附錄 A 外文文獻A shaft assembly, profileThe shaft axis in two different, even in its working process and relative position between the two shafts changing. According to the important components - shaft, can have the different universal classification. If the direction in reverse universal elastic, whether can be divided into the rigid universal shaft transmission and flexible joints. The former is the hinged on parts of the power transmission link, the latter by elastic parts, and has passed dynamic buffer reduced. Rigid gimbal and can be divided into different speed universal shaft type (such as cross gimbal) and patterned (such as double type gimbal, three pin shaft type gimbal) and patterned (such as ball cage gimbal, fork type gimbal). Patterned constant, and refers to the driven shaft rotation in driving shaft with the rotation Angle, whether of equal velocity, of course, driving shaft and driven shafts is equal to the speed of the average.Lord, the driven shaft axis in two angular change when the Angle between the universal and equal still called patterned or DengJiao velocity universal. They mainly used to drive axles, breaking the wheel transmission device etc, and is mainly used in the power of the car. When the car for a rear wheel drive, often using the universal shaft, on the part of high-grade car, have adopted the isokinetic ball head, When the car for front wheel drive, often USES patterned constant - universal shaft, but also a kind of different appellation.In front of a rear wheel drive motor (or all round the bus driver), due to the automobile suspension in athletic process, main reducer drive shaft transmission (or input shaft and FenDongXiang) output shaft is relative motion between often, in addition to avoid certain institutions or device (not) line, there must be a device to realize the dynamic transfer, then the normal appeared gimbal transmission. Universal must have the following characteristics: the transmission and ensure that the relative position of the two shafts in expected range changes, can reliably transfer power, B, ensure that connects the two shafts could even operation. Due to the universal and additional load Angle, the vibration and noise should be allowed in, C, high transmission efficiency, long service life, simple structure, easy fabrication, easy maintenance. For automobile, due to a cross gimbal output shaft relative to the input shaft (have) is not constant rotation Angle, therefore, must adopt double gimbal (or more), and the universal shaft driving connected with the two cardan arrangement in the same plane and make two equal to the Angle. It is very important. In the design to minimize the Angle.Shaft assembly imbalance is the transmission of the bending vibration. The cause of the vibration noise is obvious. In addition, the universal joint cardan shaft kiln, axial clearance, the sliding spline shaft assembly precision, peeling ends when high-speed rotary shaft transmission and the elastic deformation of a hot spot balance affecting factors can change the imbalance of shaft assembly. Reducing the imbalance, shaft for cars, especially the high-speed car like (car) is extremely important, otherwise it will cause a lot of relevant fault or damage.The universal shaft rigidity of vehicle drivetrain is in the most widely used, and the long history. Usually say the shaft is generally refers to the universal shaft rigidity type. The axial rigidity of universal is mainly used in the transmission Angle of CAM flange, generally, the shaft needle bearing assembly, cardan joint or sliding fork, fork or spline fork, needle bearing axial fixation. Ashdod, with the gearbox commonly margin fork shaft drive or other such links. Tu margin with a fork is the flange, generally USES the fork form part of the carbon steel or medium-carbon steel forging, also have adopted the ductile iron castings and sand carbon steel or medium-carbon steel high precision castings. Tu margin with a flat binary general, also have brought a flanged end flange of trapezoid tooth. The shaft needle bearing assembly includes four needle bearing, a cross axis, a grease. Roller bearings are generally consists of several needle roller bearings, a bowl, a blade rubber seal (more than with partial skeleton). In some needle bearing, and a belt round bearings, nylon, gasket also adopts copper or other materials, mainly for the decrease of universal shaft axial clearance, improve the quality of dynamic balance. A binary form cardan parts, generally USES medium-carbon steel or carbon steel forging parts, also have adopted the precision casting medium-carbon steel. Needle bearing axial fixation thing is generally holes (or axis) with elastic ring (internal and external), or bearing the cassette, bolt locking plate, etc.Another shaft is an important part of the spline is sliding, internal and external spline (rectangular), and the involute used to convey length change.The universal shaft and sliding swinging Angle of slip is biggest spline is decorated, according to the vehicle shaft and beat the check.Transmission of low carbon steel tube generally made of steel wire coiling of big norms, the tube, also have adopted the cold drawn seamless tube. The tube diameter and wall thickness (or diameter) is based on the maximum transmission torque, highest speed conditions of work. Hollow shaft tube has smaller quality and can deliver large torque, and the same diameter than the solid shaft possesses higher critical speed characteristics.Normally, two gimbal centre distance is not more than 1.5 m. When the distance is close, generally by two universal and a sliding spline shaft, no vice. When the distance and make more than 1.5 m shaft length, often divided into two or three roots, using three or four joints, and finally a belt, the rest of the spline vice sliding bearing structure among belt.Typical middle by a supporting general cylindrical ball bearing, a housing, two seal, a rubber pad, a grease mouth. By supporting bracket among middle shaft connecting to the frame beams, transmission line and the middle axis required support among perpendicular to the plane. General layout in supporting shaft transmission system among the first-order critical speed nodes.In use process, generally need timely maintenance. In the joints, sliding bearing etc, among the spline is fat mouth place, want to periodically according to related regulations prescribed grease filling. Also have adopted in maintenance free universal shaft bearings and support in the reserve, need not regular grease filling grease.Second, the universal descriptionUniversal joint is a key component of the car transmission. In front of the rear wheel drive motor vehicle, universal shaft installed in transmission and the output shaft drive between input shaft gear reducer, And lead the front wheel drive motor vehicle omitted, universal shaft driving is responsible for installation in the front axle and be responsible for steering wheels and half shaft.Automobile is a movement of objects. The bus driver, engine, clutch and transmission as a whole, and installed in the frame by elastic suspension frame and drive connections between a distance, the need for connection. The car runs in rough pavement produces change, load or two assembly location, will make the output shaft transmission with the reducer drive shaft Angle between input and the distance change, therefore, to use a "in changing" devices to solve this question, it is the universal.In between, off-road vehicle transmission and the front drive thansfer can turn with half shaft drive between the universal, need to do ". The structure and function of a bit like human limbs, it is allowed to connect the Angle between the parts. But it and body joints and different forms of activities, it only allows the Angle of the change in a certain range.Universal shaft type is the universal, rigid patterned (double axle and three pin shaft type), patterned (ball fork and ball cage), cross gimbal sex. After the car at the most widely used a cross gimbal.Single gimbal cannot make the output shaft and the instantaneous velocity of axle shaft vibration, easy to cause the equal parts, aggravate the damage, produce a lot of noise. Therefore, after the car driver using universal form of transmission shaft double gimbal, is a universal at each end, its function is equal to the transmission Angle, both the output shaft and the instantaneous velocity of axle shaft always equal.In order to satisfy the power transmission, steering and auto operation generated by beating down before the Angle, drive the car drive shaft and the wheel, and also used between universal connected. Due to the limit, the axial dimensions of landform and bigger, request to do, so common universal widely adopted various patterned. In general, the former drive car every half shaft with two patterned, near the speed of universal joint is a half drive axle shaft inside, near the universal shaft lateral velocity is half. In various patterned, common ball cage is universal, it with six steel ball force, driving shaft and driven shafts intersect in any of the circumstances, the ball is located on the intersection of two in two axis, namely the equally intersect, thus ensure the driven shaft, equal angles speed transmission.