X52K立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書+CAD】,說(shuō)明書+CAD,X52K立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書+CAD】,x52k,立式,銑床,立銑頭,設(shè)計(jì),說(shuō)明書,仿單,cad 畢 業(yè) 論 文 ﹙設(shè) 計(jì)﹚ 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告 題 目 X52K型立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名 鄭 巍 學(xué)號(hào) 0615092005 所在院(系) 機(jī) 械 工 程 學(xué) 院 專業(yè)班級(jí) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 指導(dǎo)教師 張 政 武 (副 教 授) 2008年 3月10日 題 目 X52K型立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì) 一、 選題的目的及研究意義 （現(xiàn)代機(jī)械加工過(guò)程中機(jī)械設(shè)備----機(jī)床的重要性） 目前機(jī)床的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)、應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀 隨著制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，高速度、高效率、高精度和高剛度已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今機(jī)床發(fā)展的主要方向。為了滿足當(dāng)前機(jī)床市場(chǎng)的需要，銑床已經(jīng)成為了當(dāng)今機(jī)械行業(yè)一個(gè)重要的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，特別是在工業(yè)制造，加工過(guò)程中有著舉足輕重的地位。設(shè)計(jì)的題目是設(shè)計(jì)x52k立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì)。其主要講述的是x52k立式銑床立銑頭的總體設(shè)計(jì)。該銑床主軸是靠齒輪進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)的。主軸傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)采用齒輪傳動(dòng)，傳動(dòng)形式采用集中式傳動(dòng)，主軸變速系統(tǒng)采用多聯(lián)滑移齒輪變速。齒輪傳動(dòng)具有傳動(dòng)效率高，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，工作可靠、壽命長(zhǎng)，傳動(dòng)比準(zhǔn)確等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)是現(xiàn)代機(jī)械中應(yīng)用最廣泛的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，用于傳遞空間任意兩軸或多軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力。 我的 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)為：X52K型立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì)。 一、X52K型立式銑床外觀圖、電機(jī)概況、銑床特點(diǎn) (一) X52K型立式銑床外觀圖 1為縱向左右進(jìn)給， 2為十字操作手柄，控制工作臺(tái)垂直升降和前后進(jìn)給 3為操作按鈕臺(tái)，SB5為快速按鈕， SB3起動(dòng)按鈕 SB1停止按鈕 4為后操作臺(tái) SA1為圓工作臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)換開(kāi)關(guān) SA3為冷卻電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)換開(kāi)關(guān) 主電機(jī)換向用轉(zhuǎn)換開(kāi)關(guān)SA5和電源開(kāi)關(guān)QF在兩邊床腳 （二）X52銑床電動(dòng)機(jī) ? X52K銑床有3臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)： ? M1為主電動(dòng)機(jī)，功率7.5KW，用換相轉(zhuǎn)換開(kāi)關(guān)SA5選擇主軸的轉(zhuǎn)向，停車時(shí)采用電磁離合器制動(dòng)。 ? M2電機(jī)為工作進(jìn)給電動(dòng)機(jī)，功率為1.5KW?？焖僖苿?dòng)通過(guò)電磁離合器械接通快速傳動(dòng)鏈來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。 ? M3為冷卻泵電動(dòng)機(jī)。 （三）X52銑床的特點(diǎn) ? 用換相轉(zhuǎn)換開(kāi)關(guān)選擇主電機(jī)的制動(dòng)； ? 主運(yùn)動(dòng)采用電磁離合器制動(dòng)； ? 主運(yùn)動(dòng)和進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)變速，均有瞬時(shí)點(diǎn)動(dòng)； ? 主運(yùn)動(dòng)和進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)各有單獨(dú)的電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，工作臺(tái)的快速移動(dòng)利用電磁離合器接上進(jìn)給的快速傳動(dòng)鏈，實(shí)現(xiàn)快速移動(dòng)； ? 進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)與主運(yùn)動(dòng)是聯(lián)鎖的，只有起動(dòng)主運(yùn)動(dòng)后，進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)才能起動(dòng)工作； ? 工作臺(tái)6個(gè)方向的進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng) ，具有完備的聯(lián)鎖。 ? 具備多地點(diǎn)控制環(huán)節(jié)； ? 具有短路、零壓、過(guò)載和超程保護(hù)。 近年來(lái)，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的成就，為機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)提供了大量的測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)，理論研究也有的新的發(fā)展尤其是電子計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用，使機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)始進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)階段。