Prat 5 Sensing Technology5.1 Sensors in manufacturing5.2 Microthermocouples5.3 Pressure Microsensors5.4 QProx QT113 Charge-Transfer Touch Sensor(1)5.5 QProx QT113 Charge-Transfer Touch Sensor(II) Sensing Technology 5.1 Sensors in manufacturing Sensing Technology 5.1 Sensors in manufacturing5.1.1Specialized English Words transducer 變換器 piezoelectric crystal 壓電晶體 mechanically actuated 機(jī)械壓力 physical stimulus 物理刺激 piezoelectric actuator 壓電傳動(dòng)裝置，壓電驅(qū)動(dòng)器 piezoelectric sensor 壓電式傳感器 piezo device 壓電裝置 magnetism 磁性，吸引力，磁學(xué) Sensing Technology kinetic energy 動(dòng)能 Radiant輻射，輻射的，發(fā)光的 electromagnetic radio waves電磁無線電波 micro waves 微波 multi-signal capability多信號處理能力 ease of integration into 易于集成到. atomic 原子，原子的，原子能的 molecular energy分子能 gravitational引力 Sensing Technology mass energy質(zhì)能，質(zhì)能關(guān)系 electrical discharge machining電火花加工 surface finish 表面光潔度 cutting fluid 切削液 lubricants 潤滑劑，潤滑物，潤滑油 tooling 模具，加工 magnetic fields 磁場 strain應(yīng)變，緊張，拉緊 relativity theory 相對論 pertaining to motion相對運(yùn)動(dòng) Sensing Technology displacement位移 Binding energy 結(jié)合能 infrared紅外線 visible light可見光 ultraviolet 紫外線，紫外線的 acceleration 加速度 flow velocity流速 rate of transport傳輸率 moment 力矩，彎矩 Torque轉(zhuǎn)矩，扭矩，力矩 roughness表面粗糙度 Sensing Technology stiffness 剛度 viscosity粘度 Crystallinity結(jié)晶度 structural integrity結(jié)構(gòu)整體性 wave velocity波速 amplitude 振幅 ，波幅 phase 相位，相 polarization 偏振，極化 spectrum頻譜，光譜，譜 conductivity 電導(dǎo)率 Sensing Technology magnetic flux磁通量，磁通 permeability滲透率，滲透性 intensity光強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)度 emissivity發(fā)射率，輻射率 reflectivity反射率，反射，反射系數(shù) transmissivity透射率，透過率 specific heat比熱容 thermal conductivity 熱導(dǎo)率 Sensing Technology 5.1.2 Notes A transducer is generally defined as a device that transmits energy from one system to another, often with a change in form of the energy. 此句的主句是“A transducer is defined as a device” 。全句可翻譯為“一般將變換器定義為從一個(gè)系統(tǒng)向另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)傳輸能量的設(shè)備，往往伴隨著能量形式的變化” 。 “that” 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞 “device” 。 Sensing Technology We shall discuss the basic characteristics of both types of silicon micro-sensors but introduce some of the unique features of the latter which are becoming more and more utilized in manufacturing. 句中“which”引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾“Features ” 。全句可譯成“我們討論這兩種類型的硅微傳感器的基本特征。但對在制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用變得越來越多的后者，我們還要介紹一些它獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)?！薄皐hich”引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾“Features ” Sensing Technology In practice, these 10 forms of energy are condensed into the six signal types listed as we can consider atomic and molecular energy as part of chemical energy, gravitational and mechanical as one, mechanical, and we can ignore nuclear and mass energy. 全句可譯為 “在實(shí)踐中，可以將原子與分子能看作化學(xué)能的一部分，可以將引力和機(jī)械能統(tǒng)一為機(jī)械能，還可以忽略原子能和質(zhì)能，這樣一來，這10種能量就可以壓縮成所列出的六類信號”。第一個(gè)“as”為連接詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句 “we energy” ；第二個(gè)“as”為介詞，意為“當(dāng)作” 。 