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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 開 題 報(bào) 告 1 浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)之江學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 開題報(bào)告 1 選題的背景和意義 1.1 選題的背景 隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人類的進(jìn)步，人們對(duì)于日常生活、工作中的物資需求呈現(xiàn)出了極大的多樣化與復(fù)雜化。傳統(tǒng)的簡單的產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)難以再滿足人們的需求。而且在企業(yè)、工廠的運(yùn)營過程中，需要的工具也不斷精細(xì)化與多樣化，給制造業(yè)帶來了新的難題。個(gè)性化的社會(huì)導(dǎo)致了制造產(chǎn)品大批量越來越少，更多的是需求多品種少批量，這種單件小值的生產(chǎn)模式是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工產(chǎn)業(yè)模式的挑戰(zhàn)[1]。為此，制造技術(shù)的研究者提出了成組技術(shù)的科學(xué)理論及實(shí)現(xiàn)方法，從根本上解決了生產(chǎn)由于品種多、產(chǎn)量少帶來的矛盾。它是將多種零件按其工藝的相似性分類成組，以形成零件族，即把同一零件族中零件分散的小生產(chǎn)量匯聚成較大的成組生產(chǎn)量，從而使小批量生產(chǎn)能獲得接近于大批量生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，成組夾具便應(yīng)運(yùn)而生[2]。 成組夾具的應(yīng)用可以擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的使用范圍，提高生產(chǎn)效率和零件的加工質(zhì)量，也能夠降低工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率[3]。而且隨著成組夾具的應(yīng)用和發(fā)展，必將加速開拓成組技術(shù)新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。因此，成組夾具將是我國機(jī)械工業(yè)今后夾具發(fā)展的一個(gè)主要方面。 1.2 國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 1.2.1 國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 目前發(fā)展的成組技術(shù)是應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)工程學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)，把中、小批生產(chǎn)中的設(shè)計(jì)制造和管理等方面作為一個(gè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)整體，統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的各個(gè)方面，全面實(shí)施成組技術(shù)以提高綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 成組技術(shù)從20世紀(jì)50年代提出到如今已經(jīng)歷了近50年的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。成組技術(shù)作為一門綜合性的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)科學(xué)是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝過程設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造和柔性制造系統(tǒng)等方面的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。我國早在20世紀(jì)60年代初就在紡織機(jī)械、飛機(jī)、機(jī)床及工程機(jī)械等機(jī)械制造業(yè)中推廣應(yīng)用成組技術(shù)，并初見成效。因此，成組技術(shù)受到國家有關(guān)部、局和工廠企業(yè)，研究所及高等院校的重視。目前，正積極開展這一方面的科學(xué)研究、人材培訓(xùn)和推廣應(yīng)用等工作?？梢韵嘈牛S著應(yīng)用推廣和科研工作的持續(xù)開展，成組技術(shù)對(duì)提高我國機(jī)械工業(yè)的制造技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)管理水平將日益發(fā)揮其重要的作用[4]。 成組工藝作為一種先進(jìn)的工藝方法和生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備方法，先后在蘇聯(lián)、民德、捷克、波蘭以及英國、法國、日本等國已經(jīng)逐步得到了應(yīng)用，并獲得了良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。由于它能縮短單件、小批生產(chǎn)的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間，擴(kuò)大加工批量，提高生產(chǎn)效率，為適應(yīng)多品種生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了條件。機(jī)床工業(yè)具有多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn)，因而近年來在國外有不少機(jī)床制造廠家先后也采用了成組工藝技術(shù)[5]。 1.2.2 發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 成組夾具由于能夠利用加工零件工藝上的相似性，并且適應(yīng)工件特征在一定范圍內(nèi)的變化而得到推廣和應(yīng)用，如何提高成組夾具設(shè)計(jì)效率成為需要重點(diǎn)解決的問題之一[6]。 組合夾具與成組夾具都適用于中小批生產(chǎn)和新產(chǎn)品試制，任何事物都不是十全十美的，組合夾具可多次重復(fù)使用，縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，但制造成本高，組裝后笨重復(fù)雜，剛性差，積累誤差大，而成組夾具可克服組合夾具的不足，組裝調(diào)整時(shí)間短，生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)管理較方便。采用成組夾具是企業(yè)全面實(shí)行成組技術(shù)的需要，是實(shí)現(xiàn)成組加工的重要手段和工具，而成組加工是實(shí)施成組技術(shù)的重要領(lǐng)域和必要的環(huán)節(jié)[7]。夾具設(shè)計(jì)正朝著多功能、模塊化、高精度、高剛性、高強(qiáng)度、通用化、快速化和自動(dòng)化的方向發(fā)展[8]。 2 研究的基本內(nèi)容 通過分析一組小軸類零件（如圖2.1所示）上銑削槽的特點(diǎn)，找出共性，確定銑削夾具形式，進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，確保定位精度滿足加工要求，工件夾緊牢固可靠；要求機(jī)構(gòu)合理、加工方便。 圖2.1小軸類零件圖 D=10～30mm 2.1 基本框架 （1）分析課題，方案設(shè)計(jì) （2）相關(guān)尺寸計(jì)算和校核 （3）零部件設(shè)計(jì) （4）總體夾具設(shè)計(jì) 2.2 研究的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn) 通過分析一組小軸類零件上銑削槽的特點(diǎn)，找出共性，確定銑削夾具形式，進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，確保定位精度滿足加工要求，工件夾緊牢固可靠；分度機(jī)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確可靠、方便。 2.3 擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題 （1）確定工件的定位方案，確保精度無誤差 （2）確定工件的夾緊方案，使工件穩(wěn)定夾緊 （3）適合不同尺寸和類型的銷軸的裝夾，分度方便可靠 3 研究的方法及措施 3.1 定位夾緊方案設(shè)計(jì) 如圖3.1所示為各小軸零件的定位夾緊方案示意圖，軸向左端面用支桿定位，限制了工件Y軸上的移動(dòng)，用圓柱面定位限制了X軸和Z軸的移動(dòng)以及繞X軸和Z軸的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，共限制了5個(gè)自由度，定位準(zhǔn)確可靠。箭頭所指位置為夾緊方向和夾緊位置。 圖3.1 定位夾緊方案示意圖 用圓柱面定位工件可以使用三爪卡盤和彈性夾頭來進(jìn)行定位夾緊： 三爪卡盤是機(jī)床上用來夾緊工件的機(jī)械裝置，用伏打扳手旋轉(zhuǎn)錐齒輪，錐齒輪帶動(dòng)平面矩形螺紋，然后帶動(dòng)三爪向心運(yùn)動(dòng)，同時(shí)趨進(jìn)或離散。因?yàn)槠矫婢匦温菁y的螺距相等，所以三爪運(yùn)動(dòng)距離相等，有自動(dòng)定心的作用。