將有可能利用計(jì)算機(jī)所需的大量資料進(jìn)行檢索，自動(dòng)地多設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行比較分析，從而選出最佳方案。也對(duì)主要零部件進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度、剛度的計(jì)算。 我們研究機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)的意義在于：通過(guò)機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)培養(yǎng)和鍛煉自身的工程素質(zhì)和工程實(shí)踐能力。 二、綜述與本課題相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展趨勢(shì)、研究方法及應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域等 （國(guó)內(nèi)外在機(jī)（械）床設(shè)計(jì)方面） 一、銑削概述和現(xiàn)狀 （一）銑削加工及特點(diǎn) 銑削加工是在銑床上用銑刀的旋轉(zhuǎn)和工件的移動(dòng)來(lái)加工工件，銑刀的旋轉(zhuǎn)是主運(yùn)動(dòng)，工件的移動(dòng)是進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。 銑刀是多齒刀具，切削過(guò)程中同時(shí)參加工作的刀刃數(shù)多，可采用較大的切削用量，因此，銑削的生產(chǎn)率較高。銑削時(shí)，銑刀上的每個(gè)刀齒都是間歇地進(jìn)行切削，刀齒與工件接觸時(shí)間短，散熱條件好，有利于延長(zhǎng)銑刀使用壽命。但由于銑刀刀齒的不斷切入、切出，銑削力不斷變化，因而銑削容易產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)。同時(shí)，因?yàn)殂娤骷庸し秶鷱V，所以銑刀的制造和刃磨比較困難。 銑削加工的精度比較高，一般經(jīng)濟(jì)加工精度為IT9~IT8級(jí)，表面粗糙度Ra值為12.5-1.6μm。必要時(shí)，銑削加工精度可高達(dá)IT5級(jí)，表面粗糙度Ra值可達(dá)0.20μm。 （二）銑床 銑床種類很多，常用的有臥式萬(wàn)能銑床和立式銑床，除此外還有工具銑床、龍門銑床、仿形銑床及專用銑床等。 1．臥式萬(wàn)能銑床 臥式萬(wàn)能銑床是銑床中應(yīng)用最多的一種，它的主軸是水平的，還可配有立銑頭，完成立銑各種工作。 2．立式銑床 立式銑床與臥式銑床的區(qū)別在于其主軸垂直于工作臺(tái)，有的立式銑床其主軸還可相對(duì)于工作臺(tái)偏轉(zhuǎn)一定的角度。它可利用立銑刀和端銑刀進(jìn)行銑削加工，是生產(chǎn)中加工平面及溝槽效率較高的一種機(jī)床。 3．龍門銑床 龍門銑床是一種大型銑床。銑削動(dòng)力頭安裝在龍門橫梁或立柱導(dǎo)軌的刀架上，一般有三至四個(gè)銑削動(dòng)力頭。在橫梁上的垂直刀架可左右移動(dòng)，在立柱上的側(cè)刀架作上下移動(dòng)。每個(gè)刀架都能沿主軸進(jìn)行軸向調(diào)整，并可按生產(chǎn)需要旋轉(zhuǎn)一定角度，其工作臺(tái)帶動(dòng)工件做縱向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)?？梢杂勉娤鲃?dòng)力頭帶動(dòng)的刀具同時(shí)銑削，所以生產(chǎn)率很高。 這種機(jī)床適于銑削平面、垂直面、傾斜面、導(dǎo)軌面，特別是長(zhǎng)度大的工件表面加工。由于生產(chǎn)率較高，適用于成批大量生產(chǎn)的粗精加工。 4．?dāng)?shù)控銑床 數(shù)控銑床是由機(jī)床本體、數(shù)控裝置、液壓泵站、中頻電源機(jī)組四部分組成，并配有紙帶穿孔機(jī)。該機(jī)床加工零件時(shí)，只需將預(yù)先編制好的程序輸入數(shù)控裝置，機(jī)床就能自動(dòng)工作直至完成零件加工。 數(shù)控銑床用來(lái)加工齒輪、樣板、模具等形狀復(fù)雜、精度高、難度大、批量大的零件。 二、發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 世界各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家通過(guò)發(fā)展數(shù)控技術(shù)、建立數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)業(yè)，促使制造業(yè)跨入 一個(gè)新的發(fā)展階段，給國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)帶來(lái)了巨大的變化。數(shù)控機(jī)床是世界第三次 產(chǎn)業(yè)革命的重要內(nèi)容，它不但是機(jī)電工業(yè)的重要基礎(chǔ)裝備，還是汽車、石化、電子 和現(xiàn)代醫(yī)療裝備等產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的主要手段。雖然數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)業(yè)本身的產(chǎn)值遠(yuǎn)不如汽車、化工等產(chǎn)業(yè)，但高效的數(shù)控機(jī)床給制造業(yè)帶來(lái)了現(xiàn)代化的生產(chǎn)方式以及高倍率 的效益增長(zhǎng)，這是促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的巨大源動(dòng)力。特別是數(shù)控技術(shù)在制造業(yè)的擴(kuò) 展與延伸所產(chǎn)生的輻射作用和波及效果，足以給機(jī)械制造業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、 制造方式及管理模式等帶來(lái)深刻的變化。 三、研究方法及應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域等 制造業(yè)是一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要支柱，機(jī)械制造是制造業(yè)的核心。數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用使得傳統(tǒng)的制造業(yè)帶來(lái)了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，它對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)起著越來(lái)與重要的作用。當(dāng)前數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備的發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)： 1、高速、精密化 2、可靠性 3、數(shù)控機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)CAD化、功能多樣化 4、智能化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、柔性化、集成化 5、開(kāi)放性 6、復(fù)合性 7、串行總線計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控系統(tǒng) 8、重視新技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的建 機(jī)械裝備設(shè)計(jì)的方法 機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)的步驟設(shè)計(jì)類型而不同。