Sensing Technology Finally, there are a number of technical specifications of sensors that must be addressed in assessing the ability of a particular sensor/output combination to measure robustly the state of the process. 此句的主句是“there are a number of technical specifications of sensors”。全句可譯為 “最后，在評估某種傳感-輸出組合能是否具備對制造過程的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定的測量的能力時(shí)，有一系列技術(shù)參數(shù)必須加以考慮?！薄皌hat”引導(dǎo)定語從句“must process，“technical”是先行詞。 Sensing Technology5.2 Microthermocouples Sensing Technology 5.2 Microthermocouples 5.2.1Specialized English Words semiconducting resister 半導(dǎo)體電阻 thermocouple熱電偶 potentiometric temperature sensor電位型溫度傳感器 open circuit voltage 開路電壓 thermoelectric power熱電勢，溫差電勢，熱電功率 linear devices線性器件，線性裝置 full-scale operation 滿量程 Sensing Technology silicon process 硅工藝加工，硅工藝 standard integrated circuit (IC) process 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集成電路（ IC ）工藝 nonstandard materials 非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料 pt resistor鉑電阻 Thermistor熱敏電阻 Transistor晶體管 operating range測量范圍 Sensitivity靈敏度 doped silicon 摻雜硅 Sensing Technology standard bipolar process標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙極工藝 base resistor基極電阻 emitter resistor發(fā)射極電阻 epi-resistor外延電阻 TCR電阻溫度系數(shù) intrinsic semiconductor 本征半導(dǎo)體 inherent temperature sensitivity 固有的溫度敏感性 silicon diode 硅二極管 doping concentration 摻雜濃度 Sensing Technology planar IC process 面集成電路工藝 conductance band 導(dǎo)帶 valence band 價(jià)帶 phonon drag term 聲子曳引項(xiàng) carrier charge 載流子電荷 resistivity constant 電阻率常數(shù) boron 硼 theoretical voltage 理論電壓 Polysilicon多晶硅 n-type epilayer n型外延電阻 Sensing Technology 5.2.2 Notes Unlike the metal and semiconducting resisters, a thermocouple is a potentiometric temperature sensor in that an open circuit voltage VT appears when two different metals are joined together with the junction held at a temperature being sensed Ts and the other ends held at a reference temperature Tref. 此句是一個(gè)成分比較復(fù)雜的主從句結(jié)構(gòu)。主句是“a thermocouple is a potentiometric temperature sensor”，介詞短語“Unlike”引導(dǎo)狀語“the metal and semiconducting resisters”“in that” （相當(dāng)于“in w ich” ）引導(dǎo)原因狀語定語從句，修飾“temperature sensor” 。“when” 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句“two different metals are joined together with the junction held at a temperature being sensed Ts and the other endsheld at a reference temperature Tr ” ，其中“held at a temperature being sensed Ts”為過去分詞短語作定語，修飾“the junction” ，而“being sensed Ts”則是現(xiàn)在分詞短語（被動(dòng)式）作定語，修飾“temperature” ?！癮nd the other ends held at a reference temperature Tref.”中的“held at a reference temperature Tref. ”也是定語，修飾“the other ends” 。 Sensing Technology Unlike the metal and semiconducting resisters, a thermocouple is a potentiometric temperature sensor in that an open circuit voltage VT appears when two different metals are joined together with the junction held at a temperature being sensed Ts and the other ends held at a reference temperature Tref. 全句可譯為“與金屬和半導(dǎo)體電阻不同，熱電偶是一種電位型的溫度傳感器。當(dāng)兩種不同的金屬連接在一起，結(jié)點(diǎn)一端溫度為Ts，另一端為參考溫度Tref時(shí)，就會(huì)有開路電壓VT輸出。” Sensing Technology The basic principle is known as the Seebeck effect in which the metal have a different thermoelectric power or Seebeck coefficient P; 句子可譯為“金屬具有不同的熱電勢或塞貝克系數(shù)P，稱為塞貝克效應(yīng)，它是熱電偶的基本工作原理”。 ，“in which” 引導(dǎo)定語從句“the metal have a different thermoelectric power or Seebeck coefficient P” ，修飾“the Seebeck effect” 。主句 Sensing Technology Typically，they can operate from -100 to +2000 with accuracy of between 1 and 3 percent for a full-scale operation (FSO). 句子可譯為“通常情況下，熱電偶的測量范圍為-100 2000 ，精度為（滿量程的）13 ” 。介詞短語“with accuracy of between 1 and 3 percent for a full-scale operation (FSO) ”做賓語補(bǔ)足語狀語。 Sensing Technology The inclusion of nonstandard materials ,during, for example, a CMOS process, which is intermediate CMOS, is generally regarded as highly undesirable and should be avoided if possible. 全句可譯為“在加工工藝中加入非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料，如在CMOS工藝中加入非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料，這稱為中間CMOS，被普遍認(rèn)為是極不可取并應(yīng)盡量避免的。”“which is intermediate CMOS” 是關(guān)系代詞，系“which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句during, for example, a CMOS process” = “for example, during a CMOS process” 。 Sensing Technology 5.3 Pressure Microsensors 5.3.1 Specialized English Words bulk 塊，體，堆 micromachined 微型加工的 microaccelerometer sensors 微加速度傳感器 gyrometer 陀螺測試儀，陀螺儀表 piezoresistive sensor 壓阻傳感器 deflection 應(yīng)變 strain gauges 應(yīng)變片 diaphragm 振膜，隔膜，膜片 membrane膜片，振片 Sensing Technology piezoresistive coeffcient壓阻常數(shù) piezo coeffcient 壓電系數(shù) pickup electrodes 信號電極 static deflection 靜荷載撓度，靜載撓度，靜變位 torsional oscillation扭轉(zhuǎn)振蕩 resonant frequency共振頻率 shuttle mass support 振梁 nonlinear resonator 非線性諧振器 linear oscillation 線性振蕩 Sensing Technology piezoresistive pickup 壓阻傳感器 spring constant 彈簧系數(shù) hard spring 硬彈簧，硬質(zhì)彈簧 cross section 橫截面，橫切面，橫剖面 lateral 橫向 barometric pressure 氣壓，大氣壓，大氣壓力 microshuttle 微型壓力傳感器 silicon on insulator (SOI) 絕緣硅（一種新型硅基集成電路材料的簡稱） exhaust gas recirculation 排氣再循環(huán) Sensing Technology fuel pressure 燃料壓力 active suspension hydraulics液壓主動(dòng)懸架 piezoresistors 壓敏電阻器 anodic bonding 陽極鍵合 glass support玻璃支 inlet hole 進(jìn)入孔 Pyrex硼硅酸玻璃 reference capacitors標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電容器 Oxide氧化物 boron 硼 Sensing Technology alignment key 對準(zhǔn)標(biāo)記 substate wafer 次級硅片 trench 溝 resonator 諧振器 resonator wafer 諧振硅片 buried cavity 隱藏孔 hole 孔 evacuated cavity 真空共振腔 glass frit 玻璃粉 contact pad 觸板 nitride 氮化物 Sensing Technology 5.3.2 Notes The two important silicon sensors are the pressure and microaccelerometer sensors , with substantial growth expected for gyrometers, which will be used for navigation. 全句可譯為“壓力傳感器和微加速度傳感器是兩種重要的硅傳感器，隨著陀螺儀需求的大量增長，這兩種傳感器將會(huì)用于導(dǎo)航領(lǐng)域”?！皐hich”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句“will be used for navigation”，修飾“gyrometers”，“with substantial growth expected for gyrometers”在句中作伴隨狀語，其中“expected for gyrometers”為過去分詞短語，修飾“growth” 。 Sensing Technology The piezoresistive constant （44） is typically +138.1pC/N and that makes measuring pressure in the range of 0 to 1 Mpa relatively straight forward. 此句可譯為“壓阻常數(shù)（44）的典型值為+138.1pC/N，這就保證了壓力測量值在的0到1Mpa范圍內(nèi)有相當(dāng)好的線性度?！本渲小癮nd”引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的句子。