三爪卡盤多用于車床、銑床、插床夾持工件。 彈性夾頭是一種裝在車床或銑床上的夾頭，其主要作用是夾緊小軸類工件，由于定位精準(zhǔn)度較高、裝夾方便可靠，被廣泛用于各種生產(chǎn)加工領(lǐng)域。當(dāng)機(jī)床帶動(dòng)夾具開始旋轉(zhuǎn)后，數(shù)只離心重塊在離心力的作用下，繞銷作逆時(shí)針方向擺動(dòng)，其左端部壓迫柱塞，柱塞繼而壓縮柔性介質(zhì)，迫使拉桿帶動(dòng)彈性夾頭左移。彈性夾頭則受夾具體內(nèi)錐孔的作用而產(chǎn)生變形，從而夾緊工件的外圓表面，此時(shí)便可以進(jìn)行切削加工。加工完畢后機(jī)床主軸停止旋轉(zhuǎn)，由于彈性夾頭外錐體與夾具體錐孔之間為非自鎖配合，所以彈性夾頭會(huì)自動(dòng)恢復(fù)變形而松開工件。 三爪卡盤裝夾力大、裝夾適應(yīng)面寬，相對(duì)來講裝夾精度低于彈簧夾頭、實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)夾緊相對(duì)困難一些、裝夾效率低于彈簧夾頭。彈性夾頭雖然裝夾適應(yīng)面窄、夾緊力小，但是裝夾效率高、相對(duì)裝夾精度高，方便實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)夾緊。本次所要裝夾的是小軸類零件，不需要太大的夾緊力，而是需要更高的精度、裝夾效率和實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)夾緊，所以更適合采用彈性夾頭來裝夾工件。 如圖3.2所示彈性夾頭，連接螺栓1用來固定彈性夾頭3在夾具體2上，當(dāng)工件放入夾頭中往里推，彈性夾頭則受作用F而產(chǎn)生變形，從而夾緊工件的外圓表面，此時(shí)便可以進(jìn)行切削加工。 圖3.2 彈性夾頭 1連接螺栓 2夾具體 3彈性夾頭 4工件 3.2 分度裝置設(shè)計(jì) 如圖3.3所示為銑削小軸零件的分度示意圖，彈性夾頭固定在心軸上，在心軸上有四邊形和六邊形兩個(gè)分度面，各有相應(yīng)的偏心軸與之配合，可以根據(jù)需要鎖緊其中一個(gè)分度面。需要分度前，首先扳動(dòng)兩偏心軸上的手柄，使之都處于松開狀態(tài)，當(dāng)工件需要銑2、4個(gè)面或槽時(shí)，旋轉(zhuǎn)心軸到一定角度，然后扳動(dòng)偏心軸1上的手柄，鎖緊四邊形的分度面然后進(jìn)行銑削。當(dāng)工件需要銑3、6個(gè)面或槽時(shí)，扳動(dòng)偏心軸2上的手柄，鎖緊六邊形的分度面然后對(duì)工件進(jìn)行銑削。 圖3.3 分度裝置 4 預(yù)期成果 （1）繪制二維、三維裝配圖和部分零件的工程圖，并完成三維總裝圖 （2）銷軸軸端的槽、面銑成組夾具的說明書。 5 研究工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃 （1） 2014.11.01～2014.12.25 查閱資料，撰寫開題報(bào)告、文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯 （2） 2014.12.26～2015.01.7 完成開題報(bào)告、文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯 （3） 2015.02.22～2015.03.26 完成夾具相關(guān)尺寸計(jì)算和校核，具體零部件設(shè)計(jì) （4） 2015.03.27～2015.04.29 完成二維裝配圖及重要零件圖 （5） 2015.04.30～2015.05.10 完成三維裝配圖 （6） 2015.05.11～2015.05.25 撰寫畢業(yè)論文 （7） 2015.05.26～2015.05.28 修改論文，準(zhǔn)備答辯 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]賈鵬程．試論成組夾具技術(shù)在機(jī)械加工中的應(yīng)用[J]．科技創(chuàng)新與應(yīng)用，2013（32）：4． [2]王守忠，陳愛榮．成組夾具技術(shù)在機(jī)械加工中的應(yīng)用探析[J]．商丘職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2006（2）：62~64． [3]李定志，龔書強(qiáng)，王永國．成組夾具技術(shù)在小批量銑加工生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用[J]．機(jī)床/附件/工裝， 2001（1）：43~44． [4]李春杰，肖素梅．成組技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展[J]．黑龍江史志，2006（4）：10~11． [5]大津一郎、茵矢圭司．機(jī)床生產(chǎn)與成組工藝[J]．機(jī)械技術(shù)，1971，19（3）：34~40． [6]祁捷．成組夾具的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)踐[J]．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造，2005 (6)：31~32． [7]趙學(xué)良，趙波．試論我國成組夾具發(fā)展方向[J]．太原機(jī)械學(xué)院，1989（5）：22~24． [8]黃劍波．?dāng)?shù)控機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展[J]．電子機(jī)械工程，2011，27（5）：33~36． 5 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述 浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)之江學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 文獻(xiàn)綜述 ?成組夾具概述 1 前言 隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人類的進(jìn)步，人們對(duì)于日常生活、工作中的物資需求呈現(xiàn)出了極大的多樣化與復(fù)雜化。傳統(tǒng)的簡單的產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)難以再滿足人們的需求。而且在企業(yè)、工廠的運(yùn)營過程中，需要的工具也不斷精細(xì)化與多樣化，給制造業(yè)帶來了新的難題。個(gè)性化的社會(huì)導(dǎo)致了制造產(chǎn)品大批量越來越少，更多的是需求多品種少批量，這種單件小值的生產(chǎn)模式是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工產(chǎn)業(yè)模式的挑戰(zhàn)[1]。為此，制造技術(shù)的研究者提出了成組技術(shù)的科學(xué)理論及實(shí)現(xiàn)方法，從根本上解決了生產(chǎn)由于品種多、產(chǎn)量少帶來的矛盾。它是將多種零件按其工藝的相似性分類成組，以形成零件族，即把同一零件族中零件分散的小生產(chǎn)量匯聚成較大的成組生產(chǎn)量，從而使小批量生產(chǎn)能獲得接近于大批量生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，成組夾具便應(yīng)運(yùn)而生[2]。 成組夾具是按成組技術(shù)的原理，在零件分類成組的基礎(chǔ)上，針對(duì)若干相似零件的相似加工工序而設(shè)計(jì)制造的夾具。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，不僅具有專用夾具的特點(diǎn)，而且還很容易適應(yīng)外觀特征在一定范圍內(nèi)變化的零件加工。成組夾具的應(yīng)用可以擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的使用范圍，提高生產(chǎn)效率和零件的加工質(zhì)量，也能夠降低工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率[3]。而且隨著成組夾具的應(yīng)用和發(fā)展，必將加速開拓成組技術(shù)新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。因此，成組夾具將是我國機(jī)械工業(yè)今后夾具發(fā)展的一個(gè)主要方面。 成組夾具應(yīng)用實(shí)例和核算出的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果，充分地說明成組夾具有如下綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)性：（1）降低夾具設(shè)計(jì)制造費(fèi)用；（2）明顯縮短了生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，充分利用夾具的使用壽命；（3）提高加工效率，促進(jìn)企業(yè)的技術(shù)改造；（4）促進(jìn)企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作，有利于保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量；（5）顯著地降低了夾具原材料消耗[4]。 