【例句研 】 出句子，注意Period Learning notes for Word power & Grammar and usage 【 Learning goals】1. Learning a new expression: let alone2.Learning a new sentence pattern: One reason why is that3.Learning grammar: Unreal conditions【 Language focus】 let alone【教材原句】 In his youth, however, he never left his home town, let alone travelled to another country. because he had to work to support his family.(P41)let alone在句中的意 (1)I can not speak Italian, let alone write it.(2)Let him alone. He must have been drunk .【自主歸納】let alone 的同義詞組（譯出劃線部分）(1)Pollution has a negative effect on the health of everyone living in the city, not to mention the damage to the environment.(2) It s difficult to compete abroad, much less win a championship!【即 鞏固】 根據(jù) 完成句子(1) 他 父母的 都不聽(tīng)，更不用 祖父母的了。He wouldn t listen to his parents,.(2) 個(gè)兩 大的寶寶 不會(huì)走路，更不用 跑了。The 2-year-old baby can t even walk,.(3) 我 一定不要理他，他看上去像個(gè) 子。because looks like a crazy man.句型【教材原句】 One reason why there are so many French words in English is that the French ruled England for quite a number of years. (P38)【句法分析】(1) The reason why . is that . 表示 “的原因是 ”。在此句型中 why 引 定 從句修 the reason; that 引 表 從句， 明the reason 的內(nèi)容。(2)The reason why . is that .的 化形式是：The reason for . is that .【即 鞏固】翻 句子（ 1） The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us._（ 2） The reason for their success is that they knew how to study._Grammar and usage:Unreal conditions虛 擬 語(yǔ) 氣虛 氣表示 人的愿望、 假 或建 ， 而不表示客 存在的事 。 虛 氣通 的特殊形式來(lái)表示。下面分 介 虛 氣在各種句式中的用法。一、虛 氣用于條件狀 從句虛 條件句三種基本情況的 形式：第 1頁(yè)所述情況從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If+ 主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式主語(yǔ) +would / could /might / should+動(dòng)詞原形(did / were)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反If+ 主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去完成式主語(yǔ) +would /could / might / should+ have done(had done)1)if+ 主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反2)if+ 主語(yǔ) +were to + 動(dòng)詞原形主語(yǔ) +would / could /might / should+動(dòng)詞原形3)if+ 主語(yǔ) +should+ 動(dòng)詞原形 注意 ：主句中的 should 通常用于第一人稱， would 可用于任何人稱， 同時(shí)也可根據(jù)意思用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, might 等代替。1. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：1) If he had (have) time, he would attend (attend) the meeting.2) If I were (be) you, I should study (study) English.2. 表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反：If you had come (come) yesterday, you would have met (meet) him.3. 表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反：1) If it were to / should rain (rain) tomorrow, the meeting would be put (put) off.2) If you came (come) tomorrow, we would have (have) the meeting. 注意 ：1、省略 if 的情況如果從句中含有系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可省略if,把從句中的were, had 或 should提到其主語(yǔ)之前形成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。1) 要是我是你我就會(huì)放棄。If I were you, I would give it up.Were I you, I would give it up.2) 要是他們沒(méi)有幫助我們的話，我們使肯定不會(huì)成功的。If they hadn t helped us, we would not have succeeded.Had they not helped us , we would not have succeeded.3) 要是明天下雨的話，我就呆在家里。If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.Should it rain tomorrow , I would stay at home.4) 要是明天下雨的話，會(huì)議將被取消。If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.Were it to rain tomorrow , the meeting would be put off.2、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句從句與主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況調(diào)整。要是你聽(tīng)了我的建議，你現(xiàn)在就好多了。If you had followed ( follow) my advice, youwould be ( be ) better now.3、含蓄條件句在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中并不總是出現(xiàn)if 引導(dǎo)的條件句，而是通過(guò)其他手段來(lái)代替條件句。常用 or / otherwise / but that + 句子或介詞with / without / but for +n. 表示隱含一種非真實(shí)的條件。1) 要不是因?yàn)橛?，我們已?jīng)完成工作了。第 2頁(yè)But for the rain, we would have finished the work.2) 要是沒(méi)有音 的 ， 世界將會(huì)是個(gè)枯燥的世界。Without music, the world would be a dull place.3) 我想和你去的，但是我太忙了。I would go with you but I m busy.4) I m glad I went over all my notes, otherwise _. ( C )A. I may have failedB. I d failC. I dhave failedD. I ll have failed5) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _ for her.( C )A. had to write it outB. must have written it outC. should have written it outD. ought to write it out二、常用虛 氣的句型1. I wish但愿 I wish ( that)主 +did / were(與 在事 相反)I wish ( that)主 +had done / could / would have done. ( 與 去事 相反)I wish ( that)主 +would / could do(與將來(lái)事 相反)1) I wish ( that ) I were as clever as you (和你一 明 )2) I wish (that ) I had told him the truth （我把真相告 了他）3) I wish (that ) you could go with us .