創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)可分為產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃、方案設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)和工藝設(shè)計(jì)等四個(gè)階段。 （一）產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃階段 產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃階段的任務(wù)是明確設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，通常應(yīng)在市場(chǎng)調(diào)查與預(yù)測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上識(shí)別產(chǎn)品需求，進(jìn)行可行性分析，制定設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書。 在產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃階段將綜合運(yùn)用技術(shù)預(yù)測(cè)、市場(chǎng)學(xué)、信息學(xué)等理論和方法來(lái)解決設(shè)計(jì)中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。 1、 需求分析 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)是為了滿足市場(chǎng)的要求，而市場(chǎng)的需求往往是不具體的，有時(shí)是模糊的 、潛在的，甚至是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。需求分析的任務(wù)是使這些需求具體化和恰到好處。明確設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的要求。需求分析的任務(wù)本身就是設(shè)計(jì)工作的一部分，是設(shè)計(jì)工作的一部分，是設(shè)計(jì)工作的開(kāi)始，而且自始至終指導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作的進(jìn)行。 需求分析一般包括對(duì)銷售市場(chǎng)和原材料市場(chǎng)的分析 1、 調(diào)查研究 調(diào)查研究包括市場(chǎng)調(diào)研、技術(shù)調(diào)研和社會(huì)環(huán)境調(diào)研三個(gè)部分 2、 預(yù)測(cè) 定性預(yù)測(cè)和定量預(yù)測(cè) 3、 可行性分析 4、 編制設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書 (二) 方案設(shè)計(jì)階段 1、對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的抽象 2、建立功能結(jié)構(gòu) 3、尋求原理與求解方法 4、初步設(shè)計(jì)方案的形成 5、設(shè)計(jì)方案的評(píng)價(jià)與賽選 （三） 技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)階段 1、確定結(jié)構(gòu)原理方案 2、總體設(shè)計(jì) 3、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) （四）工藝設(shè)計(jì)階段 1、零件圖設(shè)計(jì) 在零件圖中包含了為制造零件所需的全部信息，這些信息包括幾何形狀、全部尺寸、加工面的尺寸公差、形位公差和表面粗糙度、材料和熱處理要求、其他特殊技術(shù)要求等。 2、完善裝配圖 在繪制零件圖時(shí)，更加具體地從結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度、工藝性和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化等方面進(jìn)行零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，不可避免地要對(duì)技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)階段提供的裝配圖做些修改 3、編寫技術(shù)文檔 三、對(duì)本課題將要解決的主要問(wèn)題及解決問(wèn)題的思路與方法、擬采用的研究方法（技術(shù)路線）或設(shè)計(jì)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）方案進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，論文要寫出相應(yīng)的寫作提綱 （一）x52k型立式銑床立銑頭的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿足的要求 1、 x52k型立式銑床立銑頭應(yīng)滿足的基本要求 x52k型立式銑床立銑頭應(yīng)滿足如下的要求： 1）具有足夠的靜剛度和剛度。 2）具有良好的快速響應(yīng)性，運(yùn)動(dòng)平穩(wěn)，靈敏度高。 3）抗震性好，不會(huì)因摩擦自振而引起傳動(dòng)件的抖動(dòng)或齒輪傳動(dòng)的沖擊噪音。 4）具有足夠?qū)挼恼{(diào)速范圍，保證實(shí)現(xiàn)所要求的進(jìn)給量，以適應(yīng)不同加工材料，使用不同的零件加工要求，有更廣泛的加工范圍。 5）立銑頭的傳動(dòng)精度和定位精度要高 6）機(jī)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，加工和裝配工藝性好。 調(diào)整維修方便，操縱輕便靈活，便于安裝、調(diào)試。 （二）X52k立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì)的步驟： X52k立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)工作大體的可分為三個(gè)步驟： 1、調(diào)查研究 調(diào)查研究的內(nèi)容一般包括有： ①學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)的方針、政策，明確設(shè)計(jì)要求； ②到使用單位調(diào)查了解所涉及機(jī)床所要承擔(dān)的生產(chǎn)任務(wù)和加工工藝，了解使用單位的對(duì)機(jī)床的要求； ③到制造單位調(diào)查，了解制造廠的設(shè)備條件、技術(shù)能能力和生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)； ④收集國(guó)內(nèi)外同類型機(jī)床的技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)和圖紙資料，并注意調(diào)查它的結(jié)構(gòu)性能、使用和制造情況等，尤其注意了解新技術(shù)在同類機(jī)床上應(yīng)用的情況，以及在設(shè)計(jì)新機(jī)床時(shí)將要進(jìn)行那些科學(xué)試驗(yàn)； ⑤對(duì)于新采用的工藝和結(jié)構(gòu)，必須先經(jīng)科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)取得足夠的數(shù)據(jù)后，才能應(yīng)用于設(shè)計(jì)。 