3093 連接座零件的注射模設(shè)計,連接,零件,注射,設(shè)計 南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書系 部 ： 機(jī)械工程系專 業(yè) ： 機(jī)械工程及自動化學(xué) 生 姓 名： 張一飛學(xué) 號：05010147設(shè)計 (論文 )題目 ： 連接座零件的注射模設(shè)計起 迄 日 期 : 2009 年 3 月 09 日 ~ 6 月 14 日設(shè)計 (論文 )地點(diǎn) : 南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院指 導(dǎo) 教 師 : 李連波 張 躍專 業(yè) 負(fù) 責(zé) 人 : 龔光容發(fā)任務(wù)書日期: 2009 年 2 月 26 日任務(wù)書填寫要求1．畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫，經(jīng)學(xué)生所在專業(yè)的負(fù)責(zé)人審查、系部領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書應(yīng)在第七學(xué)期結(jié)束前填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生；2．任務(wù)書內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式（可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁上下載）打印，不得隨便涂改或潦草書寫，禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼；3．任務(wù)書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容，必須和學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）完成的情況相一致，若有變更，應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過所在專業(yè)及系部主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審批后方可重新填寫；4．任務(wù)書內(nèi)有關(guān)“系部” 、 “專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫，應(yīng)寫中文全稱，不能寫數(shù)字代碼。學(xué)生的“學(xué)號”要寫全號；5．任務(wù)書內(nèi)“主要參考文獻(xiàn)”的填寫，應(yīng)按照國標(biāo) GB 7714—2005《文后參考文獻(xiàn)著錄規(guī)則》的要求書寫，不能有隨意性；6．有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo) GB/T 7408—2005《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時間表示法》規(guī)定的要求，一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2008 年 3 月 15 日”或“2008-03-15”。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）任 務(wù) 書1．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的：塑料件在各行業(yè)及日常生活廣泛使用，塑料模具的設(shè)計制造的社會需求也日益增長，而且要求越來越高。通過對外接座零件注射模設(shè)計，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生檢索資料，綜合應(yīng)用所學(xué)知識，并根據(jù)工程實(shí)際的要求解決工程實(shí)際問題的方法與能力，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生模具設(shè)計制造的基本技能和模具 CAD 設(shè)計能力，提高獨(dú)立工作的能力，適應(yīng)社會需求。2．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等）：本課題的任務(wù)內(nèi)容是要求設(shè)計外接座零件的注射模設(shè)計，以此為基礎(chǔ)，完成模具制造的工藝設(shè)計。課題工作量較大，難度適中。具體內(nèi)容包括：（1）調(diào)查研究、查閱及翻譯文獻(xiàn)資料，撰寫開題報告；（2）根據(jù)模具結(jié)構(gòu)要求進(jìn)行塑件設(shè)計；（3）模具總體方案論證（至少設(shè)計 3 個方案） ；（4）模具裝配圖及全部零件圖；（5）模具制造工藝；（6）文檔整理、撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書及使用說明書。對模具的要求：（1）一模兩件（2）動力——利用開模動作畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）任 務(wù) 書3．對本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題成果的要求〔包括畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文、圖表、實(shí)物樣品等〕：（1）開題報告、文獻(xiàn)綜述、資料翻譯；（2）模具總體方案圖（至少 3 個） ；（3）模具裝配圖及全部零件圖；（4）模具制造工藝文件；（5）畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書。 4．主要參考文獻(xiàn)：[1] 成都科技大學(xué)等.塑料成型模具[M]. 北京：中國輕工業(yè)出版社，1982. [2] [西德]H.蓋斯特羅編著,王文展譯.注射模設(shè)計 102 例[M]. 北京：國防工業(yè)出版社，1990.[3] [日]葉屋臣一等,許鶴峰等譯.注射模具設(shè)計和應(yīng)用[M]. 北京：輕工業(yè)出版社，1989.[4] 成都科技大學(xué).塑料成型工藝學(xué)[M]. 北京：輕工業(yè)出版社，1989.[5] 《塑料模具設(shè)計手冊 》編寫組. 塑料模具設(shè)計手冊 [S]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1982.[6]《機(jī)械設(shè)計手冊》聯(lián)合編寫組. 機(jī)械設(shè)計手冊[S]. 第 2 版，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1987.[7]胡石玉.模具制造技術(shù)[M].南京：東南大學(xué)出版社，1997.[8]駱志斌.模具工手冊[M].