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2019-2020年高考英語大題精做05閱讀理解七選五含解析新人教版 一、《考試大綱》對閱讀理解的主要要求 1. 掌握所讀文章的主旨和大意以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實和細(xì)節(jié)； 2. 既理解具體的事實，也理解抽象的概念； 3. 既理解字面意思，也理解根據(jù)字面意思可以推斷出來的沒有明確說出的深沉含義，包括作者的態(tài)度、意圖等； 4. 既理解某句、某段的意義，也理解全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判斷； 5. 既能根據(jù)文章所提供的信息去理解，也能結(jié)合中學(xué)生自己應(yīng)有的常識去理解。 二、考試大綱對閱讀理解七選五的要求 試卷中題干表述如下：根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。 閱讀理解七選五，即給出一篇缺少5個句子的文章，對應(yīng)有七個選項，根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處。該類題型要求從短文后的七個選項中（均為完整的句子）選出五個能填入文章空處的最佳選項，主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。其命題形式深受閱讀多項選擇題的影響，體現(xiàn)了《新課標(biāo)》“用英語獲取、處理和運用信息的能力；逐步獲取用英語思維的能力?！钡拈喿x學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)理念。七選五和傳統(tǒng)題型完型填空有些類似，雖然完型填空題考查的是詞匯層面，七選五考查的是句子層面，但是它們的考查方式是一樣的，只要考生選擇的答案能夠使行文連貫，符合英文的語法以及習(xí)慣表達(dá)就行，因此，這兩類題型在做題方法上有共同之處。該題型命題形式仍然具有客觀題的特點，又與完形填空具有異曲同工之妙，只是選項少，以句子形式出現(xiàn)，考查目的和側(cè)重點不完全相同而已。 從《考試說明》對該題型命題目的的表述“主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握?！笨梢缘贸鲆韵屡袛啵涸擃}備選項可分為主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容）、過渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）和注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）三類。其多余的兩個干擾項也往往從這三方面進(jìn)行設(shè)置，例如主旨概括句或過于寬泛或以偏概全或偏離主題，過渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，注釋性句子與上文脫節(jié)等。 三、閱讀理解七選五題型的特點 1. 符合《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中“提高學(xué)生用英語獲取信息、處理信息、分析問題和解決問題的能力”的要求和《xx年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試?說明》中“如果希望準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解一篇文章，必須對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握住全篇的文脈，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系?！钡囊?。如果說通常意義上的高考英語完形填空題是詞法和句法范圍內(nèi)的考查，它是語言表達(dá)的基本單位，屬于語言的組織規(guī)律，那么閱讀填空題就是章法范圍內(nèi)的考查，是語言使用的范疇，屬于言語的組織規(guī)律，簡單地說，前者側(cè)重語言的結(jié)構(gòu)—語法，而后者側(cè)重語言的使用—章法。 2.?注重考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力。閱讀本質(zhì)就是一種理解、吸收、鑒賞、評價文章的思維過程，新題型不但要求考生具備詞匯、句子、語段、語篇等方面的知識，而且要有辨證、綜合、分析、歸納方面的邏輯思維能力，是閱讀的深層理解，也是閱讀的核心和關(guān)鍵。 3.?題材新穎，具有濃厚的時代氣息和較高的真實性，與學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷和生活經(jīng)歷相適應(yīng)，與新課程理念下的高考改革走向相適應(yīng)，與高中英語教學(xué)實際相適應(yīng)，遵循了《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的評價理念，保證了試題的效度、信度、真實性和公平性原則。 附：近三年新課標(biāo)全國卷高考七選五實況分析： 年份 卷別 體裁 題材 話題 xx 全國卷 夾敘夾議文 社會生活 作者愛上了露營，建議讀者找到適合自己的回歸自然的方式 全國卷II 說明文 社會生活 幾點避免工作時被打擾的建議 全國卷III 說明文 社會生活 如何幫助人們制訂一個計劃去調(diào)節(jié)生物鐘，確保起床不再是一件令人頭疼的事 xx 全國卷I 說明文 文化科技 密碼的設(shè)置方法和破解的方法 全國卷II 說明文 社會生活 自己建設(shè)花園的具體建議 全國卷III 說明文 社會生活 買魚和燒魚的常識 xx 全國卷I 說明文 人際關(guān)系 重新建立人際關(guān)系中的信任 全國卷II 說明文 社會生活 馬拉松的準(zhǔn)備工作 Passage 1（xx·新課標(biāo)卷I） If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and unfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in mon with me. 36 The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning. I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness. 38 Instead, we had a pop-up camper with fortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life. 39 We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer plete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains. 40 It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I remend that you find your way in style. A. This?time?there?was?no?tent. B. Things?are?going?to?be?improved. C. The?trip?they?took?me?on?was?a?rough?one. D. I?was?to?learn?a?lot?about?camping?since?then,?however. E. I?must?say?that?I?have?certainly?e?to?enjoy?camping. F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping. G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall. 36.D 【解析】根據(jù)前文可知三年前作者認(rèn)為露營和自己無關(guān)，而后文中表明作者熱愛露營，暗示此處作者對待露營的情感態(tài)度應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)變。D選項中的however表示轉(zhuǎn)折。且If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping暗示作者態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變就在三年前，D選項中的since then“自從那時候起”和前文時間吻合。故選D。 37.C 【解析】根據(jù)后文We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom可知作者第一次露營的條件很艱苦，C選項The trip they took me on was a rough one.中的rough暗示了這一點，符合語境。故選C。 38.A 【解析】根據(jù)上段中We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom可知作者第一次露營時住帳篷，露天生火做飯，走很遠(yuǎn)的距離去洗澡、上廁所，條件很艱苦，而后文中Instead, we had a pop-up camper with fortable beds and an air conditioner. 說明作者第二次露營有床有空調(diào)。A選項This time there was no tent“這次沒有帳篷了”暗示作者進(jìn)行了第二次露營，而且條件比較好，符合語境。故選A。 39.F 【解析】根據(jù)后文we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer plete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.可知作者一家為了露營買了房車，里面設(shè)備齊全，說明作者一家人是喜歡露營的。F選項After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping(那次露營之后，我的家人開始對露營感興趣)符合語境，故選F。 