2、方案擬定 在調(diào)查研究的基礎(chǔ)上，通?？蓴M定出多個(gè)方案進(jìn)行比較分析。每個(gè)方案所包括的內(nèi)容有：工藝分析、主要技術(shù)參數(shù)、總體布局、主要部件的結(jié)構(gòu)草圖、試驗(yàn)結(jié)果及技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析等 在制定方案時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： ①處理好使用和制造之間的關(guān)系：應(yīng)首先滿足使用要求，其次是盡可能便于制造。 ②注意傾聽(tīng)各方面意見(jiàn)，經(jīng)過(guò)分析比較，去粗取精，最后形成一個(gè)比較使用方案。 ③ 實(shí)驗(yàn)是檢驗(yàn)真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，設(shè)計(jì)必須以生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐和科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)為依據(jù)，凡是未經(jīng)實(shí)踐考驗(yàn)的方案，必須經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明可考后采用與設(shè)計(jì)， ④繼承性和創(chuàng)造性的相結(jié)合，盡量采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)，迅速提高生產(chǎn)力。 3、工作圖設(shè)計(jì) 首先，繪制X52k立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì)總裝圖。為使各零部件能溝通是比較協(xié)調(diào)的進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，一般應(yīng)畫出機(jī)床的總體尺寸參數(shù)圖，在圖中確定各部件的輪廓尺寸和各部件有聯(lián)系的相關(guān)尺寸，以保證各部件在空間不發(fā)生干涉并能配合工作。同時(shí)畫出機(jī)床的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)圖，并進(jìn)行必要的計(jì)算。 4、說(shuō)明書的撰寫 在銑床上銑削時(shí)，為了適應(yīng)不同零件的加工，常常采用各種附件如壓板、角鐵、V形鐵、平口鉗、回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)、立銑頭、分度頭以及組合夾具等。這些附件的應(yīng)用，擴(kuò)大了銑削的加工范圍。 1、 平口鉗 又稱虎鉗，其構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單，夾緊牢靠。尺寸規(guī)格以鉗口寬度表示，通常在100~200毫米之間。它底部有兩個(gè)定位鍵與工作臺(tái)中間的T 形槽配合定位，然后再用兩只T 形螺栓固緊在銑床工作臺(tái)上?？捎糜趯?duì)小型和形狀規(guī)則件的夾緊。 2、 回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái) 它的結(jié)構(gòu)如同一對(duì)蝸輪副，搖動(dòng)手輪而帶動(dòng)蝸桿軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，再通過(guò)內(nèi)部蝸輪使圓轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)旋轉(zhuǎn)。圓轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)中央有一圓錐孔，便于工件定位，并與圓轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)同軸中心線轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。另外，為了確定圓轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)位置，圓轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的外圓柱面上帶有刻度。此回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)可用于加工圓弧表面或圓弧曲線外形、溝槽以及分度零件的銑削加工。 3、立銑頭 立銑頭可根據(jù)需要把銑刀軸調(diào)整到任意角度，以加工各種角度的傾斜表面，也可在一次裝夾中，進(jìn)行不同角度的銑削。 4、萬(wàn)能分度頭 （1）分度頭組成及作用 分度頭是一種用來(lái)進(jìn)行分度的裝置，由底座、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體、分度盤、主軸及頂尖等組成。主軸裝在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體內(nèi)，并可隨轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)體在垂直平面內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)成水平、垂直或傾斜位置。例如在銑六方、齒輪、花鍵等工件時(shí)，要求工件在銑完一個(gè)面或一條槽之后轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)一個(gè)角度，再銑下一個(gè)面或一條槽，這種使工件轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)一定角度的工作即稱分度。分度時(shí)搖動(dòng)手柄，通過(guò)蝸桿、蝸輪帶動(dòng)分度頭主軸，再通過(guò)主軸帶動(dòng)安裝在主軸上的卡盤使工件旋轉(zhuǎn)。 1 1 （2）簡(jiǎn)單分度 簡(jiǎn)單分度是最常用的分度方法。它利用分度盤上不同的孔數(shù)和定位銷通過(guò)計(jì)算來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)工件所需的等分?jǐn)?shù)。 計(jì)算方法如下： n——定位銷（即分度手柄）轉(zhuǎn)數(shù) Z——工件所需等分?jǐn)?shù) n= 若計(jì)算值含分?jǐn)?shù)，則在分度盤中選擇具有該分母整數(shù)倍的孔圈數(shù)。 例：用分度頭銑齒數(shù)Z=36的齒輪。 N==1 在分?jǐn)?shù)度盤中找到孔數(shù)為9×6=54的孔圈，代入上式： n==1=1=1 這種分度方法稱為簡(jiǎn)單分度。此外，尚有直接分度法、差動(dòng)分度法和角度分度法等 四、檢索與本課題有關(guān)參考文獻(xiàn)資料的簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明 [1].《機(jī)械制造裝配設(shè)計(jì)》 （第二版） 馮辛安 北京 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2005 [2].