（你可以和我 一起去）2. If only要是 就好了If only + 主 +did / were(與 在事 相反)If only + 主 +had done( 與 去事 相反)If only + 主 +would / could do( 與將來(lái)事 相反)1) 要是我能在一天內(nèi)把英 學(xué)好就好了。If only I could learn English well in one day.2) 要是我聽(tīng)了他的建 就好了。If only I had taken his advice.3) 要是西蒙能 我回信就好了。If only Simon would reply to my letter.3. would rather寧可、真希望 would rather (that ) + 主 +did / were(與 在事 相反) would rather (that ) + 主 +had done(與 去事 相反) would rather (that ) + 主 +did / were(與將來(lái)事 相反)1) 我寧可你明天干 份工作。I d rather youdid (do) the work tomorrow.2) 我 真希望你沒(méi)做 那 的事。We would rather you hadn t done(not do ) that.3) 我真希望你 在就付 我。I d rather youpaid (pay ) me now.4. as if / as though 好似、似乎 as if +主 +did / were(與 在事 相反 ) as if +主 +had done(與 去事 相反 ) as if +主 + would / could / might do(與將來(lái)事 相反 )1)When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were ( be ) broken.2)He talked about the film as if he had seen ( see )it.第 3頁(yè)3) It looks as if it might rain (rain).但 as if / as though 后的從句也常用 述 氣， 是因 從句中的情況往往是可能 生的或可被 想 真 的。It looks as if our side is going to win ( 我 要 了).5. If it were not for如果沒(méi)有 If it were n ot for主,語(yǔ)+ should / would do.(與 在事 相反)If it had not been for主 + ,would have done.(與 去事 相反)1) 要是沒(méi)有下雨，莊稼會(huì)死掉的。If it were not for the rain, the crops should / would die.2) 要是沒(méi)有你 的及 幫助，我本可能失 了。If it had not been for your timely help, I would have failed.6. It s ( high / about ) time (that)主 +did早 做而未做的事，并含有建 的意味或 It s (high / about ) time (that) sb should do (should不能省略， be 用 were)This is the first / second time主 ( +havethat) / has done1)It s already 5 o clock now. Don t you think itwent( gosabout)home?time we2)This was the last time he had been ( be ) there.7. 虛 氣在 suggest, insist, demand, command, arrange, order, require, request, advise, desire, propose 等表示 “建 、命令、 持、要求 ”等后面的 從句中。 ( that ) 主 + ( should) do1)The doctor suggested that she should stay in bed for a few days (他躺在床上幾天 ).2)He insisted that he should be sent to the west (把他派往西部 ).3)He demanded that we should start right now (我 立刻出 ). 注意 當(dāng) insist 作 “ ”、“ 持 ”， suggest 作 “暗示 ”、 “表明 ”解 ， 從句不用虛 氣。We insisted that she (should) go with us (她和我 一起去).Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything (他從未 西).His pale face suggested that he was ill (他病了 ).虛 氣用于 suggestion, demand, arrangement, order, request, proposal, idea, plan 等名 的表 從句和同位 從句中。 is that 主 + ( should) do that 主 + ( should) do1) We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Beijing for sightseeing (我 去北京 光 ).2)My idea is that he should accept the job ( 他 接受 份工作).虛 氣用于主 從句中。It is desired / suggested / decided / ordered /requested /proposed + that +主 + (should) do 要求她今天下午完成作 。It is desired that she should finish her homework this afternoon .8. It is + adj. +that 從句It is necessary / important / strange / natural / surprising主 +( should) do + that1) 我 必 每天打 教室。It s necessarythat we should clean the classroom every day .2) 已決定會(huì) 延期到明天。It is decided / has been decided that the meeting should be postponed till tomorrow . 注意 ：如果 人 種事 表示驚奇，就可用虛 氣。反之，如果不表示驚奇，that第 4頁(yè)從句也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。1) 很遺憾你不會(huì)游泳。It s a pitythat you can t. swim2) 很遺憾他昨天沒(méi)來(lái)。It sstrange that he did not come yesterday .9. in case / lest(文，口語(yǔ)中用that 替換 ) / for the fear that引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句表示實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性極小或意想不到的情況，意為“以免，唯恐 ”in case / lest / for the fear that +should do1) He ran away lest he should be caught. 他怕被抓因而逃走了。2) I m afraid lest / forfear that he should miss the train . 我擔(dān)心他會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)了火車。三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在簡(jiǎn)單句中的運(yùn)用。1. 表示說(shuō)話人謙虛、客氣、有禮貌，使語(yǔ)氣委婉，常出現(xiàn)在日常會(huì)話中。1)Would you be kind enough to open the door (開(kāi)門(mén) )?2)It would be better for you not to stay up too late (你不要熬夜太晚 ).2. 用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中。1) 你最好現(xiàn)在就去那里。You had better go now.2) 要來(lái)杯咖啡嗎？Would you like a cup of tea?3. 用 “ may +動(dòng)詞原形 ”，表示 “祝愿 ”、“但愿 ”。 May 須置于句首。1) 祝你愉快 May you be happy!2) 祝你成功！ May you succeed!【Feedback】1.As you worked late last night, you_ have come this morning.A. needn t B. mayn t C. can t D. mustn t2.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A. have readB. had readC. should have read D. am reading3.You were late for yesterday s party. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. came; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meetD. had come; would meet4.We might have failed if you _ us a helping hand.A. have not givenB. would not givenC. had not givenD. did not give5.The law requires that everyone _ his car checked at least once a month.A. hasB. haveC. hadD. will have6.What a kind teacher! But for his help, I _ my study.A. wouldn t finishB. wouldn t have finishedC. shouldn t have finishedD. mustn thave finished7.He _another career, butat the time, he didn havet enough money to attend graduateschool.A. might chooseB. might have chosenC. had to chooseD. must have chosen8.He paid for a seat, when he _ have entered free.A. couldB. wouldC. mustD. need9. Did you visit the famous cultural relics last month?-No, we _ it, but we spent too much time shopping.第 5頁(yè)A. could have visitedB. must have visitedC. can t have visited D. shouldn t have visited10. The careless driver knocked down the old man. He _ have driven so fast.A. can t B. mustn t C. wouldn t D. shouldnt11. Isn t it time that you _ someone s life _ easier?A. will make; a bitB. made; a lot ofC. made; a bitD. have; a little12. I supported him in time, otherwise he _ off the bike.A. might fallB. would fallC. should have fallenD. would have fallen13. Did you meet with the famous athlete, Liu Xiang?-_ I had come here earlier!A. If onlyB. If notC. But forD. For rear14. Mum, I climbed to get the kite down stuck in the tree?-My goodness! You _ yourself. You _ do that next time.A. must have hurt; mustnB.shouldt have hurt; cantC. may have hurt; mustnD.might have hurt; won t be able to15. My demand is that the information referred to in my report _ to Mr Brown without delay.A. to be e-mailedB. e-mailedC. be e-mailedD. being e- mailed16. _ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.A. Would you beB. Should you beC. Could you beD. Might you be17. I went to work on foot yesterday, though it _ cats and dogs. -You _ by bus. It was likely to get a cold.A. is raining; must have goneB. rained; would goC. was raining; should have goneD. have rained; could have gone18._ the fog, we should have reached our school.A. Because ofB. In spite ofC. In case ofD. But for19.What will you do during winter vacation?- I don t know, but it s about time _ something.A. I decidedB. I ll decide C. I d decided D. I m deciding20.Look! What you ve done! You _ have been more careful.A. shouldB. mayC. oughtD. would21.With your ability, you _ out the puzzle within a few minutes. What a pity!A. could have workedB. need have workedC. ought have workedD. must have worked22.My suggestion is that the sick boy _ to hospital as soon as possible.A. is takenB. must be takenC. be takenD. has to be taken23._ here yesterday, he would attend the lecture with us today.A. Had he beenB. If he wereC. Were heD. Should be he24.The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I _ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.A. should have takenB. could have takenC. needn t have takenD. mustn t have taken25.Catherine, I have cleared the room for you.-Thanks. You _ it. I could manage it myself.A. needn t do B. needn t have done C. mustn t do D. shouldn t have done26.If I _ a chance to plan to do what I wanted to in the Golden Week, I d have gone to第 6頁(yè)A. would haveB. hadC. had hadD. have had27. Don t you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York? -I agree, but the problem is _ he has refused to.A. will not be sent; thatB. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; whatD. should not send; what28. _ before we set off the day after tomorrow, we should have a splendid dinner party.A. Were they to arriveB. Were they arrivingC. Would they arriveD. Had they arrived29. How I want to have studied harder when I was in school.-If you had, you _ work into late every day nowadays. Anyhow, better late than never.A. don t B. wouldn t C. didn tD. won t30. Did you say something rude to her because of what she-Yes, butI d done?.A. had better not doB. would rather not doC. oughtn t to doD. shouldn t have done31. We _ last night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study32. He treated me as though I _ his own son.A. amB. would beC. beD. were33. If he had come a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. have metB. would have metC. should meetD. would meet34. Look at the black clouds. It _ soon. Sure. If only we _ out.A. is raining; didn t startB.is to rain; haven t startedC. will rain; haven t startedD.isgoing to rain; hadn t started35. It is necessary that people both young and old in China _ some English to be prepared for the Olympic Games to be held in Beijing in 2019.A. learnB. will learnC. must learnD. shall learn36.Did you visit the famous museum?