Passage 2（xx·新課標(biāo)卷II） Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 ,there are several ways to handle things. Let’s take a look at them now. 37 .Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time. When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to e back during that time or that you’ll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions. When you need to someone, don’t do it in your own office. 39 , it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 40 . If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter. Excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示) than when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed. A. If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work C. Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes D. If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area E. It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available F. It might seem unkind to cut people shirt when they interrupt you G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not 【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。為避免工作被打斷是一件令人感覺很糟糕的事，文章提出了幾點建議，防止此類事件的發(fā)生。 37.A 【解析】根據(jù)后文“Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the of you can talk at a different time”可知，學(xué)會在自己很忙的時候去拒絕別人。故選A。 38.E 【解析】根據(jù)橫線前“have set hours planned and let them know to e back during that time or that you’ll find them then”安排好時間，讓他們知道你在什么時候回來，或者告訴他們，你會去找他們，再結(jié)合后文“It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions”可知選E。 39.D 【解析】根據(jù)后文“it’s much easeier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are”，此句中it指代前文“don’t do it in your own office.”，也就是說此段中作者認(rèn)為比起在自己的辦公室解釋，不在自己的辦公室更容易點。故選D。 40.G 【解析】根據(jù)“If you have a door to your office,make good use of it.”可知，此段主要是講述關(guān)于如何利用自己辦公室的門來防止被打擾。故選G。 Passage 3（xx·新課標(biāo)卷III） Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock. In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resting your body clock. 36 Here’s how to make one. ● 37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make. ● Rethink mornings. Now that you know why you want to wake up, consider re-arranging your morning activities. If you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes, shoes, and bags. 38 That’s a quarter-hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer. ● Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. If you’re tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But pensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent study found. 39 ● Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel. After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40 If not, take another look at other methods you could try. A. Get a sleep specialist. B. Find the right motivation. C. A better plan for sleep can help. D. And consider setting a second alarm. E. If the steps you take are working, keep it up. F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day. G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee. 【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了如何幫助人們制訂一個計劃去調(diào)節(jié)生物鐘，確保起床不再是一件令人頭疼的事。 38. G 【解析】根據(jù)下句內(nèi)容可知，作者建議人們買一個可以定時的咖啡機，這樣可以節(jié)約15分鐘的喝咖啡時間，能夠多睡15分鐘，文中的a quarter-hour 和選項中的15 minutes相呼應(yīng)，是信息提示詞。故選G。 39. F 【解析】根據(jù)段落的中心句可知，本段是建議人們在周末也要堅持自己的作息時間，由此推斷出Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day符合語境。故選F。 40.E 【解析】后句建議人們?nèi)绻@樣做沒作用就嘗試新辦法，由此推斷出該空與If not對應(yīng)，即如果有效果的話如何去做。故選E。 Passage 4（xx·北京卷） Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 71 One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 72 We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing (加強) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear. Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神經(jīng)元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 73 Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 74 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping. If Tononi’s theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night’s, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information — our brains may have smaller room for new experiences. Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses bee thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. 75 “You keep what matters,” Tononi says. A. We should also try to sleep well the night before. B. It’s as if the brain is preserving its most important memories. C. Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick. D. The processes take place to stop our brains being loaded with memories. E. That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning. F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea. G. Tononi’s team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice. 