《機(jī)械加工設(shè)備》 張普禮 北京 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 1999 [3].《機(jī)械原理》 （第六版） 孫恒 陳作模 北京 高等教育出版社 2001 [4].《現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)》 王愛(ài)玲 北京 國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社 2003 [5].《金屬切削機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)》 戴曙 北京 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 [6].《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》（第二版）吳宗澤 羅圣國(guó) 北京 高等教育出版社 1999 [7].《機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)圖冊(cè)》 上海紡織工學(xué)院 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社 1979 [8].《幾何量公差與檢測(cè)》 （第七版） 甘永立 上海 上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社 2005 五、畢業(yè)論文進(jìn)程安排 此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)劃 周時(shí)間完成。各部分所占時(shí)間分配大致如下： 1.收集閱讀相關(guān)資料，完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告 ···························· 2.確定設(shè)計(jì)方案 ··········································· 3.確定整體結(jié)構(gòu) ················································· 4.繪制裝配圖 ················································· 5繪制非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件圖 ············································ 6寫說(shuō)明書、打印有關(guān)資料 ······································ 7準(zhǔn)備答辯、參加答辯 ······································· 六、指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn) 1．對(duì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告的評(píng)語(yǔ) 2．對(duì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告的意見(jiàn)及建議 指導(dǎo)教師（簽名）： 年 月 日 所在院（系）審查意見(jiàn)： 負(fù)責(zé)人簽字(蓋公章) 年 月 日 陜西理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文 目 錄 1.前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1 1.1概述………………………………………………………………….1 1.2立式升降臺(tái)銑床其主要組成部分……………………………………2 　1.2.1 銑頭………………………………………….………………３1.2.2 主軸………………………………………….………………..４ 1.2.3 工作臺(tái)………………………………………….……………...4 1.2.4 床鞍………………………………………….………………...4 1.2.5 升降臺(tái)………………………………………….……………...4 1.3 X52K型立式銑床立銑頭設(shè)計(jì)……………………...………………..4 1.4國(guó)內(nèi)外機(jī)床的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀…………………………………...5 1.5機(jī)床的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)………………………………………...7 2.方案的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………………...9 2.1傳動(dòng)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)………………………………………………….…..9 2.1.1分析擬定傳動(dòng)方案……………………………….……………10 2.1.2選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)……………………………….……………...……10 2.2進(jìn)給轉(zhuǎn)速圖和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)圖的設(shè)計(jì)………………………….…….…11 2.2.1設(shè)計(jì)步驟…………………………………………………….…11 2.2.2確定極限轉(zhuǎn)速……………………………………………….…12 2.2.3確定公比…………………………………………………….…12 2.2.4求出主軸轉(zhuǎn)速級(jí)數(shù)…………………………………….…….…12 2.2.5繪制轉(zhuǎn)速圖………………………………………………….…12 2.2.6應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題…………………………………………….…13 2.3銑削三要素與計(jì)算……………………………………………….…13 2.3.1銑削三要素………………………………………………….…13 2.3.2進(jìn)給量………………………………………………...…….…13 2.3.3切削深度…………………………………………………….…14 2.4銑床種類…………………………………………………...…….…14 2.4.1臥式銑床……………………………………….………….…14 2.4.2立式銑床…………………………………….…………….…15 2.4.3龍門銑床………………………………….……………….…15 2.4.4萬(wàn)能工具銑床…………………………..………………….…16 2.4.5圓臺(tái)銑床………………………………………………..….…17 2.4.6順銑機(jī)構(gòu)……………………………………………..…….…18 3．銑刀…………………………………………………………………19 3.1按不同用途分類……………………………………..………….…19 3.1.2端面銑刀………………………………………….….…….…19 3.1.3盤形銑刀……………………………………….…….…….…19 3.1.4立銑刀………………………………………………..…….…19 3.1.5鍵槽銑刀………………………………………….….…….…20 3.1.6角度銑刀………………………………………….….…….…20 3.1.8成形銑刀……………………………………….……….….…20 3.2按刀具結(jié)構(gòu)分類…………………………………...