南京：江蘇科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，2000.畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）任 務(wù) 書5．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題工作進(jìn)度計劃：起 迄 日 期 工 作 內(nèi) 容2009 年3 月 09 日 ～ 3 月 30 日3 月 31 日 ～ 4 月 07 日4 月 08 日 ～ 4 月 15 日4 月 16 日 ～ 4 月 23 日4 月 24 日 ～ 5 月 15 日5 月 16 日 ～ 5 月 23 日5 月 24 日 ～ 6 月 07 日6 月 07 日 ～ 6 月 10 日6 月 11 日 ～ 6 月 14 日接受畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)，熟悉畢業(yè)設(shè)計要求。查閱資料，完成外文資料翻譯工作撰寫開題報告及文獻(xiàn)綜述按照模具結(jié)構(gòu)要求進(jìn)行塑件設(shè)計，進(jìn)行模具初步方案考慮。模具總體方案論證：畫出模具總體方案圖（至少 3 個） ，優(yōu)選一種（應(yīng)有文字說明） 。同時熟悉 CAD 軟件。模具裝配圖和全部零件圖制定模具制造工藝文件文檔整理、撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書。提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計成果準(zhǔn)備論文答辯所在專業(yè)審查意見：負(fù)責(zé)人： 年 月 日學(xué)院（系）意見：院（系）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)： 年 月 日外文翻譯新工具使新機(jī)器設(shè)計最優(yōu)當(dāng)加工鋁時，我們主要關(guān)心的是：鋁粘住加工切削邊緣的傾向；保證有好的碎片排屑形成切削邊緣；和保證工具有足夠的中心強(qiáng)度來承受切削力而不被破壞。技術(shù)發(fā)展，比如：Makino MAG 系列，已經(jīng)使工具商重新考慮任何工藝水平的機(jī)器技術(shù)。用正確的加工和編程思路是很重要的。材料，涂料和幾何形狀是與減小我們所關(guān)注問題相關(guān)系的工具設(shè)計的三個因素。如果這些因素不能一起很好的配合，成功的調(diào)整磨削是不可能的。為了成功進(jìn)行高速鋁加工，理解這三個因素是很必要的。使組合邊緣最小化當(dāng)加工鋁時，一個失敗的切削工具模式是，被加工的材料粘住工具切削邊緣。這種情況會很快削弱工具的切削能力。由粘著的鋁形成的組合邊緣會導(dǎo)致工具變鈍，以至不能切削材料。工具材料選擇和工具涂料選擇是被工具設(shè)計者用來減小組合邊緣出現(xiàn)的主要工藝。亞微米微粒碳化物材料要求很高的鈷濃度來獲得良好的微粒結(jié)構(gòu)和材料強(qiáng)度屬性。隨著溫度的升高，鈷與鋁發(fā)生反應(yīng)，鈷使鋁與暴露的工具材料碳化物相粘合。一旦鋁開始粘住工具，鋁會在快速的在工具上形成組合邊緣，使工具不可用。在切削的進(jìn)程中，減小鋁粘合著的工具的暴露碳化物的秘訣就是找到正確的碳化物的平衡來提供足夠的材料強(qiáng)度。在加工鋁時，為了減小粘附，使用能提供足夠硬度的紋理粗糙的碳化物來獲得平衡，來使變鈍變慢。工具涂料當(dāng)嘗試減小組合邊緣時，第二個應(yīng)該考慮的工具設(shè)計因素是工具涂料。工具涂料的選擇包括：TiN, TiAIN, AITiN，鉻氮化物，鋯氮化物，鉆石和鉆石般的涂料（DLC） 。擁有這么多的選擇，航空航天磨削商店需要知道在鋁的高速加工應(yīng)用中哪一種工作最有效。TiN, TiCN, TiAIN, 和 AITiN 工具的 PVD 涂裝應(yīng)用進(jìn)程使這些選項不合適鋁的應(yīng)用。PVD 涂裝進(jìn)程建立了兩個使鋁粘住工具的模式---表面的粗糙程度和鋁與工具涂料之間的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。PVD 進(jìn)程形成了一個表面，這表面是比底層材料更粗糙的。由這個進(jìn)程形成的表面“凹凸”使工具中的鋁在凹處快速集結(jié)。由于涂料有金屬晶體和鐵晶體特征，PVD 涂料是可以和鋁發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的。一種 TiAIN 涂料通常是包含鋁的，這鋁很容易和相同材料的切削表面粘合。表面粗糙度和化學(xué)反應(yīng)特性將會導(dǎo)致工具和工作片體粘在一起，以致形成組合表面。OSG Tap and Die 主導(dǎo)的試驗中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)在高速加工鋁時，一個沒有涂染過紋理粗糙的碳化物的工具的表面優(yōu)于用 TiN, Ticn, TiAIN, 或者 ALTiN涂染過的工具。這個試驗不意味著所有工具涂料將減小工具的表現(xiàn)。鉆石和DLC 涂料可生成一個非常光滑的化學(xué)惰性的表面。在切削鋁材料時，這些涂料很認(rèn)為是能非常有效的提高工具的壽命。鉆石涂料被認(rèn)為是表現(xiàn)最佳的涂料，但這種涂料要一個很可觀的成本。對于表現(xiàn)價值，DLC 涂料提供最佳成本，增加大約 20%-25%的總工具成本，而壽命相對于未涂染過紋理粗糙的碳化物的工具來是，是增長得很明顯的。幾何形狀高速鋁加工工具設(shè)計的拇指定律就是使微粒排屑空間最大化。這是因為鋁是一種非常柔軟的材料。Federate 通常是可以增長的，它生成更多更大的微粒。Makino MAG-Series 航空航天磨削機(jī)器，比如 MAG4,要求額外關(guān)注工具幾何休和工具強(qiáng)度。擁有強(qiáng)大的 80-hp 的心軸的 MAG-Series 機(jī)器將折斷工具如果他們不是用足夠的中心強(qiáng)度設(shè)計的。總的來說，鋒利的切削邊緣一直都可以用來避免鋁的延伸。一個鋒利的切削邊緣將形成高剪切和高表面清潔，形成一個更好的表面和使表面振動最小化。結(jié)果是用優(yōu)良的紋理碳化物材料比紋理粗糙的碳化物材料更有可能獲得一個鋒利的切削邊緣。但由于鋁能粘住紋理好的材料，長久保持這各邊緣是不太可能的。粗略的折衷方案紋理粗糙的材料是最好的折衷。那是一種很強(qiáng)大的材料，它能擁有一個可觀的切削邊緣。試驗結(jié)果表明；在獲得長的工具壽命的同時擁有好的表面的可以的。通過工具來進(jìn)行油霧冷卻是可以改進(jìn)切削邊緣的保持的。霧化逐漸使工具冷卻，消除溫度急增的問題。螺旋角度是一個額外的工具幾何考慮因素。傳統(tǒng)上來說，當(dāng)加工鋁時，帶有高螺旋角度的工具已經(jīng)被運(yùn)用。高螺旋角度可以使微粒更快地從部分脫離，但卻增加力和熱，這是由切削運(yùn)動導(dǎo)致的。一個高螺旋角被用在工具上，并且很大數(shù)量的凹槽可以使微粒排泄。當(dāng)以非常高的速度加工鋁時，由增加的力形成的熱量可能會引起微粒與工具焊接在一起。此外，一個有很高螺旋角的切削表面將比低角度的更快產(chǎn)生微粒。