Chapter 11 health psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-Being,Yonghui Wang School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University 2009.2.16,2020/9/18,2,Chapter 11 health psychology: stress, coping, and well-being,Our goals To understand the causes and consequences of stress. To Identify the ways of coping. To describe main types of the defense mechanisms. To discuss the psychological and physiological effects of stress on people. To discuss how we can promote health rather than distress.,2020/9/18,3,Chapter 11 Outline,Stress and coping Psychological aspects of illness and well-being Promoting health and wellness,2020/9/18,4,Stress and coping,Stress（壓力） A physical mental response to a challenging of threatening situation. Stressor（壓力源） A stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaption. Life is full of circumstances and events known as stressor.,2020/9/18,5,The high cost of stress,Stress produce both biological and psychological consequences.,A rise in certain Hormones of adrenal gland，increase in heat rate and blood pressure,Decline in the bodys overall level of biological functioning,Psychophysiological disorders,2020/9/18,6,The general adaptation syndrome,The general adaptation syndrome (GAS), Hans Selye 一般適應(yīng)綜合征 A persons response to stress consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion First stage: alarm and mobilization Meeting and resisting stressor Second stage: resistance Coping with stress and resistance to stressor. Third stage: exhaustion Negative consequences, such as illness.,2020/9/18,7,Psychoneuroimmunology and Stress,Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) 心理神經(jīng)免疫學(xué),2020/9/18,8,Categorizing stressors,?,There are three general classes Of events: 1. Cataclysmic events（災(zāi)難性事件） 2. Personal stressors（個(gè)人壓力源 ） 3. Background stressors（日常壓力源 ）,What kinds of events tend to be Seen as stressful ?,2020/9/18,9,Categorizing stressors,Cataclysmic events（災(zāi)難性事件） Strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting many people at once (e.g., natural disasters) Such as tornados and plane crashes, as well as earthquake like Tangshan and Wenchuan in China, which can affect numerous people simultaneously.,2020/9/18,10,Categorizing stressors,Personal stressors（個(gè)人壓力源 ） Major life events, such as the death of a family member, that have immediate negative consequences which generally fade with time. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙 A phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors reexperience the original stress event and associated feelings in vivid flashbacks or dreams.,2020/9/18,11,Categorizing stressors,Background stressors（日常壓力源 ） Everyday annoyances, such as being stuck in traffic, that cause minor irritations that may have long-term ill effects if they continue or are compounded by other stressful events,2020/9/18,12,Categorizing stressors,2020/9/18,13,Coping with stress,Coping（應(yīng)對(duì)）: Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. One means of dealing with stress that occurs on an unconscious level is the use of defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms: Unconscious strategies people use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others.,2020/9/18,14,Coping with stress,Defense mechanisms Denial（否認(rèn)） Repression（壓抑） Projection（投射） Displacement （置換） Regression（退行） Reaction Formation （反向形成） Rationalization（合理化） Sublimation（升華）,Avoidant coping Social support Coping strategies: Emotion-focused coping Problem-focused coping,One of the least effective forms of coping. In avoidant coping, a person may use wishful thinking to reduce stress or use more direct escape routes, such as drug use, alcohol use, and overeating.,2020/9/18,15,Coping styles,Hardiness（耐力） A personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness, consisting of three components: commitment, challenge, and control Three components of hardiness: Commitment（承諾、承擔(dān)義務(wù)） Challenge（挑戰(zhàn)） Control （控制）,2020/9/18,16,Defense Mechanisms Quiz,Mary has an argument with her boss, but remains calm while at work. When she gets home that evening, she yells at her spouse and children. Which defense mechanism is Mary displaying? a) Rationalization b) Denial c) Reaction Formation d) Displacement,2020/9/18,17,Defense Mechanisms Quiz,Jessica dislikes public speaking. She stops going to school, changes jobs, and declines most social engagements to ensure that she does not have to speak in public. Jessicas behavior is an example of which defense mechanism? a) Denial b) Avoidance c) Sublimation d) Reaction Formation,2020/9/18,18,Defense Mechanisms Quiz,Jess often experiences intense feelings of anger and frustration. In order to cope with these feeling, he enrolls in a kickboxing class as an outlet for his emotions. Jesss actions are an example of which type of defense mechanism? a) Projection b) Repression c) Regression d) Sublimation,2020/9/18,19,Illness and well-being,The As and Bs of coronary heart disease Type A behavior Competitiveness, impatience, tendency toward frustration, and hostility Lead fast-paced, driven lives. Type A behavior pattern link to coronary heart disease Type B behavior Cooperation, patience, noncompetitiveness, and nonaggression Type B - relaxed.,2020/9/18,20,Promoting health and wellness,Following medical advice Uncompliance sometimes result from reactance Failure to communicate Well-being and happiness subjective well-being Does money buy happiness? What makes for a good life?,Peoples own evaluation of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions.,