2 成組夾具設(shè)計(jì)的國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀 2.1 國內(nèi)成組技術(shù)應(yīng)用及現(xiàn)狀 2.1.1 成組技術(shù)的應(yīng)用 目前發(fā)展的成組技術(shù)是應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)工程學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)，把中、小批生產(chǎn)中的設(shè)計(jì)制造和管理等方面作為一個(gè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)整體，統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的各個(gè)方面，全面實(shí)施成組技術(shù)以提高綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 （1）產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)方面。由于用成組技術(shù)指導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)，賦予各類零件以更大的相似類，這就為在制造管理方面實(shí)施成組技術(shù)奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)，使之取得更好的效果。以成組技術(shù)為指導(dǎo)的設(shè)計(jì)合理化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作將為實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)；為設(shè)計(jì)信息最大程度地重復(fù)使用，加快設(shè)計(jì)速度，節(jié)約時(shí)間作出貢獻(xiàn)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)一種新產(chǎn)品時(shí)，往往有3/4以上的零件設(shè)計(jì)可參考借鑒或直接引用原有的產(chǎn)品圖紙，從而減少新設(shè)計(jì)的零件，這不僅可免除設(shè)計(jì)人員的重復(fù)性勞動(dòng)，也可以減少工藝準(zhǔn)備工作和降低制造費(fèi)用。 （2）制造工藝方面。成組技術(shù)在制造工藝方面最先得到廣泛應(yīng)用。開始是用于成組工序，即把加工方法、安裝方式和機(jī)床調(diào)整相近的零件歸結(jié)為零件組，設(shè)計(jì)出適用于全組零件加工的成組工序。成組工序允許采用同一設(shè)備和工藝裝置，以及相同或相近的機(jī)床調(diào)整加工全組零件，這樣，只要能按零件組安排生產(chǎn)調(diào)度計(jì)劃，就可以大大減少由于零件品種更換所需要的機(jī)床調(diào)整時(shí)間。此外，由于零件組內(nèi)諸零件的安裝方式和尺寸相近，可設(shè)計(jì)出應(yīng)用于成組工序的公用夾具，只要進(jìn)行少量的調(diào)整或更換某些零件，公用夾具就可適用于全組零件的工序安裝。 （3）生產(chǎn)組織管理方面。成組加工要求將零件按工藝相似性分類形成加工族，加工同一加工族有其相應(yīng)的一組機(jī)床設(shè)備。因此，很自然成組生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)要求按模塊化原理組織生產(chǎn)，即采取成組生產(chǎn)單元的生產(chǎn)組織形式。成組技術(shù)是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助管理系統(tǒng)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)之一。這是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)用成組技術(shù)基本原理將大量信息分類成組，并使之規(guī)格化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，這將有助于建立結(jié)構(gòu)合理的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)公用數(shù)據(jù)庫，可大量壓縮信息的儲(chǔ)存量；由于不再是分別針對(duì)一個(gè)工程問題和任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)程序，可使程序設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化[5]。 2.1.2 發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 成組技術(shù)從20世紀(jì)50年代提出到如今已經(jīng)歷了近50年的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。成組技術(shù)作為一門綜合性的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)科學(xué)是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝過程設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）和柔性制造系統(tǒng)等方面的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。我國早在20世紀(jì)60年代初就在紡織機(jī)械、飛機(jī)、機(jī)床及工程機(jī)械等機(jī)械制造業(yè)中推廣應(yīng)用成組技術(shù)，并初見成效。因此，成組技術(shù)受到國家有關(guān)部、局和工廠企業(yè)，研究所及高等院校的重視。目前，正積極開展這一方面的科學(xué)研究、人材培訓(xùn)和推廣應(yīng)用等工作。原機(jī)械部設(shè)計(jì)研究院負(fù)責(zé)組織研制的全國機(jī)械零件分類編碼系統(tǒng)JLBM I，它將對(duì)我國推廣應(yīng)用成組技術(shù)起到積極推進(jìn)作用。我國不少高等工業(yè)院校結(jié)合教學(xué)和科研工作，在成組技術(shù)基本理論及其應(yīng)用方面，如零件分類編碼系統(tǒng)、零件分類成組方法和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助編碼、分類、工藝設(shè)計(jì)、零件設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)管理的軟件系統(tǒng)等方面都開展了許多研究工作，并取得了不少成果?？梢韵嘈?，隨著應(yīng)用推廣和科研工作的持續(xù)開展，成組技術(shù)對(duì)提高我國機(jī)械工業(yè)的制造技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)管理水平將日益發(fā)揮其重要的作用[6]。 2.2 成組工藝在國外的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r 成組工藝作為一種先進(jìn)的工藝方法和生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備方法，先后在蘇聯(lián)、民德、捷克、波蘭以及英國、法國、日本等國已經(jīng)逐步得到了應(yīng)用，并獲得了良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。由于它能縮短單件、小批生產(chǎn)的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間，擴(kuò)大加工批量，提高生產(chǎn)效率，為適應(yīng)多品種生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了條件。機(jī)床工業(yè)具有多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn)，因而近年來在國外有不少機(jī)床制造廠家先后也采用了成組工藝技術(shù)。如日本三菱公司的機(jī)床制造部門也引進(jìn)了成組工藝技術(shù)[7]。據(jù)介紹，該公司從引進(jìn)成組工藝到過渡為新的管理系統(tǒng)只用了半年時(shí)間。他們引進(jìn)成組工藝分為兩個(gè)階段進(jìn)行。第一階段主要是進(jìn)行零件的編碼和分類，確定機(jī)床布局，按類似零件設(shè)置成組生產(chǎn)線，以改進(jìn)加工技術(shù)，縮短加工時(shí)間，并為在新的生產(chǎn)管理系統(tǒng)中采用電子數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)造條件。第二階段的任務(wù)著重在設(shè)計(jì)部門推廣和應(yīng)用成組工藝。通過有效地利用現(xiàn)有圖紙及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化以減少圖紙數(shù)量及設(shè)計(jì)工時(shí)。依靠反復(fù)使用質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定而有效的零件圖紙，保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，擴(kuò)大加工批量，從而降低成本，縮短生產(chǎn)周期，并為采用成組夾具、專用機(jī)床以及數(shù)控機(jī)床等高效率的設(shè)備創(chuàng)造條件。 英國赫伯特(Herbert) 公司的埃奇維克 (Edgwick)和馬肯當(dāng)一萊恩(Mackadown Lane)工廠也成功地應(yīng)用了成組工藝。現(xiàn)在埃奇維克廠有26個(gè)成組加工工段。在馬肯當(dāng)一萊恩廠有18個(gè)成組加工工段。這些工段所加工的零件相當(dāng)于赫伯特公司制造的機(jī)床零件的90%以上。其余零件則在非成組加工線上加工。該公司采用成組工藝后，使新產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)周期由原來的12~18個(gè)月減為平均6個(gè)月；其次是減少庫存和再制品數(shù)量。