Its always the same on this kind of occasions . 在這種場(chǎng)合總是這樣的。eg：He has had few occasions to speak French . 他很少有機(jī)會(huì)講法語(yǔ)。二Key structures： 一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)：表過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或處于的狀態(tài)，通常表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，（也可通過(guò)上、下文體現(xiàn)時(shí)間） 。eg：I got on the bus and sat down.Eg：The magazine I ordered was sent to the wrong address .eg：A fire broke out in our town recently and a large factory was burnt to the ground .burnt to the ground 徹底燒毀注意動(dòng)詞不規(guī)則過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞eat ate eaten ； wear wore wornwin won won ； fall fell fallenbeat  bi:t vt.打；戰(zhàn)勝 vi.跳動(dòng) n.跳動(dòng)(聲)；節(jié)拍 beat beatenforbid fbid vt.不許，禁止 forbade forbiddenlose lost lost ； break broke brokenhide hid hidden ； ring 打電話 rang rung burn burnt / burned burnt / burnedlead led ledrise vi.升起；起立(床)；上漲 n.上漲；升高 rose risenlie  laivi.躺，平放；位于；伸展；說(shuō)謊 n.謊話 lay lain lay  lei v.置放；鋪；產(chǎn)(蛋，卵)；設(shè)置；主張 laid laid creep  kri:pvi.爬行，匍匐；躡手躡足地走，緩慢地行進(jìn) crept crept leap  li:pvi.跳；沖 vt.躍過(guò) n.跳躍；激增，驟變 leapt leapt tear ti, ten.眼淚；破洞，裂口 v.撕(裂)，被撕破 tore tornExercise： I was （be） glad to get your letter . How did you like （like） their performance？ Who put （put） forward this suggestion ？ Yesterday I paid （pay） him a visit . Everybody rose （rise起立） when he entered （enter） the room . 三課文講解： My friend, Hugh, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet. 我的朋友休一直很胖, 但是近來(lái)情況變得越發(fā)糟糕, 以致他決定節(jié)食. so that 如此以致；結(jié)果使，以致eg：Its so cold that the pond has frozen.eg：I ran so fast that Id got a pain in my side.so as to do 到做某事的程度eg：She was so kind as to help the old lady off the bus . decide to do sth 決定做某事 go on a diet 節(jié)食 He began his diet a week ago. First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden. 他是一星期前開(kāi)始節(jié)食的. 首先, 他開(kāi)列了一張長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的單子, 上面列了所有禁吃的食物. first of all 首先eg：First of all she just smiled , and then she started to laugh .最初她只是微笑,后來(lái)才放聲大笑. write out 全部寫(xiě)出 a list of 一張的清單 、一份名單list n.put a persons name on the list 把列入名單take a persons name off the list 把除名draw up list of members 編造會(huì)員名單list price n. 訂價(jià), 價(jià)目表所列之價(jià)格、標(biāo)價(jià) v.eg：My name is not listed in the telephone directory .我的名字沒(méi)有被列在電話簿里 The list included most of the things Hugh loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate; and sweets. 這張單子上的大多數(shù)食物都是休喜歡吃的 : 黃油、土豆、米飯、啤酒、牛奶、巧克力和糖果. include v. 包括，把.列入（算入） （做為整體的一部分），它的主語(yǔ)可能是人或物，在意義上與 put in 相似 。eg：I included eggs in the list of things to buy . 我將蛋列入了要買(mǎi)的物品單eg：Your duties include making the tea. 你的任務(wù)包括泡茶eg：Am I included in the team ？我屬于對(duì)里嗎？contain 包含，容納，.的里面有或裝著，始終表示在某個(gè)容器或物體之內(nèi)，通常與 there is / are in 的結(jié)構(gòu)互換，不能用進(jìn)行時(shí) 。