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非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指在句中不能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)，而是充當(dāng)其它語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三種：動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞和分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，但是有語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。,Period Four Grammar,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)、意義及構(gòu)成,二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ),三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ),四、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ),五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)和作表語(yǔ)的比較,【翻譯句子】 ①這些窗戶需要修理了。 __________________________________________________ ②保衛(wèi)國(guó)家是每個(gè)人的義務(wù)。 __________________________________________________ ③由于去過(guò)北京多次，他被要求做向?qū)А?__________________________________________________ ④這部電影很有趣，孩子們很感興趣。 __________________________________________________ ⑤聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他禁不住笑了。 __________________________________________________,答案 ①These windows need to be repaired (repairing)． ②To defend the country is the obligation of everyone. ③Having been to Beijing many times，he was asked to be the guide. ④This film is so interesting that children are interested in it. ⑤Hearing the news，he can't help laughing.,根據(jù)下列提示寫(xiě)一篇短文來(lái)介紹《清明上河圖》(Along the River during Ching Ming Festival)： 1．作者：張擇端(宋朝)； 2．形式：手卷(hand scroll)； 3．內(nèi)容：宋代首都汴京(現(xiàn)開(kāi)封)的人們的日常生活； 4．主題：慶祝清明節(jié)，所有社會(huì)階層(包括平民和富人)的不同生活； 5．被各個(gè)時(shí)期的藝術(shù)家模仿。 注意：詞數(shù)120～150,作品描述,【寫(xiě)作分析】 第一步：認(rèn)真審題 這種類(lèi)型的作文實(shí)際上就是描述一幅作品，并加以適當(dāng)品論。寫(xiě)作方法大致如下： 1．認(rèn)真讀圖，弄清大意：總體介紹該作品的歷史地位以及作者、時(shí)間等； 2．詳細(xì)描寫(xiě)作品的具體內(nèi)容，列出要點(diǎn)時(shí)要注意分清主次，不能看到圖中有什么就認(rèn)為什么要寫(xiě)，應(yīng)充分展開(kāi)想像使圖畫(huà)活起來(lái)，運(yùn)用想象適度發(fā)揮，緊扣圖畫(huà)的內(nèi)容，進(jìn)行適當(dāng)敘述，連貫通順即可； 3．寫(xiě)作時(shí)常用一般時(shí)態(tài)、第三人稱(chēng)等； 4．最后適當(dāng)加以評(píng)價(jià)。,第二步：提煉要點(diǎn) 1．be known as 2．focuses on 3．a(chǎn)s well as 第三步：擴(kuò)點(diǎn)成句 1．Along the River during Ching Ming Festival，known in Chinese as Qing Ming Shang He Tu，is a masterpiece painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Song Dynasty. 2．The theme focuses on the celebration of Ching Ming Festival (Qingming Festival)．,3．As an artistic creation，the piece has been well preserved even over centuries，court artists of subsequent dynasties have reproduced several versions. 【品味佳作】 Along the River during Ching Ming Festival，known in Chinese as Qing Ming Shang He Tu，is a masterpiece painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Song Dynasty. The painting portrays the daily lives of people in Bianjing (today's Kaifeng)，the capital of the Song Dynasty.The theme focuses on the celebration of Ching,Ming Festival (Qingming Festival)．The entire piece is painted in hand scroll format and the content reveals the lifestyle of people from all classes (including the poor and the rich) as well as different economic activities in rural areas and the city.It offers a glimpse of the costumes and architecture during the period.As an artistic creation，the piece has been well preserved even over centuries，court artists of subsequent dynasties have reproduced several versions.,【名師點(diǎn)津】 1．這篇書(shū)面表達(dá)比較全面地概述了《清明上河圖》的基本情況，作者充分把握住了這種文體的寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)。 2．本文主次分明，重點(diǎn)突出，運(yùn)用了一些復(fù)雜句式結(jié)構(gòu)和高級(jí)詞匯。最后作者的評(píng)價(jià)使文章增色不少。 3．亮點(diǎn)句式： ①Along the River during Ching Ming Festival，known in Chinese as Qing Ming Shang He Tu，is a masterpiece painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Song Dynasty. ②The entire piece is painted in hand scroll format and the content reveals the lifestyle of people from all classes (including the poor and the rich) as well as different economic activities in rural areas and the city.,【寫(xiě)作模板】 ________(介紹的作品)，known as________(作品的名稱(chēng))，is a masterpiece painted by ________(作者及朝代)． The painting portrays ________(作品概述)．The theme focuses on________(主題)．The entire piece is painted________(作品細(xì)節(jié)一) and the content reveals________(作品細(xì)節(jié)二) as well as________(作品細(xì)節(jié)三)．It offers a glimpse of the costumes and architecture during the period.As an artistic creation，the piece has been well preserved________(評(píng)價(jià))．,引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句 在主句中常有the same，so或such與as相呼應(yīng)，(the same.as；the same as; such.as.；so.as) as在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。as引出的定語(yǔ)從句帶有比較意義，從句常常只寫(xiě)出比較部分，但as本身不可省略。例如： He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented.,as作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,一、,Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests. Don't do such things as you are not sure about. There is no such place as you dream of in all this world. 比較： (1)Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.(定語(yǔ)從句) It is so big a stone that no one can lift it.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句) (2) He is such a person as everybody likes. He is such a person that everybody likes him.,(3) This is so touching a story as I have read three times.This is so touching a story that I have read it three times. 注意：在the same.后也可用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但含義有所不同。that引出的從句，指的是與先行詞同一的事物，而as引導(dǎo)的從句指的是與先行詞同類(lèi)的事物。例如： This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. I live in the same house that he used to live in. I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 指主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容。常譯為 “正如……” “就像……” 等，定語(yǔ)從句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后。as后常接expect，know，report，expect，point out, say，see等動(dòng)詞的主、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 As we all know，smoking is harmful to one's health.(as 作賓語(yǔ)) ＝As is known to all，smoking is harmful to one's health.(as 作主語(yǔ)) ＝It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health.(主語(yǔ)從句),二、,或：Smoking is harmful to one's health ，as we all know.(as 作賓語(yǔ)) 或： Smoking，as we all know，is harmful to one' health. He was a foreigner，as I knew from his accent.(賓語(yǔ)，先行詞是前面整個(gè)句子) As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month. He wasn't unconscious，as could be judged from his eyes. 注意：as，which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別： (1)都可以代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。 (2)as從句可放在句首，而which從句不能。,(3)as代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞；如果為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。例如： It rained hard yesterday，which prevented me from going to the park.,