后句中的“that”指代“The piezoresistive constant （44） is typically +138.1pC/N” Sensing Technology In this case, a capacitive bridge can be formed with two reference capacitors and the output voltage is related to the deflection of the membrane x and hence the applied pressure (P - P0).此句可譯為“在這種配置下，電容橋由兩個(gè)參比電容組成，輸出電壓與振膜撓度x有關(guān)，因而與所施壓力 (P - P0) 有關(guān)?！?介詞短語“In this case”作條件狀語“and”連接兩個(gè)并列句子。 Sensing Technology The dynamical equation that governs the behavior is a modified version of Equation (5.3.3) to include a tension term, which affects the effective spring constant Km. 此句可譯為“約束振蕩的動(dòng)6態(tài)方程是方程（5.3.3）的修正方程，增加了一個(gè)影響彈簧常數(shù)Km的張力項(xiàng)?！本渲小皐hich affects the effective spring constant Km”是“which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，指代前面的句子，修飾“a tension term”“that”引導(dǎo)主定語從句修飾“the dynamical equation” 。 Sensing Technology As costs are driven down, the move toward piezoresistive polysilicon is desirable but creates some stability and precision issues. 此句可譯為“由于成本的降低，壓阻式多晶硅變得更加符合需要，但隨之也帶來了一些穩(wěn)定性和精確性方面的問題?！?“As costs are driven down”為原因狀語從句，主句有兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞“is”和“creates” 。 Sensing Technology 5.4 QProx QT113 Charge-Transfer Touch Sensor(1)5.4.2 Specialized English Words charge-transfer(QT) 電荷轉(zhuǎn)移 project 投射 proximity field 接近路 consensus filter 協(xié)同濾波器 noise immunity 抗（干）擾性 autocal = auto calibrate自動(dòng)校正，自動(dòng)標(biāo)定 toggle mode 切換方式 strap option 搭接選擇，接線選擇 lead-free package 無鉛封裝 Sensing Technology appliance control 家電控制 access systems 接入系統(tǒng)，接入技術(shù) prox sensors 接近傳感器，接近開關(guān) pointing device 指點(diǎn)裝置，定位裝置 consume devices 消費(fèi)設(shè)備 self-contained 獨(dú)立的，自給的 Dielectric絕緣的，（電）介質(zhì) Ceramic 陶瓷 metal-bearing合金屬的 Sensing Technology burst 脈沖（串） Electrode電極 TA 即TAPP，纖薄陣列塑料封裝（Thin Array Plastic Package之略 ) SOIC 小輸出線封裝(Small Outline IC之略) DIP 雙列直插式封裝（Dual ln-line Package之略） nor-critical 不挑剔的，要求不高的 RF emissions 射頻輻射（RF為radio frequency之略） Susceptibility 敏感性，可感性 Sensing Technology EMI 電磁干擾（Electro Magnetic Interference之略） consecutive 一致的 single-slope 單斜坡 ADC 模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換（部件）（Analog Digital Conversion） stray capacitance 雜散電容，分布電容 Trace引線 copper pours （印刷電路板上）敷銅 ESD 靜電放電（Electrostatic discharge之略） Sensing Technology sparse 稀疏的 mesh 網(wǎng)（狀物） by implication 其實(shí) tenuous 脆弱的，微弱的 ample 足夠的，豐裕的 PCB 印刷電路板（Printed Circuit board之略） wind繞組 core （鐵）芯 picofarad 微微法（拉），皮（發(fā)拉） Sensing Technology 5.4.3 Notes HeartBeat 這里TM為Trade Mark 之略，“注冊商標(biāo)”之意，表示HeartBeat是一注冊商標(biāo)，受產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)。 Sensing Technology Sensitivity is related to electrode surface area, orientation with respect to the object being sensed, object composition, and the ground coupling quality of both the sensor circuit and the sensed object. 這是一個(gè)簡單句，“is related to”后有多個(gè)介詞賓語。注意其中“the object being sensed”和“the sensed object” ，前者為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語，后者為過去分詞作前置定語，意思完全相同。全句可譯為“靈敏度和電極表面面積、感應(yīng)對象的朝向、材質(zhì)以及感應(yīng)電路和感應(yīng)對象兩者對地的耦合質(zhì)量等有關(guān)?！?Sensing Technology This law as applied to capacitive sensing requires that the sensors field current must complete a loop, returning back to its source in order for capacitance to be sensed. 