煙臺人文英譯 (一 )：基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練 教材 : 李玉陳 . 英語專業(yè)研究生句法與翻譯基礎(chǔ) (Fundamentals of Syntax and Translation for Chinese EFL Graduate Students). 山東大學(xué)出版社， 2014. / 講義 參考書 : 王宏印 . 文學(xué)翻譯批評概論 . 中國人民大學(xué)出版社， 2009） 魯東大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 MTI課程 Translating Yantai 1. Aims of the course To help you to attain adequate familiarity with important similarities and dissimilarities in syntax between E and C; The present part of the course is designed: To clarify to you the definitions, the concepts, and the working system of English syntax; To develop your ability to make syntactic analysis and also the initial competence to do syntactic research; To enhance your ability to apply what you have learned to solving syntactic problems you shall meet in translation practices. 2. Coverage: IV. APPLYING English Syntax (to Translating) III. ASSIMILATING English Syntax II. ACQUIRING English Syntax I. APPROACHING English Syntax 3. Pedagogic considerations (1) Approaches: theoretical vs. practical / pedagogical (2) Objectives: accurate acquisition of facts, adequate assimilation of facts and rules, and appropriate application of rules to practice, esp. translating between E and C. (3) Methods: rule-centered and practice-orientated 4. Academic requirements B. Advanced: (4) Wide-ranging encyclopedic knowledge 各類知識廣博 (5) Many-sided professional abilities 業(yè)務(wù)能力多面 (6) Task-adapted flexible methodology 應(yīng)對方法靈活 A. Basic: (1) Clear-cut conceptual understanding 基本概念清楚 (2) Rule-governed linguistic performance 語言行為規(guī)范 (3) Well-acquired productive proficiency 務(wù)實技能熟練 C. Ultimate: (7) In-depth overall mastery of the subject 專業(yè)融會貫通 (8) Self-developed originality of thought 個人見解獨到 Part I Approaching English Syntax Lecture One Some Basic Concepts of English Syntax Contents: I. Syntax and syntactic units: Concepts 1. Syntax 2. Syntactic units defined 3. More facts about the syntactic units II. The sentence: An overview for basic concepts 1. Sentence elements 2. Basic sentence structures 3. Sentence patterns 4. Sentence types III. Syntactic units redefined For your assignment 1.1 Syntax 1) Etymology : Origin of the word syntax English syntax French syntaxe Late Latin syntaxis Greek suntaxis Greek suntassein (to join, put together, put in order) Greek syn- (together) + tassein (to arrange) I. Syntax and syntactic units 2) Meaning of the word “syntax” B. Modern: Facts about, and rules for, ordering and connecting words to form phrases, clauses, or sentences A. Original (1) Orderly or systematic arrangement of parts or elements (2) Connected order or system of things (3) Orderly arrangement or system 3) Syntax as a subject: Branch of linguistics dealing with grammatical arrangement of words in sentences of A. Languages in general, i.e. universal syntax B. A given language (1) The totality of facts about the arrangement of words, i.e. description; (2) A systematic statement of the rules governing the grammatical arrangement of words, i.e. prescription 4) English syntax: Branch of English grammar dealing with the construction and function of phrases, clauses, and sentences, and covering these four main areas: Sentence elements, structures; patterns; styles 1.2 Syntactic units: A preliminary classification and clarification 1) Sentence: Normally a group of words containing a subject and finite verb, which expresses a thought or message in form of a statement, question, command / request, or exclamation; A sentence in writing begins with a capital letter and ends with any of the marks .!?; in speaking, it begins following a silence and ends with any of various final pitches followed by a terminal juncture, a fall, or rise, or fall-rise. 2) Clause: A group of words always containing a subject and finite verb, usually forming part of a compound or complex sentence; a dependent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction, or relative pronoun or adverb, functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb; a non-dependent clause is a sentence on its own. 3) Phrase: A sequence of two or more words not containing a subject and finite verb, and used as a single word conveying a single thought and forming a distinct element of a sentence. 4) Word: The smallest syntactic unit; a function word has abstract meaning and serves to connect notional words to form a phrase, clause, or sentence; a notional word has concrete meaning used alone or in combination with another word or other words as a sentence element. II. The Sentence: An Overview 2.1 Sentence elements 1) SPOCAd vs. SVOCA. 2) The subject and predicate can be regarded as the major sentence elements, and the object, complement, and adverbial as minor sentence elements. 3) The relative clause is (1) Recognized in modern grammar as part of a noun phrase; but (2) Actually functioning as an attributive, adverbial, or connective clause. 