Unit,Security Council Reform: Mission Impossible?,8,Section B,The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights,The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its System (specialized agencies,funds and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better place,Due to its unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the Organization can take action on a wide range of issues and provide a forum for its 192 Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees.,Important words from glossary about 8B,dent v. 使.凹下 envoy n. 外交使節(jié)；特使 status quo n. 現(xiàn)狀 thuart v. 反對；阻礙 veto n. 否決權,adj. 認真的、熱心的、重要的 1、earnest n. 認真、定金、誠摯 in earnest 認真的，真摯的 2、council n. 委員會，會議，理事會 n. 對手，競爭者 3、rival vt. 與.競爭，比得上某人 vi. 競爭 adj. 競爭的 a rival plan 一個競爭的方案,New words,New words,4 、frustrate vt. 挫敗，阻撓，使感到灰心 vi. 失敗，受挫 adj. 挫敗的，無益的 過去式frustrated 過去分詞frustrated 現(xiàn)在分詞frustrated 5、pledge n. 保證，誓言，抵押 vt. 保證，許諾，用抵押 6、enlarge vi. 擴大，放大，詳述 vt. 擴大，使增大，擴展enlargement 放大的照片 7、spanner n. 扳手，測量，用手掌量的人,8、flaw n.瑕疵，裂紋，缺點 vt. 使無效，是破裂 vi.生裂縫，變得有缺陷 9、divergent adj. 相異的，分歧的，散開的 10 、regional adj. 地區(qū)的，局部的 11、rivalry n.競爭，對手 12、tragic adj.悲傷地（比較級 more tragic 最高級 most tragic）,Rival African Plan,Requirement,The United Nations Africa assigned two permanent seats will be absolute veto The number of nonpermanent new can be increased to six,The leading candidate,South Africa Nigeria Egypt,Thomas Steg,The two plan to match each other, because G-4 has insisted on the need to give effect Africa countries greater Here on this problem in complete agreement, and I am sure we will be able to resolve details, in the near future,Opposition,The group of four faced from the America strong Russia and Chinese will be more willing to expand,1. But a rival plan agreed on by African leaders at an African Union summit in Libya is likely to frustrate the G-4 bid(Para. 2) 譯文：但是,在利比亞舉行的非洲聯(lián)盟峰會上,非洲領導人通過的一項競爭性草案卻有可能令四國集團的提案受挫. Note：The original meaning of “bid” is offer of a price or statement of price for a piece of work. Here “bid” refers to the G-4 plan. 2. The plan also includes a pledge by the new permanent members not to use veto rights in the council. (Para. 3) 譯文：該方案還包括一個承諾，即新常任理事國在安理會中不得使用否決權。 Note：take this ring as a plege of our friendship. (信物) The government has pledged itself to send aid to the famine victims.(承諾),Language Points,3. However, the hopes of G-4 have been dented by the African Union.(Para. 6) Note: dent: frustrate 4. Throwing another spnner in the works for the G-4 is the plan put forward by Italy, Span ,Mexico and Pakistan. (Para. 11) Note: throwing another spnner in the works從中搗亂，阻撓別人的計劃。,5. .Mexico is lobbying against Brazil.(Para.15) Note: lobby v. (try to ) influence the members of a law-making body; get (bill) passed or rejected in this way. lobby a bill through the Senate 1)The anti-nuclear lobby is becoming stronger. 向議員進行游說的反核群眾聲勢漸強。 2)Lobby n. I waited for her in the lobby of the theatre yesterday. 昨天我在戲院的大廳里等她。,Questions & Answers,1. What is G-4 ? It refers to Group of Four countries, including Germany, Brazil, India and Japan. 2. How many new seats does the G-4 want? Ten. 3. Why has the African Union put forward a rival plan? It aims to give Africa a greater say in the UN Security Council. 4. What is the plan put forward by Italy, Spain, Mexico and Pakistan? They want to expand the council, but only with non-permanent seats. 5. Could German and Italy reach an agreement? No, Italy does not want Germany in a permanent chair.,Yet Another Pian,Throwing another spanner in the works for the G-4 is the plan put for ward by Italy Spain Mexico and Pakistan.,Members of the UN Security Council relationship,German and Italy,and,German Foreign Minister Joscher Fischer and Italian counterpart Gianfranco Fini couldnt come to an agreement on divergent.,The regional rivalries of the Security Council,against,Pakistan dosent want India to get a permanent seat.,and,Mexico lobby against Brazil.,against,Italy dosent want Germany in a permanent chair.,The status quo,The competing plans could mean the G-4 fails in its goal to expand the council.,It could be maintained and would be targic.,The Indain Foreigne Minister Natwar Singh admitted the status quo.,Exercises,G-4 planned to call for a debate. 2. African leaders will ask for two permanent and six non-permanent seats. 3. The two plans match each other. 4. The group faces strong opposition.,African leaders African Union summit 2. six two one 3. not to use veto rights in the council 4. dented a rival plan give Africa a greater say in the UN Security Council 5. South Africa Nigeria Egypt 6.Pakistan Brazil Italy,call 2. insist 3. agree 4. put 5. come to 6.Play 7.In 8.Status 9.advocate,