【文章大意】本文講述了睡眠的重要性。 73.F 【解析】根據(jù)下文中的he，可知此處要提到一個人，以及他的理論故選F。 74.G 【解析】根據(jù)下文中提到的關(guān)鍵詞synapses in the mice可知，他肯定做了老鼠的實驗，答案為G。 75.B 【解析】根據(jù)后一句提到的You keep what matters,你記住重要的東西，可知大腦會把最重要的記憶保存下來，故選B。 模擬精做 Passage1(陜西省西安市xx高三下學(xué)期模擬) How to Make Plans Most people get scared when talking about planning or writing plans. 1 And you need to plan for success as planning really works and inspires you to go straight ahead. However, how to create effective plans is still a problem. Don’t worry, and just follow the steps below. Step 1 2 What plans have you had in the past? Probably, in some of your plans, you haven’t ended up where you thought you were going to end up. Get a good understanding of what you have done and what you haven’t done in the past. It is a primary foundation for your new plan. If having no plan, just take actions and make plans right now. Step 2 Think about the What - Ifs When you are building your plans, you should consider where you are going and make clear the What -Ifs. Because not everything just goes smoothly as you believe. 3 Step 3 Document the plans When starting to make plans, you should try to write them down. It is of key importance for the future. 4 In addition, make sure you have the plans fully written out with all the key elements concerned, including details. Step 4 Update the plans According to your written plans and actual situation, you should check out the plans you have pleted and haven’t pleted. 5 Make sure all the assumptions are there and work out the details. After hanging on for some days, planning will be getting simpler and easier. A. Review historical plans B. Make new plans immediately C. Actually, people are more likely to succeed in a planned way D. And you need to continue what you haven’t done and update it E. Not all people can memorize every word they said and thought well F. And what you should do next is to check your plans monthly or quarterly G. For your benefits, you need to make Plan A and Plan B in case of changes and contingencies(偶發(fā)事件). 【語篇解讀】本文就如何制定計劃提出了一些建議。 1.C 【解析】根據(jù)后一句And you need to plan for success（你需要制定計劃來獲得成功）可知，計劃和成功之間的關(guān)系，而C項正好有這兩個關(guān)鍵詞，人們以有計劃的方式行事就更有可能成功，故選C項。 2.A 【解析】根據(jù)本段第一句What plans have you had in the past?問過去的計劃，故本段的標(biāo)題是關(guān)于過去的計劃，A項有關(guān)鍵詞：historical plans，故答案為A。 3.G 【解析】根據(jù)空格前一句Because not everything just goes smoothly as you believe（并不是每件事都如你想的那樣順利），因此為了防止意外事件的發(fā)生，得多制定幾個計劃，正如G項中的Plan A and Plan B，G項意思與前一句銜接緊密，故選G。 Passage2(xx河北衡水中學(xué)高三七調(diào)) Theme park getaways are popular with families, but they surely aren’t cheap. Happily, there are some golden rules of ticket-buying that apply to pretty much every theme park, and they can help you chip away at the cost of tickets. 1 ●Buy tickets online. Never ever pay the walk-up ticket price at a theme park. 2 .You’re guaranteed to save a significant sum-sometimes as much as $$ 20 per ticket-even for same-day tickets. ●Buy in advance. 3 .For instance, Knott’s Berry Farm in Buena Park, California, slices off $$25 per ticket when you make your purchase at least three days ahead. ● 4 . This one is a universal no-brainer. Single-day ticket prices at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, are about 30 percent less than admission on Saturdays and Sundays. But the big bonus is that lines will be much shorter, allowing you to spend less time waiting in lines and more time having fun. ●Go in the afternoon. 5 .For example, Hershey park’s sunset tickets allow entry after 4 pm or 5 pm, depending on the day. You’ll still get between four to six hours of fun before the park closes, and you’ll pay up to 50 percent less than the full-day ticket price. A. Avoid weekends. B. Buy more tickets than you need. C. Here are some ways to lower your theme park spending. D. At larger parks, you’ll save money when you buy a package. E. Instead, visit the theme park website and print out your tickets before you go. F. Some parks offer deeply discounted tickets for visitors arriving later in the day. G. Most theme parks offer a price cut if you buy tickets at least a few days before you arrive. 【語篇解讀】本文主要是介紹了一些購買主題公園門票的建議。 2.E 【解析】根據(jù)前一句Never ever pay the walk-up ticket price at a theme park.可知不要去現(xiàn)場買，因此后文是建議去網(wǎng)站買，符合題意，選E。 3.G 【解析】根據(jù)此段標(biāo)題Buy in advance.是提前買，故G項符合提前買票的意思，為正確答案。 4.A 【解析】根據(jù)本段前兩句This one is a universal no-brainer. Single-day ticket prices at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, are about 30 percent less than admission on Saturdays and Sundays.可知工作日很明顯比周末更便宜，所以要避免周末去，選A。 5.F 【解析】根據(jù)本段標(biāo)題Go in the afternoon.