走向高考 · 英語,路漫漫其修遠兮 吾將上下而求索,人教版(課標卷地區(qū)) · 高考總復習,基礎知識聚焦,第一部分,解題策略(十六) 閱讀理解之篇章結構題,第一部分,把握文章的基本結構有利于理解文章主題。在近幾年的高考英語試題中出現了專門考查文章結構和寫作手法的考題，如安徽卷中的任務型讀寫題、江蘇卷中的任務型閱讀題和湖南卷中的填空題就考查了考生對文章結構的理解。北京卷、陜西卷、重慶卷在近幾年的閱讀理解中也比較注重對文章結構的考查。在考試大綱中也明確要求考生“理解文章的基本結構”。高考對文章結構的考查主要涉及兩個層次：一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結構，二是按寫作方法(論證方法)理解文章的結構。,命題形式： Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage? How is the passage organized? The passage is mainly developed by _. What is the right order of the steps in doing _？ The second paragraph is developed by _.,應試策略： 把握全文的邏輯框架，理解段落與段落之間的邏輯關系。 理解段落內論點與論據，細節(jié)與主題之間的關系。 掌握常見的寫作方法(時間順序、空間順序、例證關系、對比關系等)和結構(總分、總分總、分總等)。 結合不同文體全面考慮。,典例1(2013·陜西)According to sociologists(社會學家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(階層). Class, power and status are important in deciding people's rank in society. Class means a person's economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!,Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使)big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相應的)economic class. Generally, however, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there aren't too many people who aren't millionaires in the US. Senate!,Status is the honor or respect attached to a person's position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.,56Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?,答案：A 根據文章的結構來看，文章在第一段總述了“Class, power and status are important in deciding people's rank in society.”，然后在其余三段分述，故選A。,典例2(2013·江西)When international aid is given, steps must be taken to ensure (確保)that the aid reaches the people for whom it is intended. The way to achieve this may not be simple. It is very difficult for a nation to give help directly to people in another nation. The United Nations Organization (UNO) could undertake to direct the distribution of aid. Here however rises the problem of costs. Also tied with this is time. Perhaps the UNO could set up a body of devoted men and women in every country who can speedily distribute aid to victims of floods and earthquakes.,More than the help that one nation can give to another during a disaster, it would be more effective to give other forms of help during normal times. A common proverb says, “Give me a fish and I eat for a day, teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime.” If we follow this wise saying, it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves. For example, a country could share its technology with another. This could be in simple areas like agriculture or in more complex areas like medical and health care or even in building satellites. Even a small country is able to help less developed nations.,63The second paragraph is developed mainly _. Aby example Bby process Cby comparison Dby contrast 答案：A 作者在第二段先引用一句諺語，然后通過例子來闡述。由此可以推斷出第二段是通過舉例子展開描述的。所以選A項。,