-No. We _ it, but we spent too much time shopping.A. shouldn t have visitedB. must have visitedC. can t have visitedD. could have visited37.The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I _ to it.A. had not goneB. have not goneC. did not goD. can not have gone38.I suggested that we _ the meeting till next week.A. would put offB. might put offC. had put offD. put off39.What do you think of Xiao Yang s proposal_that playwe at the English meeting?A. had put onB. should put onC. have put onD. will put on40. I didn t take notes at yesterday s meeting because I had left my pen at home.-You _ mine. I _ it.A. must have borrowed; wasn t usingB. may have borrowed; didn t useC. could have borrowed; wasn t usingD.should have borrowed; hadn t used41.It is strange that he _ away without telling us.A. would have goneB. had goneC. should have goneD. were going42.If I _ pass the exam, I would treat you to dinner at KFC.A. willB. were toC. was toD. am going to第 7頁(yè)43. I would rather they _ tomorrow.A. comeB. should comeC. cameD. had come44. Without electricity, what _?A. will our life be likeB. our life would be likeC. our life will be likeD. would our life be like45. It turned out that I mistook him! If only you _ me that earlier.A. tellB. would tellC. had toldD. have told46. Oh, what a pity! It _ so easier for me to bring those photographs I wanted to show you, but I ve left them at the table at home.A. would have beenB. isC. had beenD. was47.Without the Internet, human life _ quite different today.A. isB. will beC. would have beenD. would be48._, it would be silly to argue about it any longer.A. Was that trueB. If that was trueC. Should that be trueD. Could that be true49._ I in your position, I would go.A. IfB. WereC. BeingD. Should50._ fine tomorrow, we would go to select the wedding suit for them.A. If it will beB. Had it beenC. Should it beD. If it was51.The young man insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ free.A. did; setB. had done; be setC. should do; must be setD. had done; must be set52.The captain commanded that the soldiers _ launch another attack on the enemy at once.A. shouldB. mustC. couldD. had to53.How happy I _, if you had been with me then.A. could beB. would have beenC. should beD. were54.It is time that the government _ measures to protect the rare birds and animals.A. takesB. tookC. has takenD. taking55. Mary didn t turn up last night, did she?-No, she _. The case had nothing to do with her.A. shouldn t have comeB. needn t have to comeC. didn t need to comeD. needn t have come56.If it were the fact that she _ sing, I would invite her to the party.A. couldn tB. shouldn tC. can t D. might not57. The commander ordered that the wounded _ to hospital right away.A. to be sentB. be sentC. sendD. should send58. He _ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn t be enjoying himself by the seaside.A. shouldB. mustC. wouldntD. can t59. Would you like to have a taxi?- No, I _ walk there. It s such a lovely day.A. canB. ought toC. had betterD. would rather60. The public transportation is very convenient in that big city, so there _ be any difficulty in travelling around.A. mustn t B. wouldn t C. shouldn tD. needn t61. -How did you do in the test?-Not so well. I _ much better but I misread the directions for writing.第 8頁(yè)A. will have doneB. could have doneC. must have doneD. may have done62. If the present unemployment _ continue, the society would face a more difficult situation.A. wouldB. shouldC. mightD. could63. - Isn t it amazing that such a good player _ have failed to be selected to compete.Yes, but that is life.A. wouldB. mightC. mustD. should64. If we throw away too much waste and can t keep good ecosystem, we_ our future.A. must have destroyedB. could be destroyingC. may be destroyingD. must destroy65. His fai lure in the experiment suggested that he _ his teacher s proper instructions.A. should not have followedB. should not followC. mustn t have followedD. hadn t followed66. The young man insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ free.A. did; setB. had done; should be setC. do; be setD. had done; must be set67. Mother suggested that I _ my homework first before watching TV.A. didB. doC. shall doD. have done68. My suggestion was that the meeting _ off till next week.A. to putB. be putC. should putD. be putting第 9頁(yè)