據(jù)該公司介紹，采用成組工藝后，生產(chǎn)效率可提高60%。另外該公司還特別從成組加工的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，發(fā)展了小批、中批及大批生產(chǎn)用的自動(dòng)化車床[8]。 隨著生產(chǎn)的不斷發(fā)展，進(jìn)一步提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，今后成組工藝的采用將會(huì)更加廣泛。 3 成組夾具設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 成組夾具由于能夠利用加工零件工藝上的相似性，并且適應(yīng)工件特征在一定范圍內(nèi)的變化而得到推廣和應(yīng)用，如何提高成組夾具設(shè)計(jì)效率成為需要重點(diǎn)解決的問題之一[9]。 組合夾具與成組夾具都適用于中小批生產(chǎn)和新產(chǎn)品試制，任何事物都不是十全十美的，組合夾具可多次重復(fù)使用，縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，但制造成本高，組裝后笨重復(fù)雜，剛性差，積累誤差大，而成組夾具可克服組合夾具的不足，組裝調(diào)整時(shí)間短，生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)管理較方便。采用成組夾具是企業(yè)全面實(shí)行成組技術(shù)的需要，是實(shí)現(xiàn)成組加工的重要手段和工具，而成組加工是實(shí)施成組技術(shù)的重要領(lǐng)域和必要的環(huán)節(jié)[10]。夾具設(shè)計(jì)正朝著多功能、模塊化、高精度、高剛性、高強(qiáng)度、通用化、快速化和自動(dòng)化的方向發(fā)展[11]。 4 設(shè)計(jì)成組夾具應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題 （1）成組夾具在設(shè)計(jì)上比可調(diào)整夾具更具有針對(duì)性。成組夾具的設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象必須是一組形狀相似、工序內(nèi)容相似、定位夾緊方式相似的零件，只有這樣成組夾具才能取得良好的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。所以成組夾具的設(shè)計(jì)更依賴于零件的分類方法[12]。 （2）將同類零件集中起來進(jìn)行全面分析，然后合理分組，按組分別設(shè)計(jì)是成組夾具設(shè)計(jì)的重要方法。它不但有利于提高夾具的“ 三化” 程度，而且使所設(shè)計(jì)的成組夾具對(duì)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品有一定的適應(yīng)性和通用性，并對(duì)新產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展具有良好的繼承性[13]。 （3）成組夾具設(shè)計(jì)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是實(shí)現(xiàn)合理化控制，所謂合理化是指一套成組夾具不但可以加工多種零件，而且一種零件加工完畢要更換同組中另一個(gè)零件時(shí)，“機(jī)床一夾具一刀具” 系統(tǒng)只要作稍微調(diào)整即可[14]。 5 結(jié)束語 隨著我國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)整體水平的不斷進(jìn)步和制造業(yè)發(fā)展速度的不斷加快，成組夾具技術(shù)在機(jī)械加工中的運(yùn)用取得了良好的實(shí)踐效果。不但實(shí)現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械加工的便利性，提高了生產(chǎn)效率，而且成組夾具技術(shù)在發(fā)展的過程中與工藝過程設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造等多種現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的融合運(yùn)用，逐漸形成了一門較為獨(dú)立的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)科學(xué)，推動(dòng)了我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)的不斷進(jìn)步。因此工作人員在成組夾具技術(shù)的運(yùn)用過程中應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)其進(jìn)行合理的分析與研究，并在此基礎(chǔ)上通過機(jī)械加工實(shí)踐來促進(jìn)我國成組夾具技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平的持續(xù)提升[15]。 目前，成組夾具在車床、銑床、鉆床磨床上得到推廣應(yīng)用。開展成組夾具的設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用，對(duì)保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，節(jié)約成本，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益起到了積極作用，對(duì)我國工業(yè)發(fā)展將起到良好的推動(dòng)作用[16]。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]賈鵬程．試論成組夾具技術(shù)在機(jī)械加工中的應(yīng)用[J]．科技創(chuàng)新與應(yīng)用，2013（32）：4． [2]王守忠，陳愛榮．成組夾具技術(shù)在機(jī)械加工中的應(yīng)用探析[J]．商丘職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2006（2）：62~64． [3]李定志，龔書強(qiáng)，王永國．成組夾具技術(shù)在小批量銑加工生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用[J]．機(jī)床/附件/工裝， 2001（1）：43~44． [4]孫進(jìn)興，蔣銘和．應(yīng)用成組夾具技術(shù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性評(píng)價(jià)[J]．現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)，2001（2）：25~28． [5]隋聚艷．夾具的發(fā)展及其趨勢(shì)分析[J]．現(xiàn)代商貿(mào)工業(yè)，2009，32（19）：323~324． [6]李春杰，肖素梅．成組技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展[J]．黑龍江史志，2006（4）：10~11． [7]大津一郎、茵矢圭司．機(jī)床生產(chǎn)與成組工藝[J]．機(jī)械技術(shù)，1991，19（3）：34~40． [8]伍實(shí)．國外成組加工工藝發(fā)展概況[J]．北京機(jī)床研究所，1994（6）：42~48． [9]祁捷．成組夾具的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)踐[J]．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造，2005 (6)：31~32． [10]趙學(xué)良，趙波．試論我國成組夾具發(fā)展方向[J]．太原機(jī)械學(xué)院，1989（5）：22~24． [11]黃劍波．?dāng)?shù)控機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展[J]．電子機(jī)械工程，2011，27（5）：33~36． [12]李少帥，喬立紅．成組夾具參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)方法研究[J]．成組技術(shù)與生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)代化，2010，27（3）：18~21． [13]姜大志，孫俊蘭．成組技術(shù)在產(chǎn)品快速設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用[J]．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)，2005 (8)：57~59． [14]Jing W,Wang W,Cai Y.Computer Aided Group Fixture Design[J].CIRP Annals-Manufacturing.1988,37（1）:145~148. [15]路威．探討成組夾具技術(shù)在機(jī)械加工中的運(yùn)用[J]．科技資訊，2014（6）：83~85． [16]趙寧．成組夾具的應(yīng)用與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析[J]．中國科技博覽，2012（27）：501~502 ． 