第三章,詞語的翻譯,第一節(jié) 多義詞、歧義詞的英譯,一 多義詞(polysemous word) Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words.- Eric Partridge 詞本無義，義隨人生。 任何一個詞，用在新的上下文中就有了一個新義。要確定多義詞在特定語境中的涵義，一要緊密聯(lián)系上下文，二要注意這些詞語的搭配習慣。,（一）上下文(context) 所謂上下文，即詞、短語、語句和篇章的前后關系，有廣狹之分。狹義上下文指特定語言的前言后語。廣義上下文指外部經(jīng)驗世界。對上下文的推敲是詞語翻譯的重要方面，是詞義選擇，褒貶辨析的基礎。,1.上下文與詞義選擇 書 ？ 一本書 a book 申請書 Letter of Application 協(xié)議書 Agreement 家書 a letter from home (使用）說明書 Directions,成交確認書 Sales Confirmation 情書 a love letter 國書 credentials 議定書 protocol 證書 Certificate 書報亭 news-stand 書畫 painting and calligraphy 書房 study 書生 intellectual 參考書目 bibliography,意見= opinion, view, suggestion ? 1）兩位領導人就雙邊關系及共同關心的問題交換了意見。 The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern. 2）黨員應該虛心傾聽群眾的意見。 A party member should listen carefully to the opinions of the masses.,3）他們對這項計劃提出了修改意見。 They made some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4）大家對你很有意見。 People have a lot of complaints about you.,5）他們就推舉誰做下屆總統(tǒng)候選人取得了一致意見。 They have reached unanimity on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election. 6）他們在會上鬧起了意見。 They got into disputes at the meeting.,Opinion: “意見”、“主張”、“看法”，往往有“初步的”、“不十分肯定的”意味，區(qū)別于堅信不疑和確知無誤。 View: 相當于漢語的“見解”或“觀點”，側重對較廣泛、重大或有關公眾的問題所采取的態(tài)度。和opinion相比，view更為固定、全面、有系統(tǒng)。,2.上下文與詞義的褒貶 譯詞必須辨析詞的褒貶。 1）他們講索取，我們講奉獻。 They preach taking from others, whereas we advocate giving to others.,2）她追求的是真理，而他追求的是榮華富貴。 What she seeks is truth, and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.,3）宣傳部= propaganda department ? 宣傳：對群眾說明講解，使群眾相信并跟著行動。（ 現(xiàn)代漢語詞典 ） Propaganda: now often used disparagingly to connote deception or distortion ( Websters New World Dictionary) Propaganda: is usually false or exaggerated information, rumours and opinions that are presented to try to influence public opinion ( Chambers Essential English Dictionary, 1998 ) 宣傳部：publicity department,4）宣傳教育= Publicity and education 3.上下文與詞義的廣狹 漢英相比，漢語重整體思維，命名重統(tǒng)一，故多類名詞，而英語少類名詞。如英語有skin（人皮），bark（樹皮），hide（獸皮），cover（書皮），卻沒有與統(tǒng)稱“皮”對應的詞。漢語中，有時用類名詞表示類的一部分。英譯時，就需要根據(jù)上下文辨析詞義的廣狹。,1）出入下車。 No cycling at the gate. Cyclists please dismount. 2）兔死狐悲。 The fox mourns the death of the hare - like grieves for like.,（二）搭配 漢英表達習慣不同。翻譯時，應在準確把握上下文的基礎上，根據(jù)英語習慣進行詞語搭配。 1）我看出了他的心事。 I could read his mind. 2）他看出了她的破綻。 He spotted her weak point.,二 歧義詞(ambiguous word) 歧義詞指同時具有兩種或兩種以上解釋的詞，這些詞的實際意義與其字面意義不同，容易引起誤解或誤譯。 （一）古今含義不同的詞 有些詞古今含義不同，翻譯時應弄清楚其不同的歷史含義。,君不聞漢家山東二百周，千村萬落生荊杞。 -杜甫兵車行 Have you not heard- in Shantung there two hundred districts lie All overgrown with briar and weed and wasted utterly?,山東：古代指華山以東,In the eastern Huashan,（二）同形異義詞 古漢語中多單音節(jié)詞，這些單音節(jié)詞逐漸向雙音節(jié)詞發(fā)展。于是，與現(xiàn)代漢語相比較，古漢語的一些形同義不同的詞需要特別注意。 矜寡孤獨廢疾者皆有所養(yǎng)。 Widowers, widows, orphans, childless old people, the physically handicapped and the sick should all be properly taken care of.,地道表達,31.有名無實 a poor apology 她很有名氣，只不過是個有名無實的歌星。 She does have a big name, but shes only a poor apology for a good singer.,32.絞盡腦汁 to rack ones brain 33.沒骨氣 have no guts 34.真了不起 really something 35.曇花一現(xiàn) a flash in the pan,36.一竅不通 not know beans about 37. 寡不敵眾 be outnumbered 38.單槍匹馬 play a lone hand 39.吃得開 have a big drag with 你可以讓他幫幫你，他在那幫人那兒特別吃得開。 You may ask him to help . He has a big drag with those guys. 40.出師不利 get off on the wrong foot,Homework,1.他謝絕赴宴的邀請。 2.產品質量有待提高。 3.那位工程師在一次事故中受了重傷。 4.如果發(fā)生創(chuàng)傷，最重要的是預防感染。 5.如果病人無力支付，醫(yī)生會免收診費。,1.他謝絕赴宴的邀請。 誤譯：He refused an invitation to dinner. 正譯：He declined an invitation to dinner. 評析：refuse 與decline是同義詞，意為“拒絕”，但decline意為“婉言拒絕”，refuse意為“拒絕”。,2.產品質量有待提高。 誤譯：The quality of the products should be raised. 正譯： The quality of the products should be improved. 評析：漢語“提高質量”英語應說improve the quality of , 不能說raise the quality of ; 但可以說raise the price 提高價格，raise efficiency 提高效率，raise the rent 提高租金，raise ones voice 提高聲音等。,3.那位工程師在一次事故中受了重傷。 誤譯：The engineer got seriously wounded in an accident. 正譯：The engineer got seriously injured in an accident. 評析：wound 指在戰(zhàn)爭或戰(zhàn)斗中受了槍彈、刀創(chuàng)傷。injure 指在事故中受傷。上述二詞都比hurt （受傷）嚴重得多。,4.如果發(fā)生創(chuàng)傷，最重要的是預防感染。 誤譯：If an injury should happen, it is then very important to prevent infection. 正譯：If an injury should occur, it is then very important to prevent infection. 評析：injury（傷），pain（痛），disease（?。┑鹊陌l(fā)生常常用occur, develop或者result, 不用happen. happen 多指發(fā)生事故。,5.如果病人無力支付，醫(yī)生會免收診費。 誤譯：Doctors will not receive fares for services if patients are not able to pay. 正譯： Doctors will not receive fees for services if patients are not able to pay. 評析：fee多指學費、會費、診費、服務費、入場費等。 fare主要指車費、船費等。,The End .,