eg：That box contains old letters. There are old letters in that box .eg：He included a lot of funny stories in his speech . His speech contained a lot of funny stories .eg：The rocket contains a number of scientific instruments , including a television camera.火箭包含一些科學(xué)儀器，其中包括電視攝像機(jī) potatoes , sweets 可數(shù)名詞 Yesterday I paid him a visit.昨天我去看望了他.pay sb a visit visit sb pay attention toeg：You should pay attention to what your parents say.pay for 補(bǔ)償，受的報(bào)應(yīng)eg：Youll have to pay for your selfishness some day .有一天你將會(huì)為你的的自私付出代價(jià) 為.付款eg：Now you can pay for my dinner . 現(xiàn)在你可以替我付飯錢(qián)了pay back 償還，還錢(qián)給(某人)；回報(bào)，向報(bào)復(fù)eg：He paid back his debts. 他償還了借款 I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Hugh was still as fat as ever.我按響了門(mén)鈴. 當(dāng)看到休仍和往常一樣胖時(shí), 我并不感到驚奇.ring vi. / vt. eg：The telephone rang just now .（vi.） eg：I rang the bell.（vt.） as fat as ever 原句 ： as fat as he ever was 狀語(yǔ)從句 He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk. 他把我領(lǐng)進(jìn)屋, 慌忙把一個(gè)大包藏到了桌子下面.lead v. show the way , especially by going in front 給.指路 ，領(lǐng)路eg：He led / showed the guest into his study .eg：Ill show you around . 我會(huì)帶你四處看看 It was obvious that he was very embarrassed. When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk. He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally. 顯然他感到很尷尬. 當(dāng)我問(wèn)他正干什么時(shí), 他內(nèi)疚地笑了, 然后把那個(gè)大包拿到了桌上.他解釋說(shuō), 他的飲食控制得太嚴(yán)格了, 以致不得不偶爾獎(jiǎng)賞自己一下. so that 如此以致；結(jié)果使，以致 Then he showed me the contents of the parcel. 接著他給我看了包里的東西.showeg：He showed me his photographs.eg：You must show your ticket at the barrier. 必須在檢票處出示票. barrier  bæri n.柵欄，關(guān)卡，檢票口；障礙，隔閡；屏障 It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!里面裝了5大塊巧克力和3袋糖果! bar n. 條a bar of chocolatea bar of soap n. 一塊肥皂a bar of red across the western sky 日落時(shí),西邊天空有一道紅暉 酒吧 ： barmaid n. 酒吧女招待, 酒吧女服務(wù)員barman bartender n. 酒吧的侍者;酒保、調(diào)酒師；酒吧男服務(wù)員 （法庭上將法官囚犯，律師等與聽(tīng)眾隔開(kāi)的） 欄桿behind bars 在獄中不可數(shù)名詞，表示”一個(gè)”概念時(shí)，需加”a bar of “ 類似的定語(yǔ)：a piece of news 一條新聞 ； an item of news一則消息 、一條新聞a piece of work 一份工作 ； a burst of applause 一陣掌聲 burst  b:st vt.使爆裂 vi.爆炸；擠滿 n.爆炸；爆發(fā) applause  pl:z n.鼓掌，掌聲a fit of anger 陣憤怒 fit  fit  adj. 適宜的, 健壯的 v. 適合, 安裝 n. 適宜, 發(fā)作an item of truth 一點(diǎn)真相 ； an article of clothing 一件衣服 article  :tik()l n.物件；文章，論文；條款;冠詞a grain of rice 一粒米 grain  grein n.谷物；谷粒，顆粒，細(xì)粒；少量，微量a lump of sugar n. 一塊方糖 lump  lmp n.小方塊，(腫)塊 vt.歸在一起 vi.結(jié)塊 sweet （Br.）【英】(餐后的)甜點(diǎn)UC、甘食物菓子、 dessert（Am.） eg：I dont want any sweet . 我不要甜點(diǎn)sweets 【英】糖果P candy（Am.） eg：Please help yourself to some sweets . reward for virtue 對(duì)美德的獎(jiǎng)賞四Special Difficulties：1、raise及物動(dòng)詞 / rise : 不及物動(dòng)詞, 不能加賓語(yǔ) : 它們的區(qū)別不在于意思, 而在于詞性eg：That boy always raises his hand when I ask a question.我問(wèn)問(wèn)題時(shí)、那男孩總是舉起手eg：That shelf was too low so we raised it few inches .這架太低，因此我們提高了幾英寸eg：Heavy rains have raised the level of the river this year .eg：I always rise at six oclock . 我總是6點(diǎn)起床eg：After the concert , everybody rose and clapped .