僅僅利用兩個凹槽工具設(shè)計使低螺旋角和足夠微粒排泄區(qū)域成為可能。由OSG 主導(dǎo)的延伸性試驗中，當(dāng)發(fā)展新工具流水線時，這被證明是最成功的方法。New tools maximize new machine designsThe primary tooling concerns when machining aluminum are: minimizing the tendency of aluminum to stick to the tool cutting edges; ensuring there is good chip evacuation form the cutting edge; and ensuring the core strength of the tools is sufficient to withstand the cutting forces without breaking.Technological developments such as the Makino MAG-Series machines have made tooling vendors rethink the any state-of-the-art machine technology. It is vital to apply the right tooling and programming concepts.Materials coatings and geometry are the three elements in tool design that interrelate to minimize these concerns. If these three elements do not work together, successful high-speed milling is not possible. It is imperative to understand all three of these elements in order to be successful in the high-speed machining of aluminum.Minimize Built-Up EdgeWhen machining aluminum, one of the major failure modes of cutting tools the material being machined adheres to the tool cutting edge. This condition rapidly degrades the cutting ability of the tool. The built-up edge that is generated by the adhering aluminum dulls the tool so it can no longer cut through the material. Tool material selection and tool coating selection are the two primary techniques used by tool designers to reduce occurrence of the built-up edge.The sub-micron grain carbide material requires a high cobalt concentration to achieve the fine grain structure and the material’s strength properties. Cobalt reacts with aluminum at elevated temperatures, which causes the aluminum to chemically bond to the exposed cobalt of the tool material. Once the aluminum starts to adhere to the tool, it quickly forms a built-up edge on the tool rendering it ineffective.The secret is to find the right balance of cobalt to provide adequate material strength, while minimizing the exposed cobalt in the tools for aluminum adherence during the cutting process. This balance is achieved using coarse-grained carbide that provides a tool of sufficient hardness so as to not dull quickly when machining aluminum while minimizing adherence.Tool coatingsThe second tool design element that must be considered when trying to minimize the built-up edge is the tool coating. Tool coating choices include TiN, TiAIN, AITiN, chrome nitrides, zirconium nitrides, diamond, and diamond-like coatings(DLC). With so many choices, aerospace milling shops need to know which one works best in an aluminum high-speed machining application.The Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coating application process on TiN, TiCN, TiAIN, and AITiN tools makes them unsuitable for an aluminum application. The PVD coating process creates two modes for aluminum to bond to the tools――the surface roughness and the chemical reactivity between the aluminum and the tool coating.The PVD process results in surface that is rougher that the substrate material to which it is applied. The surface”peaks and valleys” created by this process causes aluminum to rapidly collect in the valleys on the tool. In addition, the PVD coating is chemically reactive to the