4 Mechanical Parts Processing Technology and Fixture Design Pick to : the machining parts of the structure and process analysis, identified the machine- finishing craft route, fixture in the mechanical processing of the status and importance, as well as the fixture design. With the increasingly development of scientific progress and the adjustment of national industry policy, project machinery industry already became no policy barriers of perfectly competitive industry Key words: technical background / development / process / positioning scheme 1 Mechanical Processing Historical Background and Its Significance Machinery manufacturing industry is an old and eternal industry full of vitality. With the development of modern industry, the mechanical product of the increasingly high demand, machinery manufacturing technology are developing rapidly. Since the founding of new China, our countrys manufacturing technology and manufacturing industry to obtain the considerable development, a considerable size and technical basis of mechanical industry system is formed basically. Years of reform and opening up, Chinas manufacturing industry to make full use of domestic and foreign two aspects of technological resources, there are plans to promote the technical transformation of enterprises, guide enterprises to take the road to rely on progress of science and technology, manufacturing technology, product quality and level and the economic benefit produced marked change, in order to promote the development of the national economy has made great contribution. Although our country manufacturing industry comprehensive technical level has been greatly improved, but compared with developed country, still have level sex difference. Enter the twenty-first Century, the economic development of our country s leading industry still is the manufacturing industry, especially after our country joins WTO, the worlds manufacturing center is developed from migration to Asia, China has cheap labor and the general consumer market, accordingly, industry of our country wants to develop, need to have appropriate technology and equipment support. Machinery industry is the equipment industry of national economy; it is content of science and technology of foundation; is new and high technology industrialization; is the basis of national defense building; is to achieve rapid economic growth of the important pillar; is to improve peoples living quality, provide consumer electrical products supply industry. It runs to national economy, the quality and efficiency of industrial structure adjustment and optimization is a very important role. 2 The Status of Machinery Industry and Development Trend With the development of society, all kinds of machinery and gradually applied to the various industry, whether in the agricultural, military, industrial, mechanical operation, leaving no efficiency, therefore, in some sense, the strength of a countrys economy, social status, and the development of machinery industry is close separable. The industrialized countries economic development course indicated that, without a strong equipment manufacturing industry, is impossible to achieve national economy industrialization, modernization and information 3 . At present, the equipment manufacturing industry development lag is restricting Chinas economic development and industrial upgrading of the important factors, increase structural adjustment strength, promote mechanical industry lasts, healthy, steady development, to change the mode of economic growth, improve quality of national economy whole, enhance the international competitiveness of the economy, security and national defense security has important and far-reaching meaning of. 3 Of Machining Process Planning 3.1 Machining Process Definition The machining process is the use of mechanical processing method of change in rough shape, size, the relative position and the nature, make its become finished or semi-finished products of the whole process. Machining process directly determines the parts and the quality and performance of products, product cost, production period has great influence, is an important part of the whole process. 