可知下午去會更便宜，故F項符合此段大意。 Passage3（xx河南豫南九校高三下期質(zhì)量考評） You may have grown up living with sisters and brothers, or this may be your first time sharing your living space with someone else. 1 . However, it can also be a great part of your college experience. Follow these tips to make sure you and your roommate keep things pleasant and supportive throughout the year. Be clear from the beginning. Maybe you hate it when someone interrupts you when you are sleeping every morning. Maybe you need ten minutes to yourself before talking to anyone after you wake up. 2 .It’s not fair to expect him or her to pick up on them right away, and municating what you need is one of the best ways to get rid of problems before they bee problems. 3 . This may seem simple, but it’s probably one of the biggest reasons why roommates experience conflicts. Don’t you think he’ll mind if you borrow his shoes for a quick soccer game? For all you know, you just stepped over the line. Don’t borrow, use, or take anything without getting permission first. Be open to change. You should expect to learn and grow and change during your time at school. 4 .As the term progresses, realize things will change for both of you. Be fortable setting things that unexpectedly e up, setting new rules, and being flexible to your changing environment. Follow the golden rule. 5 No matter what your relationship is at the end of the year, you can take fort knowing you acted like an adult and treated your roommate with respect. A. Respect your roommate’s things B. Let your roommate know about your preferences C. Treat your roommate like you’d like to be treated D. Living with a roommate is really a wonderful thing E. Having a roommate surely has its challenges F. You should correct your bad habits first G. And the same should happen to your roommate, if all goes well 【語篇解讀】本文主要講述跟室友相處應(yīng)該注意的幾件事，因為大學(xué)時期擁有室友和與室友相處是大部分人都會經(jīng)歷的一件事，不管愿意還是不愿意，我們都應(yīng)該抱有一個良好的態(tài)度去對待大學(xué)的寢室生活，與室友友好相處。 2.B 【解析】根據(jù)下文It’s not fair to expect him or her to pick up on them right away, and municating what you need is one of the best ways to get rid of problems before they bee problems.＂可以看出，馬上就指責(zé)他們是不公平的，而溝通則是最好的消除問題的方式，因此應(yīng)該首先告訴他們你的喜好。故選B。 3.A 【解析】概括分析題。下面主要是講室友之間的沖突大多是因為有沒有尊重室友，比如你想要借室友的鞋去踢球，但首先你得先征求室友的同意，如果沒有，那么就不要拿別人的東西。故選A。 4.G 【解析】根據(jù)You should expect to learn and grow and change during your time at school.＂可以看出你會期待你在學(xué)校的期間能夠?qū)W習(xí)、成長和改變，而后文 ＂As the term progresses, realize things will change for both of you.＂當(dāng)學(xué)期進(jìn)行時，要意識到你們兩個都會改變。所以可以得知不僅是你想改變，而且你的室友也想。故選G。 Passage4（xx重慶市第八中學(xué)高三適應(yīng)性考試） We’ve all heard about the power of our attitude, and it’s our attitude that determines how much we succeed in life. All the things that you have been through, all the people you have met and interacted with can have an impact on your attitude. If you think that all these factors have molded you into a person with a poor attitude towards life, there is no need to worry. 1 . Identify and understand what you want to change. The first step towards change is clearly understanding what needs to be changed. 2 .When it es to changing your attitude, you need to do an honest and in-depth self-evaluation so you could point out exactly which of your traits need to be improved or totally changed. 3 . Find someone who has the kind of attitude that you want to have, and let his or her life give you inspiration and encouragement to move beyond your temporary failures in your journey towards being a better person. Choose the right pany. As they say, ＂Bad pany corrupts good character.＂ You don’t expect yourself to be able to change if you go on surrounding yourself with people who possess all the negative traits that you want to change. Consider befriending new people, especially those who are optimistic and have a healthy attitude towards life. 4 . Believe that you are able to change. 5 .If you don’t believe in yourself or believe that you or your life can change, it just won’t happen—you will either never start, or give up quickly that you won’t have even given yourself the opportunity to succeed. A. Look for a role model. B. There is always an opportunity for change. C. Setting clear goals is the key to success in any endeavor. D. Think about how your attitude change will affect your life. E. The greatest obstacle is our inability to trust in what we can do. F. Your effort to change will be easier with these people as friends. G. Fix your mind on the things that would e as a result of your attitude change. 【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，主要說明積極的生活態(tài)度對人們產(chǎn)生的積極影響，以及建議人們?nèi)ソY(jié)交一些生活態(tài)度積極的人，并且相信自己，盡最大的努力去