aluminum due to its metallic crystal and ionic crystal features. A TiAIN coating actually contains aluminum, which easily bonds with a cutting surface of the same material. The surface roughness and chemical reactivity attributes will cause the tool and work piece to stick together, thus creating the built-up edge.In testing performed by OSG Tap and Die, it was discovered that when machining aluminum at very high speeds, the performance of an uncoated coarse-grained carbide tool was superior to that of one coated with TiN, Ticn, TiAIN, or ALTiN. This testing does not mean that all tool coatings will reduce the tool performance. The diamond and DLC coatings result in a very smooth chemically inert surface. These coatings have been found to significantly improve tool life when cutting aluminum materials.The diamond coatings were found to be the best performing coatings, but there is a considerable cost related to this type of coating. The DLC coatings provide the best cost for performance value, adding about 20%-25%to the total tool cost. But, this coating extends the tool life significantly as compared to an uncoated coarse-grained carbide tool.GeometryThe rule of thumb for high-speed aluminum machining tooling designs is to maximize space for chip evacuation. This is because aluminum is a very soft material, and the federate is usually increased which creates more and bigger chips.The Makino MAG-Series aerospace milling machines, such as the MAG4, require an additional consideration for tool geometry-tool strength. The MAG-Series machines with their powerful 80-hp spindles will snap the tools if they are not designed with sufficient core strength.In general, sharp cutting edges should always be used to avoid aluminum elongation. A sharp cutting edge will create high shearing and also high surface clearance, creating a better surface finish and finish and minimizing chatter or surface vibration. The issue is that it is possible to achieve a sharper cutting edge with the fine-grained carbide material than the coarse grained material. But due to aluminum adherence to the fine-grained material, it is not possible to maintain that edge for very long.Coarse compromiseThe coarse grained material appears to be the best compromise. It is a strong material that can have a reasonable cutting edge. Test results show it is able to achieve a very long tool life with good surface finish. The maintenance of the cutting edge is improved using an oil mist coolant through the tool. Misting gradually cools down the tools, eliminating thermal shock problems.The helix angle is an additional tool geometry consideration. Traditionally when machining aluminum a fool with a high helix angle has been used. A high helix angle lifts the chip away from the part more quickly, but increases the friction and heat generated as result of the cutting action. A high helix angle is typically used on a tool with a higher number of flutes to quickly evacuate the chip from the part.When machining aluminum at very high speeds the heat created by the increased friction may cause the chips to weld to the tool. In addition, a cutting surface with a high helix angle will chip more rapidly that a tool with a low helix angle. A tool design that utilizes only two flutes enables both a low helix angle and sufficient chip evacuation area. This is the approach that has proven to be the most successful in extensive testing performed by OSG when developing the new tooling line, the MAX AL. 