3.2 Mechanical Processes The composition of mechanical machining process of the basic unit is a process. Process and is formed by mounting, station, working steps and take the knife. The process is a group of workers, in a work of the same or simultaneously on several workpieces are completed for that part of the process. Process is the formulation of labor quota, with workers and machine tool equipment, arranging operation plan and quality testing of the basic unit. The installation is a workpiece by a fixture after the completion of the procedures. The application of switch ( or displacement) when processing machine tool ( or fixture ) processing, in a fixture, the workpiece ( or cutter ) relative to the machine tool passes through several locations in order processing, in each position is done on that part of the process, called station. The multi-station processing can reduce the times of clamping, reduce the mounting error, improve productivity. The step is processing the surface in the cutting tool and the cutting parameters ( only refers to the spindle speed and feed rate ) are the same circumstances completed part of the process. 3.3 Machining Process Definition Products or components manufacturing process and operation methods of the process, called process, it is the enterprise in the production of technical guidance document. 3.4 Machining Process Planning Function and Content Machining process is ready for production work mainly on the basis of. According to its raw material and semifinished product supply, machine tool adjustment, special process equipment design and manufacturing, production scheduling, allocation of labor force, and the production cost accounting. The machining process planning and organization of production, planning and scheduling based on. It can make production schedule and the corresponding scheduling, and can be connected to the scientific process, production is balanced, smooth, to realize high quality, high yield and low consumption. Machining process card and machining process card, are the two main process documents. Machining process card, is illustrated parts machining process technology files. In a single, small batch production, to machining process card guiding production, process card various projects in the preparation of more detailed. Machining process card for each process detailed formulation, used to direct workers, used for mass production parts and mass production of the important parts in the. 3.5 Making The Machining Process Planning Principles and Steps Under certain production conditions, with minimal consumption of labor and the lowest cost, according to plans processing parts that meet requirements of the drawings, is to develop the basic principle of machining process. Formulation of machining process steps are as follows: The under parts of the production program decision production type; The analysis of parts processing technology; The choice of blank type and manufacturing method; The technological process; The process design; The process documentation. 4 Fixture Design 4.1 Fixture Design Sense In the machinery industry, how to guarantee the high precision of workpiece, the costs of processing and other substantive issues, has been engaged in the mechanical industry research questions, which in the design of fixture when we should consider the problems above, efficient fixture is the workpiece precision guarantee, how to make the fixture more efficient, more economical, the industry is the urgent need to resolve. With the development of society, the continuous improvement of technology, various high- tech technology gradually infiltrated into all sectors, how to use these high-tech to serve mankind, how to make full use of the technology in mechanical industry, it also requires machinery industry staff continued efforts, innovation. With the development of science and technology, and social needs of the market, the fixture design in progressive super to the flexible manufacturing system development. To date, the fixture is mechanical and electrical products manufacturing in the four indispensable tools, tool itself is already highly standardized, the user only needs to press varieties, specifications selection and procurement. While the mold and fixture and related products products, there is a need to make changes, usually belong to the special properties of the tool, mould has become an independent industry; fixture at home and abroad is also gradually form a dependent or independent small industry of machine tool industry. Combined clamp not only has the standardization, modularization, modular and other contemporary advanced design ideas, and in line with resource conservation principle, more suitable for green manufacturing environment protection principle. So the next fixture technology is an important direction of development unit. Machine tool fixture is usually refers to the use of clamping workpiece clamping device: for the device with various tools, also known as tool. The auxiliary tool is sometimes generalized to include in