Automobile basic construction汽車構(gòu)造基礎(chǔ) Automobile componentsWhats the main partsof an automobile?汽車主要包括哪幾部分呢？ Body SteeringEngine +G ear box BrakingPower train Electrical systemChassis Automobile components Suspension Todays average car contains more than 1 5 ,0 0 0 separate,individual parts that must work together. These parts can begrouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis andelectrical equipment ?，F(xiàn)在的車輛一般都由1 5 0 0 0多個(gè)分散、獨(dú)立且相互配合的零部件組成。這些零部件主要分為四類：車身、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、底盤和電氣設(shè)備。Automobile components The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline and diesel1.Engine發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)作為動(dòng)力設(shè)備，常見的類型是內(nèi)燃機(jī)，其原理是通過發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸內(nèi)的液體燃料燃燒而產(chǎn)生能量。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可分為兩類：汽油機(jī)和柴油機(jī) 1 .1 The basic performance principle of four-stroke gasoline engine 四沖程汽油機(jī)基本工作原理1.Engine 1 .Intake stroke吸氣行程2 .Compression stroke壓縮行程3 .Working stroke做功行程4 .Exhaust stroke排氣行程 1 .2 Engine Overall Mechanics發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)總體構(gòu)造1.EngineThe engine has hundreds of other parts . It includes two mechanism,six systems，they are1 .crank mechanism2 .valve train3 .intake system4 .ignition system5 .cooling system6 .lubrication system 7 .exhaust system Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail next.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有上百個(gè)零部件，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是由兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)和五大系統(tǒng)組成的，他們分別是曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)，配氣機(jī)構(gòu)，進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)，點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)，冷卻系統(tǒng)，潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)，和排氣系統(tǒng)。每個(gè)系統(tǒng)都有一定的功能。這些系統(tǒng)將在下面詳細(xì)討論。 1 .2 .1 crank mechanism 曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu) Crank mechanism is the main moving parts of the engine ,it helps engine complete operating cycle and energy conversion.曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)工作循環(huán)，完成能量轉(zhuǎn)換的主要運(yùn)動(dòng)部分。1.Engine Crank mechanism includes Body group機(jī)體組: cylinder block, cylinder head, gasket,crankcase, cylinder liners and oil pan氣缸體，氣缸蓋、氣缸墊、曲軸箱、汽缸套及油底殼1.Engine Piston rod Group: pistons, piston rings, piston pins, connecting rods活塞連桿組：活塞、活塞環(huán)、活塞銷、連桿1.Engine Crankshaft Flywheel Group: crankshaft, flywheel, torsional damper, balancer曲軸飛輪組：曲軸、飛輪、扭轉(zhuǎn)減振器、平衡軸1.Engine 1 .2 .2 valve train配氣機(jī)構(gòu)The function of valve train is make sure the intake and exhaust valves can open and close at just the right time .配氣機(jī)構(gòu)的功能就是確保進(jìn)氣門和排氣門在正確的時(shí)間打開和關(guān)閉1.Engine valve train includes valves, valve guides, valve seats and valve springs, camshaft ，timing gear, tappet and guide rods, push rod, rocker氣門，氣門導(dǎo)管，氣門座和氣門彈簧，凸輪軸、正時(shí)齒輪、挺柱及其導(dǎo)桿，推桿、搖臂1.Engine 1 .2 .3 intake system進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)Intake system includes an air filter, intake manifold, inlet gate mechanism，it supply engine with fresh air進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)包括空氣濾清器、進(jìn)氣歧管、進(jìn)汽門機(jī)構(gòu)，它為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供新鮮空氣1.Engine 1 .2 .4 exhaust system排氣系統(tǒng)Exhaust system refers to the collection and emissions systems, including exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe， converters, mufflers排氣系統(tǒng)指收集并且排放廢氣的系統(tǒng)，包括排氣歧管、排氣管、催化轉(zhuǎn)化器和消音器1.Engine 