南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯系　　部： 機(jī)械工程系 專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計及其自動化 姓 名： 張一飛 學(xué) 號： 05010147 外文出處： Int J Manuf Techool 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 指導(dǎo)教師評語：譯文基本符合翻譯原文,個別詞匯不符合語境。語句較為通順，條理比較清楚，專業(yè)用語翻譯基本恰當(dāng)，符合中文語法，整體翻譯質(zhì)量一般。簽名： 年 月 日附件 1：外文資料翻譯譯文新工具使新機(jī)器設(shè)計最優(yōu)當(dāng)加工鋁時，我們主要關(guān)心的是：鋁粘住加工切削邊緣的傾向；保證有好的碎片排屑形成切削邊緣；和保證工具有足夠的中心強(qiáng)度來承受切削力而不被破壞。技術(shù)發(fā)展，比如：Makino MAG 系列，已經(jīng)使工具商重新考慮任何工藝水平的機(jī)器技術(shù)。用正確的加工和編程思路是很重要的。材料，涂料和幾何形狀是與減小我們所關(guān)注問題相關(guān)系的工具設(shè)計的三個因素。如果這些因素不能一起很好的配合，成功的調(diào)整磨削是不可能的。為了成功進(jìn)行高速鋁加工，理解這三個因素是很必要的。使組合邊緣最小化當(dāng)加工鋁時，一個失敗的切削工具模式是，被加工的材料粘住工具切削邊緣。這種情況會很快削弱工具的切削能力。由粘著的鋁形成的組合邊緣會導(dǎo)致工具變鈍，以至不能切削材料。工具材料選擇和工具涂料選擇是被工具設(shè)計者用來減小組合邊緣出現(xiàn)的主要工藝。亞微米微粒碳化物材料要求很高的鈷濃度來獲得良好的微粒結(jié)構(gòu)和材料強(qiáng)度屬性。隨著溫度的升高，鈷與鋁發(fā)生反應(yīng)，鈷使鋁與暴露的工具材料碳化物相粘合。一旦鋁開始粘住工具，鋁會在快速的在工具上形成組合邊緣，使工具不可用。在切削的進(jìn)程中，減小鋁粘合著的工具的暴露碳化物的秘訣就是找到正確的碳化物的平衡來提供足夠的材料強(qiáng)度。在加工鋁時，為了減小粘附，使用能提供足夠硬度的紋理粗糙的碳化物來獲得平衡，來使變鈍變慢。工具涂料當(dāng)嘗試減小組合邊緣時，第二個應(yīng)該考慮的工具設(shè)計因素是工具涂料。工具涂料的選擇包括：TiN, TiAIN, AITiN，鉻氮化物，鋯氮化物，鉆石和鉆石般的涂料（DLC） 。擁有這么多的選擇，航空航天磨削商店需要知道在鋁的高速加工應(yīng)用中哪一種工作最有效。TiN, TiCN, TiAIN, 和 AITiN 工具的 PVD 涂裝應(yīng)用進(jìn)程使這些選項不合適鋁的應(yīng)用。PVD 涂裝進(jìn)程建立了兩個使鋁粘住工具的模式---表面的粗糙程度和鋁與工具涂料之間的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。PVD 進(jìn)程形成了一個表面，這表面是比底層材料更粗糙的。由這個進(jìn)程形成的表面“凹凸”使工具中的鋁在凹處快速集結(jié)。由于涂料有金屬晶體和鐵晶體特征，PVD 涂料是可以和鋁發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的。一種 TiAIN 涂料通常是包含鋁的，這鋁很容易和相同材料的切削表面粘合。表面粗糙度和化學(xué)反應(yīng)特性將會導(dǎo)致工具和工作片體粘在一起，以致形成組合表面。OSG Tap and Die 主導(dǎo)的試驗中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)在高速加工鋁時，一個沒有涂染過紋理粗糙的碳化物的工具的表面優(yōu)于用 TiN, Ticn, TiAIN, 或者 ALTiN 涂染過的工具。這個試驗不意味著所有工具涂料將減小工具的表現(xiàn)。鉆石和 DLC 涂料可生成一個非常光滑的化學(xué)惰性的表面。在切削鋁材料時，這些涂料很認(rèn)為是能非常有效的提高工具的壽命。鉆石涂料被認(rèn)為是表現(xiàn)最佳的涂料，但這種涂料要一個很可觀的成本。對于表現(xiàn)價值，DLC 涂料提供最佳成本，增加大約 20%-25%的總工具成本，而壽命相對于未涂染過紋理粗糙的碳化物的工具來是，是增長得很明顯的。幾何形狀高速鋁加工工具設(shè)計的拇指定律就是使微粒排屑空間最大化。這是因為鋁是一種非常柔軟的材料。Federate 通常是可以增長的，它生成更多更大的微粒。Makino MAG-Series 航空航天磨削機(jī)器，比如 MAG4,要求額外關(guān)注工具幾何休和工具強(qiáng)度。擁有強(qiáng)大的 80-hp 的心軸的 MAG-Series 機(jī)器將折斷工具如果他們不是用足夠的中心強(qiáng)度設(shè)計的?？偟膩碚f，鋒利的切削邊緣一直都可以用來避免鋁的延伸。一個鋒利的切削邊緣將形成高剪切和高表面清潔，形成一個更好的表面和使表面振動最小化。結(jié)果是用優(yōu)良的紋理碳化物材料比紋理粗糙的碳化物材料更有可能獲得一個鋒利的切削邊緣。但由于鋁能粘住紋理好的材料，長久保持這各邊緣是不太可能的。粗略的折衷方案 紋理粗糙的材料是最好的折衷。那是一種很強(qiáng)大的材料，它能擁有一個可觀的切削邊緣。試驗結(jié)果表明；在獲得長的工具壽命的同時擁有好的表面的可以的。通過工具來進(jìn)行油霧冷卻是可以改進(jìn)切削邊緣的保持的。霧化逐漸使工具冷卻，消除溫度急增的問題。螺旋角度是一個額外的工具幾何考慮因素。傳統(tǒng)上來說，當(dāng)加工鋁時，帶有高螺旋角度的工具已經(jīng)被運(yùn)用。高螺旋角度可以使微粒更快地從部分脫離，但卻增加力和熱，這是由切削運(yùn)動導(dǎo)致的。一個高螺旋角被用在工具上，并且很大數(shù)量的凹槽可以使微粒排泄。當(dāng)以非常高的速度加工鋁時，由增加的力形成的熱量可能會引起微粒與工具焊接在一起。此外，一個有很高螺旋角的切削表面將比低角度的更快產(chǎn)生微粒。僅僅利用兩個凹槽工具設(shè)計使低螺旋角和足夠微粒排泄區(qū)域成為可能。由 OSG 主導(dǎo)的延伸性試驗中，當(dāng)發(fā)展新工具流水線時，這被證明是最成功的方法。