the range of machine tool fixture. According to the application range of machine tool fixture, generally can be divided into general jig, fixture and adjustable fixture. Universal jig is on general machine tools are generally accompanied by a common fixture, such as a lathe chuck, milling machine rotary table, dividing head, top seat. They have a standardized, with certain universality, can be used to install certain shape and size within the range of the workpiece without the need for special adjustment. However, in actual production, a universal fixture often can not meet the needs of various parts processing; or because of low productivity and must have the universal fixture for proper improvement; or because the shape of the workpiece, the processing requirements to be different specialized design and manufacture of a special jig, in order to solve the actual production needs. Jig is adapted to a workpiece in a processing requirements and the design and manufacturing expertise, its function mainly has the following several aspects: 1 ensure that the surface of the workpiece being processed mainly includes processing workpieces need maneuvering time of loading and unloading workpieces need the auxiliary time of two part. 2 using a dedicated fixture, workpiece installation and conversion work work can be greatly simplified, no longer need to draw the line and to find it, to shorten the working procedure non-cutting time and save line drawing this process, thereby improving the labor productivity. In production due to the adoption of multiple parallel processing workpiece fixture, enabling the simultaneous processing several parts of the motor will time and processing time of the same motor. The rotary multi-station continuous processing fixture, can be used for machining a workpiece at the same time, other workpiece loading and unloading, thereby enabling the auxiliary time and motor time coincides. In short, with the special fixture using and further improvement, can effectively shorten the process time, production to meet the evolving needs of. 3 using a dedicated fixture can expand the scope of machine tool technology. For example in lathe boring jig attached, can replace boring work; special fixture can be installed after turning the molding surface, so as to give full play to the role of general machine tools. 4, reduce the labor intensity, and ensuring safety production. According to the demand of production, using pneumatic, hydraulic or other mechanical changes, a higher degree of automation of the special fixture, to reduce the labor intensity of workers, protection of production safety and the stability of product quality and high yield of a great role. Processing large workpieces, such as the lathe bed, the lower surfaces of the screw holes on the bed, need to flip several times for processing workpieces, high labor intensity and safety. The use of electric rotary drill furniture, can improve production efficiency, reduce labor intensity, ensure safety in production. 4.2 Fixture of The Development Trend Industrial design is the development of human society and the progress of science and technology of the product, from Maurices the arts and Crafts Movement, to the German Bauhaus design revolution and the United States of America wide dissemination and promotion, industrial design after brewing, exploration, formation, development history of more than 100 years of vicissitudes. Today, industrial design has become an independent subject, and a complete set of research system. In 1980 the International Council of societies of industrial design ( ICSID ) to the industry as a clearly defined: production of industrial products, by training, technical knowledge, experience and visual experience, and indicates the material, structure, morphology, structure, color, surface processing, decoration to the new quality and specification, called industrial design. According to the specific circumstances of the time, industrial designer in the industry products are all side or a few aspects of the work, but also the need for industrial designers of packaging, publicity, display, market development and other issues to resolve pay their own technical knowledge and experience and ability of the visual evaluation, which also belongs to the scope of industrial design. Material, structure, technology is the product design material and technical basis, on one hand, technology restrict the design; on the other hand, technology is also promoting design. From the point of view of design aesthetics, technology is