…………….…20 3.2.1整體式銑刀…………………………………………...…….…20 3.2.2焊接式銑刀………………………………………………....…20 3.2.3裝配式銑刀………………………………………………....…20 3.2.4可轉(zhuǎn)位式銑刀……………………………………………….…21 3.3按刀齒數(shù)目分類………………………………………………….…21 3.3.1粗齒銑刀…………………………………………………….…21 3.3.2細(xì)齒銑刀…………………………………………………….…22 3.4按刀齒齒背形式分類…………………………………………….…22 3.4.1尖齒銑刀…………………………………………………….…22 3.4.2鏟齒銑刀…………………….…………………………...….…22 4銑床附件及夾………………………………………………….….…23 4.1、銑床常用附件……………………………………….……….…23 4.1.1平口鉗…………………………………………….……….…23 4.1.2回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)……………………………………………..….…23 4.1.3立銑頭……………………………………………………..…23 4.1.4萬(wàn)能分度頭………………………………………………….…23 4.2.1、分度頭的結(jié)構(gòu)………………………….……………….…24 4.2.2.主軸………………………………………………..…….…24 4.2.3.本體………………………………………………..…….…24 4.2.4．支座…………………………………………………….…25 4.2.5端蓋……………………………………………..……….…25 4.2.6、分度盤………………………………………………….…25 4.2.7、蝸輪副間隙調(diào)整及蝸桿脫落機(jī)構(gòu)…………………………25 4.2.8、主軸鎖緊機(jī)構(gòu)……………………………….………….…25 4.3、分度頭的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)……………………………….………….…25 4.3.1.分度頭的分度方法……………………………………….…26 5.傳動(dòng)件的設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………………..…30 5.1軸……………………………………………………………....…30 5.1.1軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求…….…………………………..…30 5.1.2軸的材料及熱處理………………………………………..…31 5.1.3計(jì)算軸的功率、轉(zhuǎn)速及軸頸……….……………………..…32 5.1.4軸的強(qiáng)度校核計(jì)算………………………………………..…32 5.2齒輪………………………………………………………………34 5.2.1選定齒輪類型、精度等級(jí)、材料及齒數(shù)……………………35 5.2.2計(jì)算齒輪參數(shù)…………………………………………….…35 5.2.3驗(yàn)算齒輪的彎曲強(qiáng)度……………………………………..…36 5.2.4計(jì)算主要幾何參數(shù)……………………………………….…37 5.2.5潤(rùn)滑…………………………………………………………36 5.3滾動(dòng)軸承……………………………………………………....…37 5.4鍵的驗(yàn)算…………………………………………………………39 5.5軸的強(qiáng)度校核計(jì)算…………………………………………….…39 5.5.1傳動(dòng)軸校核計(jì)算………………………………………….…39 6.參考文獻(xiàn)………………………………………………………….…41 7.致謝………………………………………………………………..…42 附A外文資料 外文翻譯 IV 附 錄 附錄1 外文資料 Numerical control technology and equiping development trend and countermeasure Equip the engineering level , level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation , spaceflight,etc. national defense industry industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said " the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced , and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equiping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends . In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade , precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equiping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing , processing , transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor ; (6)Software engineering ,etc.. Development trend of a numerical control technology The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equiping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus . 1.A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equipped The efficiency , quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed , high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles , walls . Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equiping the demand which has proposed high-speed , high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up . HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 12* separately! 000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5|ìm up to from 10|ìm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3- 5|ìm, rise to 1- 1.5|ìm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01|ìm). In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . In order to realize high-speed , high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft , straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further. 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds , is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks . So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head 無(wú)效 of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5 ). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle , make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls . Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly. 1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently , openly , networkedlily The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.. Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller ) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System ) of China ,etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing 包含ument ,etc. are the core of present research. The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and proto無(wú)效s of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " CyberProduction Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak ) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard , normal setting-up 1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system As noted previously, there are better commonability , flexibility , adaptability , expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. , European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000. 1.4.2 About the numerical control standard The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system , can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products , thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information. The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology , will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea , in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75% ) , process the procedure to work out the time (about 35% ) and process the time (about 50% ) greatly . At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1- 2001.12.3 ) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users , manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS , FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present. 2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During " Sixth Five-Year Plan Period " , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the " Ninth Five-Year Plan Period " on the later stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period " of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage , made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for " the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular ). Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements. a.Have establish the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer , basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and servoly basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed , some technology has already, industrialization commercialized. b.Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize , set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China , numerical control of the spaceflight etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China,etc.. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically. c.Have set up a numerical control research, development , managerial talent's basic team . Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with ) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world , estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level. a.On t