1 .2 .5 ignition system點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)The automobile ignition system has two basic functions ; it must control the spark and timing of the spark plug firing to match varying engine requirements , and it must increase battery voltage to a point where it will overcome the resistance offered by the spark plug gap and fire the plug 汽車點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)有兩個(gè)基本功能;它必須控制火花塞點(diǎn)火的時(shí)間以匹配發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的要求，它必須增加電池電壓到一個(gè)點(diǎn)，能克服火花塞間隙的阻力并點(diǎn)火。It usually consists of a battery, a generator, distributor, ignition coil and spark plugs.通常由蓄電池、發(fā)電機(jī)、分電器、點(diǎn)火線圈和火花塞等組成1.Engine 1 .2 .6 cooling system冷卻系統(tǒng)The cooling system can control the engine work an appropriate temperature . It is necessary to prevent engine overheating, but also to prevent the engine too colding in winter.冷卻系統(tǒng)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在適當(dāng)?shù)臏囟确秶鷥?nèi)工作。它既要防止發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)過熱，也要防止冬季發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)過冷。It includes water pump, radiator, cooling fan, thermostat, water jacket and other ancillary devices.它包括水泵、散熱器、冷卻風(fēng)扇、節(jié)溫器、水套以及其他附屬裝置。1.Engine 1 .2 .7 lubrication system潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng) To ensure the normal operation of the engine, the surfaces of relative motion parts of the engine must be lubricated.為保證發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的正常工作，必須對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件表面進(jìn)行潤(rùn)滑.It mainly includes oil pump, oil filter, oil cooler, oil, and pipelines它主要包括機(jī)油泵，機(jī)油濾清器，油冷器，機(jī)油，和管路。1.Engine The chassis includes four system,they are :底盤包括四大系統(tǒng)，他們分別是Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)：把動(dòng)力傳遞到車輪Steering system: controls the direction of movement轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)：控制車輛行駛的方向Suspension system : absorbs the road shocks懸架系統(tǒng)： 吸收來自路面的沖擊Braking system:slows down or stops the vehicle制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)：使車輛減速或者停下 2.Chassis底盤 2 .1 Power train system傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)The power train system is provided with reducing the speed, variable speed, backing up, break the engine power, differential between the wheels, and between axles. Working with engine ,it can guarantee a car in normal driving under various working conditions, and has good power performance and fuel economy.傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)具有減速、變速、倒車、中斷動(dòng)力、輪間差速和軸間差速等動(dòng)能，與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)配合工作，能保證汽車在個(gè)各種工況條件下的正常行駛，并具有良好的動(dòng)力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。2.Chassis底盤 1 .clutch 離合器2 .transmission 變速器3 .universial joints 萬向節(jié)4 .drive axle 驅(qū)動(dòng)橋5 .Differential 差速器6 .half axle 半軸7 .final drive 主減速器8 .drive shaft 傳動(dòng)軸2.Chassis底盤Power train system includes 2 .2 Steering system 轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng) The direction motion of vehicle is controlled by a steering system. A basic steering system has 3 main parts: steering control mechanism, steering gear ,steering linkage mechanism which connecting wheels and steering gear.轉(zhuǎn)向系控制汽車行駛方向，一般由三部分組成：轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機(jī)構(gòu),轉(zhuǎn)向器、連接車輪和轉(zhuǎn)向器的轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。