New tools maximize new machine designsThe primary tooling concerns when machining aluminum are: minimizing the tendency of aluminum to stick to the tool cutting edges; ensuring there is good chip evacuation form the cutting edge; and ensuring the core strength of the tools is sufficient to withstand the cutting forces without breaking.Technological developments such as the Makino MAG-Series machines have made tooling vendors rethink the any state-of-the-art machine technology. It is vital to apply the right tooling and programming concepts.Materials coatings and geometry are the three elements in tool design that interrelate to minimize these concerns. If these three elements do not work together, successful high-speed milling is not possible. It is imperative to understand all three of these elements in order to be successful in the high-speed machining of aluminum.Minimize Built-Up EdgeWhen machining aluminum, one of the major failure modes of cutting tools the material being machined adheres to the tool cutting edge. This condition rapidly degrades the cutting ability of the tool. The built-up edge that is generated by the adhering aluminum dulls the tool so it can no longer cut through the material. Tool material selection and tool coating selection are the two primary techniques used by tool designers to reduce occurrence of the built-up edge.The sub-micron grain carbide material requires a high cobalt concentration to achieve the fine grain structure and the material’s strength properties. Cobalt reacts with aluminum at elevated temperatures, which causes the aluminum to chemically bond to the exposed cobalt of the tool material. Once the aluminum starts to adhere to the tool, it quickly forms a built-up edge on the tool rendering it ineffective.The secret is to find the right balance of cobalt to provide adequate material strength, while minimizing the exposed cobalt in the tools for aluminum adherence during the cutting process. This balance is achieved using coarse-grained carbide that provides a tool of sufficient hardness so as to not dull quickly when machining aluminum while minimizing adherence.Tool coatingsThe second tool design element that must be considered when trying to minimize the built-up edge is the tool coating. Tool coating choices include TiN, TiAIN, AITiN, chrome nitrides, zirconium nitrides, diamond, and diamond-like coatings(DLC). With so many choices, aerospace milling shops need to know which one works best in an aluminum high-speed machining application.The Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coating application process on TiN, TiCN, TiAIN, and AITiN tools makes them unsuitable for an aluminum application. The PVD coating process creates two modes for aluminum to bond to the tools――the surface roughness and the chemical reactivity between the aluminum and the tool coating.The PVD process results in surface that is rougher that the substrate material to which it is applied. The surface”peaks and valleys” created by this process causes aluminum to rapidly collect in the valleys on the tool. In addition, the PVD coating is chemically reactive to the aluminum due to its metallic crystal and ionic crystal features. A TiAIN coating actually contains aluminum, which easily bonds with a cutting surface of the same material. The surface roughness and chemical reactivity attributes will cause the tool and