4) The appositive and the appositional clause are by and large neglected in modern grammar. 2.2 Eight basic English sentence structures, 1 Jack is a student. 杰克是個學(xué)生。 English structure: SPCs Chinese structure: SPCs 2 He has a personal computer 他有一臺個人計算機。 E: SP + (Prem) O C: SP + (Prem) O 3 There was something wrong with it yesterday. 昨天（它）出了點故障。 E: There+P+(Pm)S+Ad End-positioned Adjunct C: Ad Front-positioned Adjunct SP + (Prem) O 4 Its memory did not work well （ 它的）內(nèi)存不好使了。 E: SPAd End-positioned C: SAdFront-positioned P 5 He asked the dealer to come and fix it. 他要經(jīng)銷商來修理（它）。 E: S P Od Co C: S P Od Co 6 Quite unexpectedly, the dealer brought him a new one. 完全出人意料，經(jīng)銷商帶給他一臺新機。 E: Ad Disjunct SPOi + (Prem) Od C: Ad Disjunct SPOi + (Prem) Od 7 It is rare for a buyer to enjoy such a favor. 買方享受這等優(yōu)惠是難得的。 E: It+PCs+Real Subject C: S noun clause PCs 8 Jack, however, thinks it only too reasonable for him to get the new one. 杰克卻認(rèn)為他得到那臺新機是理所當(dāng)然的。 E: SAd Conjunct P+it+Co+Real Object C: SAd Conjunct PO Noun clause, etc. 2.3 Three unique structural features of English syntax in contrast with Chinese: - the use of the introductory there , - the anticipatory it, - post-modification that leads to some major structural distinctions between English and Chinese syntax. 2.4 Sentence patterns and sentence complication An English sentence can be intensively complicated because of the use of phrases as sentence elements: 1 I consider the body as a system of tubes and glands, or to use a more rustic phrase, | a bundle of pipes and strainers, | fitted to one another | after so wonderful a manner | as to make a proper engine | for the soul to work with. Joseph Addison A simple sentence with one finite verb and five phrasal modifiers and extensively complicated because of the use of clauses as sentence elements: 2 I have observed that a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure till he knows whether the writer of it be a black or a fair man, of a mild or choleric disposition, married or a bachelor, with other particulars of the like nature that conduce very much to the right understanding of an author. Joseph Addison A complex sentence with four subordinate clauses Concluded: - English syntactic forms vary from one another not so much in their basic structures as in their relative complexity. - There are, theoretically, innumerable sentence patterns in terms of complexity. In practice, however, only a limited number of them are in active use. (Study-read the 400 sentence patterns in the book) 1) Form: we make a division of the English sentences into major and minor types. (2) Minor sentences in irregular clause patterns -Dependent clauses: Why, if it isnt Susan! -Non-finite v-constructions: President to visit US. | Dow off 25% since Peak 6 Months Ago. (newspaper headline) - Single words or phrases: Taxi! - Block language: No Parking! (1) Major sentences in regular clause patterns a. Simple sentences b. Multiple sentences 2.5 Sentence types viewed from different perspectives Sentence style will be discussed elsewhere. “ Block language”, according to Quirk et al. (1985), appears in such functions as labels, titles, newspaper headlines, headings, notices, and advertisements. Simple block language messages consist of a noun or noun phrase or nominal clause in isolation; no verb is needed, because all the else necessary to the understanding of the message is furnished by the context. Canada goose flying close to the water. 2) Use Read carefully the examples on P. 11-13 for the declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentence, respectively. 3) Structures in regular clause patterns (Major sentences) Read carefully the examples on P. 13-16 for the simple, compound, and complex sentence, and the four types of conjunctions represented by the four A-letter conjunctions. III. The syntactic units re-defined 1) More facts about the syntactic units 1) A sentence can also be a single word as in the case of an imperative or minor sentence. 2) A sentence in use invariably involves either social usage of form or individual choice of expression. 3) The subject and finite form of be can be conditionally omitted from a dependent / subordinate clause. 4) A dependent clause can stand alone as a minor sentence. 7) A one-word sentence may be a major or minor sentence. 6) A phrase can stand alone as a minor sentence. 5) A phrase may contain a “subject” and non-finite form of a verb. 2) The syntactic units re-defined This is for your self-teaching and making a class report next week: How should we redefine the “sentence” in English by incorporating the more facts about English syntax phenomena? Assignment: 1) Teach yourself Chapter III (PP. 16-25) 2) Get familiar with the codes and signs (Before “Contents”). 3) Translation exercise (See “QQ-G of Course”) Preview work for topic in next meeting: Syntactic subject Thank You & Good-bye!