not only the material basis but also has its own function action, as long as good application properties of the materials, to the corresponding structure and suitable processing technology, can create a practical, aesthetic, economic products, namely in the product technology potential function. Any design are the product of the times, its different features, different features reflect the different historical periods of level of science and technology. Technology is the product of the morphological development of the pilot, new material, new technology products, is bound to bring new structure, new forms and new style. Materials, processing technology, structure, product image organic ground is contacted together, a part of the change, it will cause the whole body changes. Now, the machining process and fixture with the development of manufacturing technology also make a spurt of progress. Machining process to the various factories in different circumstances, its processing procedures are very different. Break through the past death mode. Make it with different cases has more reasonable technological process. So that product quality greatly improved. Develop processing technology can be rational, but also to meet the basic requirements: guarantee product quality under the premise, as far as possible to improve labor productivity and reduce the processing cost. And to make full use of the existing factory production conditions, as far as possible, using domestic and foreign advanced technology and experience. Should also ensure that the good working conditions. But our country present stage still rely mainly on technology personnel experience to prepare process, often does not require step and cutting amount, man-hour quota is to be determined by experience, very rough, the lack of scientific basis, difficult to carry out reasonable economic accounting International Journal of production Research Association statistics show that, at present, small batch production of many varieties of workpiece varieties accounted for about 85% of the total number of the kind of workpiece. Modern manufacturing requirements of enterprises manufacturing products constantly upgrading, to meet the needs of the market and competition. However, the general enterprises are still accustomed to the traditional special fixture, generally in the medium having a production capacity of the plant, some have thousands or even nearly 10000 sets of special fixture; on the other hand, in the production of many varieties of the company, every 3 to 4 years to update 50 80% special jig, fixture actual wear only 10 20% or so. Especially in recent years, CNC machine tools, machining center, group technology, flexible manufacturing system ( FMS ), a new processing technology of machine tool fixture, proposed the following new requirements: 1) can rapidly and conveniently and equipment of new products put into production, so as to shorten the production cycle, reduce the production cost; 2) capable of clamping a group with similar characteristics of the workpiece; 3) can be applied to precision machining of high precision machine tool fixture; 4) can be applied to all the modern manufacturing technology of new machine tool fixture; 5) adopts the hydraulic station for power efficient clamping device, in order to further reduce the labor intensity and improve labor productivity; 6) improve the standardization degree of machine tool fixture. The development trend of modern machine tool fixture mainly for standardization, efficiency, precision and flexibility in four aspects. Use better fixture, can improve labor productivity, improve processing accuracy, reduce waste, machine tool technology can expand the scope, improve the operation of labor conditions. Therefore, the fixture machinery manufacturing is an important process equipment. A good fixture is the processing of qualified products of the first condition, in order to allow the clamp has the better development, fixture industry should strengthen the production, learning and research, collaborative efforts, accelerate the use of high technology to transform and upgrade the level of technology to create the pace of jig, fixture professional technology website, make full use of modern information and network technology, and when in keeping with the innovation and development of fixture technology. Active and foreign fixture manufacturer, for joint venture and cooperation, the introduction of technology, it is the reform and development of our country industry is more effective ways of fixture.