work piece to stick together, thus creating the built-up edge.In testing performed by OSG Tap and Die, it was discovered that when machining aluminum at very high speeds, the performance of an uncoated coarse-grained carbide tool was superior to that of one coated with TiN, Ticn, TiAIN, or ALTiN. This testing does not mean that all tool coatings will reduce the tool performance. The diamond and DLC coatings result in a very smooth chemically inert surface. These coatings have been found to significantly improve tool life when cutting aluminum materials.The diamond coatings were found to be the best performing coatings, but there is a considerable cost related to this type of coating. The DLC coatings provide the best cost for performance value, adding about 20%-25%to the total tool cost. But, this coating extends the tool life significantly as compared to an uncoated coarse-grained carbide tool.GeometryThe rule of thumb for high-speed aluminum machining tooling designs is to maximize space for chip evacuation. This is because aluminum is a very soft material, and the federate is usually increased which creates more and bigger chips.The Makino MAG-Series aerospace milling machines, such as the MAG4, require an additional consideration for tool geometry-tool strength. The MAG-Series machines with their powerful 80-hp spindles will snap the tools if they are not designed with sufficient core strength.In general, sharp cutting edges should always be used to avoid aluminum elongation. A sharp cutting edge will create high shearing and also high surface clearance, creating a better surface finish and finish and minimizing chatter or surface vibration. The issue is that it is possible to achieve a sharper cutting edge with the fine-grained carbide material than the coarse grained material. But due to aluminum adherence to the fine-grained material, it is not possible to maintain that edge for very long.Coarse compromiseThe coarse grained material appears to be the best compromise. It is a strong material that can have a reasonable cutting edge. Test results show it is able to achieve a very long tool life with good surface finish. The maintenance of the cutting edge is improved using an oil mist coolant through the tool. Misting gradually cools down the tools, eliminating thermal shock problems.The helix angle is an additional tool geometry consideration. Traditionally when machining aluminum a fool with a high helix angle has been used. A high helix angle lifts the chip away from the part more quickly, but increases the friction and heat generated as result of the cutting action. A high helix angle is typically used on a tool with a higher number of flutes to quickly evacuate the chip from the part.When machining aluminum at very high speeds the heat created by the increased friction may cause the chips to weld to the tool. In addition, a cutting surface with a high helix angle will chip more rapidly that a tool with a low helix angle. A tool design that utilizes only two flutes enables both a low helix angle and sufficient chip evacuation area. This is the approach that has proven to be the most successful in extensive testing performed by OSG when developing the new tooling line, the MAX AL.