全句可譯為“用于電容傳感時(shí)，該定律要求傳感器的場電流必須構(gòu)成一個(gè)回路，最后返回源頭，才能感應(yīng)到被測電容?！?“that”引起的賓語從句中“in order to”后接的不定式動(dòng)詞原形因?yàn)檫壿嬛髡Z“（for） capacitor” ，而變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)“(to) be sensed”了?！癮s applied to capacitive sensing”是主句的狀語，可看成是狀語從句“as it is applied.”的省略。 Sensing Technology 5.5 QProx QT113 Charge-Transfer Touch Sensor(II) 5.5.2 Specialized English Words metallized housing （鍍）金屬外殼 crumple into 弄皺 fringe fields 散射（電）場，干擾（電）場 lateral 橫向的，側(cè)面的 inadvertent 無意的，偶然的 diminishing returns 得不償失 trade-off權(quán)衡，折中 propagate 傳播，繁殖 adverse 不利的，有害的 Sensing Technology survivability 生存能力 legitimate 合理的，正當(dāng)?shù)模戏ǖ?slew-rate轉(zhuǎn)換斜率，邊沿斜率， threshold 門檻，閥值，臨界值 hysteresis 滯后，延滯 asymmetric 不對稱的 obstruction 堵塞（物），阻擋（物） elevated升高的，高貴的 suppress 抑制，排除，鎮(zhèn)壓 brushes輕擦，擦過 successive 連續(xù)的，逐次的 Sensing Technology survivability 生存能力 legitimate 合理的，正當(dāng)?shù)?，合法?slew-rate轉(zhuǎn)換斜率，邊沿斜率， threshold 門檻，閥值，臨界值 hysteresis 滯后，延滯 asymmetric 不對稱的 obstruction 堵塞（物），阻擋（物） elevated升高的，高貴的 suppress 抑制，排除，鎮(zhèn)壓 brushes輕擦，擦過 successive 連續(xù)的，逐次的 Sensing Technology 5.5.3 Notes The human body naturally has several hundred picofarads of free space capacitance to the local environment (Cx3 in Figure 1-3), which is more than two orders of magnitude greater than that required to create a return path to the QT113 via earth. 全句意為“人體自然而然地會(huì)和周邊環(huán)境產(chǎn)生出一個(gè)幾百個(gè)微微法的自由空間電容（圖1.3中的Cx3），這比QT113建立經(jīng)過大地的回路所需要的電容值要大兩個(gè)數(shù)量級之多?！薄皐hich”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾“several hundred picofarads”，從句中的“that”為代詞，其后“required to create a return path to the QT113 via earth”是它的定語。 Sensing Technology In some cases it may be desirable to increase sensitivity further, for example when using the sensor with very thick panels having a low dielectric constant.這是一個(gè)簡單句. 全句可譯為“某些情況下，希望將靈敏度進(jìn)一步增加，例如在傳感器的面板很厚而介電常數(shù)又很小的情況下?！?注意“when using .”可以認(rèn)為是“when you are using the sensor with very thick panels having a low dielectric constant”省去了“you are”。 Sensing Technology Increasing the electrodes surface area will not substantially increase touch sensitivity if its diameter is already much larger in surface area than the object being detected. 全句可譯為“在電極面積已經(jīng)比被測物的面積大很多的情況下，如果再增大電極面積并不會(huì)明顯提高觸摸靈敏度。”動(dòng)名詞短語作主句的主語“if its diameter is already much larger in surface area than the object being detected.”為條件從句，其中“being detected”為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞，作“object”的后置定語。 Sensing Technology To accomplish this, the QT113 incorporates a detect integration counter that increments with each detection until a limit is reached, after which the output is activated.本句共有四個(gè)句子，結(jié)構(gòu)上是較復(fù)雜的。全句可譯為“為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，QT113整合了一個(gè)檢測計(jì)數(shù)器。這個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)器在每次檢測時(shí)就開始增量，到達(dá)上限值時(shí)，才激活輸出?！敝骶洹皌hat increments with each detection until a limit is reached”為“a detect integration counter”的定語從句，“until a limit is reached”則是從句的狀語從句與“that increments with each detection”并列的從句，表示進(jìn)一步的結(jié)果。