2.Chassis底盤 2 .2 Steering system1.Steering wheel 方向盤2.Steering shaft 轉(zhuǎn)向軸3.Knuckle 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)4.driving wheel 轉(zhuǎn)向輪5.Steering arm 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂6.Tie-rod 轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿7.Steering damper 轉(zhuǎn)向減震器8.Steering gear 轉(zhuǎn)向器2.Chassis底盤 2 .3 Suspension system 懸架系統(tǒng)The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolate the vehicle bodyfrom road shocks and vibrations, which will otherwise be transferred to thepassengers and load. The basic suspension system consists of springs, axles, shock absorbers, arms, rods and ball joints.整個(gè)懸架系統(tǒng)的作用是隔離來自路面的沖擊和振動(dòng)對(duì)車身的影響，防止傳遞給乘員和貨物。懸架系統(tǒng)的基本組成包括彈性元件、車橋、減震器、桿系和球副組成的導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)。2.Chassis底盤 2 .3 Suspension systemAccording to different guiding structure, there are two types：independent Suspension，and non- independent Suspension.根據(jù)不同的結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種懸架：獨(dú)立懸架和非獨(dú)立懸架2.Chassis底盤 2 .4 Braking system 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)General working principles of the brake system is using mutual friction between fixed and rotating parts to prevent wheel-turning or turning trends.制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的一般工作原理是，利用固定部分和旋轉(zhuǎn)部分之間的相互摩擦來阻止車輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)或轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的趨勢(shì)。2.Chassis底盤 2.4 Braking system1. Brake pedal 制動(dòng)踏板2. Push rod 推桿3. Main cylinder piston制動(dòng)主缸活塞4. main cylinder制動(dòng)主缸5. pipeline油管6. Brake wheel cylinder制動(dòng)輪缸7. piston活塞8. Drum brake制動(dòng)鼓9. friction plate制動(dòng)盤10. brake shoe制動(dòng)蹄11. Brake baseplate制動(dòng)底板2.Chassis底盤 2.4 Braking systemA better braking system should have braking force distribution devices(EBD), anti-lock brake system (ABS) , Electronic Stability Program(ESP) , Electrical Parking Brake（EPB） attachments.較完善的制動(dòng)系還具有制動(dòng)力調(diào)節(jié)裝置(EBD)、 防抱死裝置(ABS) 、 電子穩(wěn)定程序(ESP) 、電子駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(EPB)等附加裝置。2.Chassis底盤 An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.車身有窗戶，門，蓋，內(nèi)飾等組成，它為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，乘客及貨物提供空間和保護(hù)。車身的設(shè)計(jì)要讓乘客安全并乘坐舒適。對(duì)于乘用汽車，車身要?jiǎng)痈?，色彩絢麗，現(xiàn)代化。3. Car body車身 天窗擋風(fēng)玻璃車外后視鏡格柵大燈保險(xiǎn)杠 牌照指示燈防護(hù)板前翼子板車輪車輪裝飾蓋門梁柱車窗車門雨刷頂棚梁柱發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙罩 頂棚行李箱門把手 后視鏡 尾燈后翼子板三角窗3. Car body車身 Automobile electronics degree has been seen as an important indicator to measure the level of the modern automobile, it is used to develop new models, improve vehicle performance. And modern automobile electronics increasingly higher and higher.汽車電子化的程度被看作是衡量現(xiàn)代汽車水平的重要標(biāo)志，是用來開發(fā)新車型，改進(jìn)汽車性能最重要的技術(shù)措施?，F(xiàn)代汽車電子化越來越高4. Electrical equipment電器 Body Electronics車身電子Auxiliary Protection System (SRS), air-conditioning electronic control system, tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS), window mirror control systems, security systems, seat adjustment systems, digital instrument包 括 輔 助 防 護(hù) 系 統(tǒng) （ SRS） 、 空 調(diào) 電 控 系 統(tǒng) 、 胎 壓 檢 測(cè) 系 統(tǒng) （ TPMS） 、 車窗 后 視 鏡 控 制 系 統(tǒng) 、 防 盜 系 統(tǒng) 、 座 椅 調(diào) 節(jié) 系 統(tǒng) 、 數(shù) 字 儀 表 等 。4. Electrical equipment電器 Car communications and entertainment electronics systems汽車通訊與娛樂電子系統(tǒng)Including automobile steering system, global positioning system (GPS), car audio.包括汽車駕駛系統(tǒng)、全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）、汽車音響等。4. Electrical equipment電器 Thank you