第37講 復(fù)合句,賓語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句即在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ)的句子。它屬于名詞性從句。它既可以作主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)，也可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)從句以從句的句式來(lái)決定連接詞。中考對(duì)賓語(yǔ)從句考查的重點(diǎn)是引導(dǎo)詞、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)序。,高頻考向一 賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞 賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句，引導(dǎo)詞用that，在口語(yǔ)中that可以省略。如： We believe (that) he is honest.我們相信他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。 如果賓語(yǔ)從句由一般疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)，其引導(dǎo)詞用if或whether。一般情況下，二者可以通用，但從句中有or not或從句充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用whether。如： I don't know if/whether she will come here.我不知道她是否將來(lái)這兒。 Sorry，I don't know whether he will come or not.對(duì)不起，我不知道他是否會(huì)來(lái)。 賓語(yǔ)從句是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞就是特殊疑問(wèn)詞。如： Could you tell me where the post office is？你能告訴我郵局在哪里嗎？ The teacher asked the students what they were doing.老師問(wèn)學(xué)生他們正在做什么。,高頻考向二 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài) 賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是由主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定的，一般有下面幾種情況： 主句的時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)或祈使句時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要根據(jù)具體的情況用相應(yīng)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。如： He says he will ask Mr. Hu to give Jim some work.他說(shuō)他將讓胡先生給吉姆一些工作。 主句的時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去的某一時(shí)態(tài)。如： She said she missed us very much.她說(shuō)她非常想念我們。 從句表示的是客觀真理、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)一律使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如： He said that the sun is bigger than the earth.他說(shuō)太陽(yáng)比地球大。,高頻考向三 賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序 1在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，賓語(yǔ)從句要使用陳述語(yǔ)序，即“引導(dǎo)詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)其他”。如： I want to know when the train left.我想知道火車是什么時(shí)候離開的。 2do you think后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，特殊疑問(wèn)詞即引導(dǎo)詞要前置，do you think作為插入語(yǔ)。如： Who do you think he is talking with？你認(rèn)為他正在和誰(shuí)交談？ 【注意】由do，does，did構(gòu)成的疑問(wèn)句，在轉(zhuǎn)換成賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，要去掉do，does，did，且從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)主句時(shí)態(tài)作出相應(yīng)的變化。如： “Does he sing well？”The music teacher asked him. The music teacher asked him if/whether he sang well.這個(gè)音樂(lè)老師想知道他唱得是否很好。,如果是will，be，have，can組成的疑問(wèn)句，在變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，要把這些詞還原到句中原來(lái)的謂語(yǔ)位置上，并根據(jù)主句的時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的變化。如： “Will you be free tomorrow？”She asked me. She asked me if/whether I would be free tomorrow.她問(wèn)我明天是否是空閑的。 當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)為第一人稱，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think, guess, believe等動(dòng)詞且接有否定的that賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常將否定詞提前到主句中。如： I don't think that Alice is an American.我認(rèn)為艾麗絲不是美國(guó)人。,高頻考向四 賓語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)化 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)相同，且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是hope，wish，decide等時(shí)，從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如： I hope that I can see you again. I hope to see you again.我希望能再次見(jiàn)到你。 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)相同，且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是know，remember，forget，learn等時(shí)，從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如： I don't know what I should say. I don't know what to say.我不知道該說(shuō)什么。,當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是ask，tell，show，teach等，且賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的間接賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”或“疑問(wèn)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如： Mr. Hu tells us that we shouldn't draw on the wall. Mr. Hu tells us not to draw on the wall.胡老師告訴我們不應(yīng)該在墻上畫畫。 Will you please tell me where I can buy stamps? Will you please tell me where to buy stamps？你能告訴我在哪兒能買到郵票嗎？,狀語(yǔ)從句,狀語(yǔ)從句即在復(fù)合句中作狀語(yǔ)的句子。根據(jù)其用途可分為九類。中考對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句考查的重點(diǎn)是引導(dǎo)詞和時(shí)態(tài)。,高頻考向一 狀語(yǔ)從句的種類,如： I'll let you know as soon as she comes.她一來(lái)，我就會(huì)讓你知道。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句) I won't go with you because I am busy doing my homework now.我不會(huì)跟你去，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在我正忙著做作業(yè)。(原因狀語(yǔ)從句) If it rains tomorrow，we'll stay at home.如果明天下雨，我們會(huì)待在家里。(條件狀語(yǔ)從句) Although he is not rich，he lives happily.盡管他不富有，但是他生活得很幸福。(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句) He got up very early this morning in order that he could catch the first bus.為了能趕上第一班公交車，他早上起得很早。(目的狀語(yǔ)從句),It was such a cold day that nobody wanted to go out.天氣那么冷，沒(méi)人想出去。(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句) wherever he goes, he always brings his pet dog.無(wú)論他哪里，他總是帶著他的寵物狗。(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句) Carol speaks English as well as you do.卡羅爾英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得和你一樣好。(比較狀語(yǔ)從句) The child talked to us as if he were a grown­up.那個(gè)孩子和我們談起話來(lái)像個(gè)成年人似的。(方式狀語(yǔ)從句) 【注意】so與because, though/although與but不能在句中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。,高頻考向二 狀語(yǔ)從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)的一致性 1主句為祈使句、一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)或由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句、because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句及when, as soon as, until等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如： Don't go and play football if you don't finish your homework.如果你不完成家庭作業(yè)，你就不要去踢足球。 He won't leave until you agree with him.直到你同意他，他才會(huì)離開。 2since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，主句則用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)(“It has been. since從句結(jié)構(gòu)”)。如： Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened in 1995.自從1995年那家工廠開辦以來(lái)，王叔叔便在那里工作了。 It is (has been) ten years since we left that city.我們離開那個(gè)城市已經(jīng)十年了。,3主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)從句也應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的某一種形式。如： Yesterday Meimei didn't come to school because her mother was ill.昨天梅梅沒(méi)來(lái)上學(xué)是因?yàn)樗龐寢尣×恕?When I was a child, father had told me that story.我還是小孩子的時(shí)候爸爸便已給我講過(guò)那個(gè)故事了。 4當(dāng)主從句的動(dòng)作均發(fā)生在過(guò)去時(shí)，注意含when, while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的主從句時(shí)態(tài)的一致性： 主從復(fù)合句中，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作在從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，且進(jìn)行的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，主句用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： Mother was cooking dinner when I got home yesterday.昨天我到家時(shí)媽媽正在做飯。,從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作先于主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生，且進(jìn)行的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： When the students were having a meeting, the teacher came in.學(xué)生們正在開會(huì)時(shí)，老師進(jìn)來(lái)了。 若主從句動(dòng)作開始時(shí)間不存在先后關(guān)系(即同時(shí)發(fā)生)或無(wú)所謂先后時(shí)，主從句可同時(shí)使用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如： While Han Meimei was sweeping the floor, Lucy was carrying water.韓梅梅在掃地，而露西在挑水。 主句動(dòng)作和從句動(dòng)作都已完成，則先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如： When they got to the cinema, the film had been on for five minutes.他們到電影院時(shí)，電影已放映了五分鐘。,定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞who，whom，that，which，whose或關(guān)系副詞when，where，why等引出。中考對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句考查的重點(diǎn)是定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。,高頻考向一 定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞 1who，whom，that代替的先行詞是指人的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。如： Is he the man who/that wants to see you？他是想見(jiàn)你的那個(gè)人嗎？ He is the man (who/whom/that) I saw yesterday.他是昨天我看到的那個(gè)人。 2which，that代替的先行詞是指代事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。如： Mary likes music that/which is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。 The coat (that/which) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的外套是藍(lán)色的。 3whose用來(lái)指人或物，在句中只用作定語(yǔ)。如： Please pass me the book whose cover is green.請(qǐng)把封面是綠色的那本書遞給我。,4關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why，它們?cè)诰渲凶鳡钫Z(yǔ)。如： I'll never forget the days when we studied together.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起學(xué)習(xí)的那些日子。 This is the city where my father worked ten years ago.這是我爸十年前工作的城市。,高頻考向二 關(guān)系詞只能用that而不用which的情況 1當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如： This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.這是我所看過(guò)的最激烈的一場(chǎng)足球賽。 2當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如： The first thing that you could do was to turn off the light.你首先要做的就是關(guān)燈。 3當(dāng)先行詞為all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，much，none等不定代詞時(shí)(something后也可用which)。如： All that we have to do for our students is to tell them how to speak English in class.我們要為學(xué)生做的所有的事情就是告訴他們?nèi)绾卧谡n上說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。 I'm going to buy everything that I need.我要去買我所需要的一切東西。,4當(dāng)先行詞前面有only，just，very，any，no等詞修飾時(shí)。如： That's the only thing that we can do now.那是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。 5當(dāng)先行詞指代的既含有人又含有物時(shí)。如： They are talking about things and persons that they remembered.他們正在談?wù)撍麄兯芑貞浧饋?lái)的人或事。 高頻考向三 關(guān)系詞只能用who(whom)而不用that的情況 1當(dāng)先行詞為all，any或其合成詞或a few且指人時(shí)。如： Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.任何違法的人都會(huì)受到懲罰。 2當(dāng)先行詞為that，this，those或these且指人時(shí)。如： Those who hadn't bought the tickets for the train crowded in the waiting hall.那些還沒(méi)買著票的人擠在候車廳里。,3當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，在口語(yǔ)中用who或whom引導(dǎo)均可，但如直接位于介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用whom。如： The guest (who/whom) I'll first introduce to you is a little girl.我首先要介紹給你們的客人是一位小姑娘。 I met a few friends of mine，among whom was my old classmate.我遇見(jiàn)幾位朋友，其中一位是我的老同學(xué)。,一、用括號(hào)中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。(原創(chuàng)題) 1This morning my mother asked me where Julia _(go) last weekend. 2Will Tony go skiing with us this Saturday? Sorry, I don't know if he _(go). But I know he has no interest in sports. 3I don't know where she _(come) from. 4What are you doing under the desk? I'm looking for the pen that I _(buy) yesterday. 5Qian Xuesen passed away on October 31, 2009, at the age of 98，but he is a man who still _(encourage) Chinese youth. 6The stories that _(write) by Mark Twain are often humorous.,went,will go,comes,bought,encourages,were written,二、用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空。 7I'd like to know _ we will go camping. Maybe in the forest. 8Excuse me, Miss Chen, could you tell me _the Belt and Road means? It is short for the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. 9Mr. Green, do you know _our summer camp begins? July 10th. It will last a month. 10_ he had failed many times, he didn't give up and succeeded in the end.,where,what,when,Though/Although,11I will be very happy _you come to my party. 12Dad, when did you come back from the farmland yesterday? Well, I didn't come back _the rain stopped. 13Mike, what were your parents doing at 8：00 last night? My mother was reading _my father was playing computer games. 14The sky is dark and red _the sun is rising behind the cloud. 15They were too late，_ they got to the fashion show, it had been over.,if,until,while,when,when,三、用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞填空。 16I want to visit a place _is famous for its scenery. 17Please show me the book _cover is red. 18This is the very book _tells many English stories. 19Confucius was a famous philosopher (哲學(xué)家) _has influenced the world greatly. 20Everyone _has been to Shanghai says it is a modern city.,which/that,whose,that,that/who,that/who,