演唱會(huì)結(jié)束后，大家起立，鼓掌eg： The sun has just risen. 太陽(yáng)剛剛升起。2、lay : 及物動(dòng)詞 / lie不及物動(dòng)詞 : lay the egg / lie in bedeg：Lay those parcels on the floor , please . 請(qǐng)把那些包放在上eg：Wheres my book ？I laid it on that shelf a moment ago .我的書(shū)呢？剛才我把這本書(shū)放在書(shū)架上了eg：Havent you laid the table yet ？還沒(méi)把桌子擺好嗎？eg：Its nice to get up in the morning , but its nicer to lie in bed .eg：I lay in bed till 10 oclock last Sunday morning .eg：The children are playing a game . Theyve all just lain on the grass.3、beat后面接對(duì)手 win不能接對(duì)手 : I beat you.eg：Arsenal beat Manchester United last Saturday .上星期六阿森納隊(duì) 擊敗 曼聯(lián)隊(duì)。eg：Arsenal won the game . 阿森納隊(duì)贏得了比賽Exercise 練習(xí)：Choose the correct verbs in the following sentences:verb  v:bn.動(dòng)詞 選擇正確的動(dòng)詞 : 1. Everybody (raised)(rose) when he entered the room. 2. I have been (laying)(lying) here for half an hour.3. Mrs. Jones.(laid)(lay).the table before breakfast.4.The airplane (raised)(rose) into the air. 5. I'm not very good at chess. He always (wins)(beats) me.6. Did you (win)(beat) or lose?I asked.1. rose 2. lying 3. laid / before breakfast. 不能用 “l(fā)ay” 因?yàn)榈谌朔Q單數(shù)4. rose 5. beats 有對(duì)手 6. win 后面沒(méi)對(duì)手五Exercise：1.He smiled guiltily .He felt d .a. guilt n.內(nèi)疚感；罪 b. guiltily adv. 內(nèi)疚地c. guiltless a.無(wú)罪的；不熟悉的 d. guilty adj.犯罪的, 有罪的, 心虛的2. He was very embarrassed. He felt d .a. shy b. shameful c. hot d. uncomfortablefelt 是feel的過(guò)去式 ； 半聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞 : be動(dòng)詞注意以下三類詞 : 感官動(dòng)詞feel, smell(聞起來(lái) : The food smell well.), sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái) : The idea sound good.) get : 變得, become, lieFeel + adjshy adj. : 害羞的(習(xí)慣性的, 在某一種情況下就會(huì)作出的反應(yīng))shame n : 羞愧shameful : 令人羞愧的 : Its shameful.(注意它沒(méi)有 “-ing” 形式)Ashamed adj. : 感到羞愧的 : I am ashamed.hot熱的, 惱火的uncomfortable : 不舒服的, 不放松的comfortable: 一種自在, 輕松, 放松的概念ill 生病 : I feel ill. ；Terrible 糟透了, 不舒服3. He had to reward himself occasionally . He had to reward himself b .a. again and again 再三地，反復(fù)不止地b. now and again 不時(shí)地、偶而c. once again 再一次d. over and over again 一再地，再三地4. A completely new situation will a when the examination system comes into existence.a. arise  raiz vi.產(chǎn)生，出現(xiàn)；起源于;起身(床)b. rise  raiz vi.升起；起立(床)；上漲 n.上漲；升高c. raise  rez, reiz vt./ n.舉起；增加；籌集；引起；養(yǎng)育d. arouse rauz vt.引起，激起，喚起；喚醒六Review：1. Key structures：一般過(guò)去時(shí)：表過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或處于的狀態(tài)2. Main Points：reward sb for 為某事給某人報(bào)酬或獎(jiǎng)賞 ； go on a diet 節(jié)食forbid sb 禁止某人 ； forbid sb to do sth 禁止某人(做某事)it is forbidden to do sth 禁止做某事be embarrassed（by） 因?yàn)?感到難為情 pay sb a visit 拜訪某人 、順便訪問(wèn)某人be strict with sb 對(duì)某人嚴(yán)厲 ；be strict in sth 嚴(yán)于做某事so that 如此以致七補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容：諺語(yǔ)：1. Jump out of the frying-pan into the fire .剛出虎穴,又入狼窩 、跳出油鍋又落火坑,逃了小難義遭大難。2. Just one of those things . 這是不可避免的事。