第30講主謂一致和there be句型 主 謂 一 致 在英語中，句子的主語和謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上要保持一致關系，這種關系叫主謂一致。中考關于主謂一致的考點有：1語法一致原則；2意義一致原則；3就近一致原則。 高頻考向一語法一致原則語法一致即主語是單數(shù)形式時，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)形式；主語是復數(shù)形式時，謂語動詞就用復數(shù)形式。當and連接兩個或多個名詞，或both.and.連接兩個名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如：Tom and Mike are good friends.湯姆和邁克是好朋友。Both Lucy and Lily are students.露西和莉莉都是學生。不定代詞either，neither，anybody，anyone，anything，no one，nothing等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Is there anything wrong with your bike？你的自行車有什么毛病嗎？Everyone is ready for the sports meeting.大家都在為運動會做準備。 由each，each.and each.，every.and every.，every.作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Each boy and each girl was given a new book.每一個男孩和每一個女孩都被給了一本新書。主語后有with，along with，together with，as well as，no less than，more than，including，besides，like，except，but等詞或短語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式由主語的單復數(shù)形式決定。如：Mr. Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing.格林先生將和他的妻子及兩個女兒一塊兒來北京?！癮 number of名詞復數(shù)”作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；“the number of名詞復數(shù)”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如： A number of trees are cut down.許多樹木被砍倒了。The number of students in our class is 32.我們班學生人數(shù)為32。 “a lot of(lots of，plenty of，a pile of，piles of，most of)名詞”或“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)名詞”等作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式取決于名詞，如果是不可數(shù)名詞，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果是可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如：Lots of people have been there.很多人去過那兒。由“a pair(a kind，a series.)of復數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；“pairs(kinds.)of復數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如：A pair of sunglasses is lying on the table.一副太陽鏡放在桌子上。Fifteen pairs of shoes are made each day.每天能制作十五雙鞋。不定式或動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Reading is learning.讀書就是學習。 高頻考向二意義一致原則意義一致又叫概念一致，即謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式要與主語所表達的概念一致。由and連接的兩個名詞，如果是指同一概念(即and后面無冠詞)，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：The teacher and writer is coming to give us a report next week.那位老師兼作家下周要來給我們作報告。The singer and dancer has been invited to the party.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家被邀請參加了聚會。表示金錢、價格、時間、長度等復數(shù)名詞及詞組作主語時，一般被看做一個整體，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。如： Three years is a long time.三年是一段很長的時間。 集體名詞(如family，team，crowd，company，class，group，government.)如果表示整體概念，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果表示集體中的成員，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如：My family is a small one with three people.我家是一個有三口人的小家庭?！皌he姓氏名詞復數(shù)”或“theold”結構作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如：The Greens enjoy living in china.格林一家(夫婦)喜歡在中國生活。The young are energetic.年輕人很活力。算式中，表示加法和乘法時謂語動詞可用單數(shù)形式，也可用復數(shù)形式，但表示減法和除法時謂語動詞必須用單數(shù)形式。如： What is/are three times three？3乘以3是多少？ 高頻考向三就近原則有時謂語動詞的形式與最靠近它的名詞保持一致，這種原則叫做就近原則，又叫做鄰近原則。由either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but (also).，not.but.或or連接兩個并列主語時，謂語動詞與較近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。如：Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle.不但我父母而且我也盼望看到我叔叔。Not only Jim but also his parents want to live in China.不僅吉姆而且他的父母也想居住在中國。He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。There be.和Here be.這兩個句式中的be動詞常與最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。 如：There is an apple and two bananas on the table.桌子上有一個蘋果和兩根香蕉。 There be句 型 There be句型是一種常見的表示“存在”的句型。該結構表示某地客觀存在某物，是一種倒裝語序。中考關于there be 句型的考點有：1there be句型的結構及就近原則；2there be句型的否定形式和疑問形式。 高頻考向一There be句型結構“There be.”句型是存在句的常用基本結構，there在句中處于主語位置，起形式主語的作用，真正的主語是隨后的名詞詞組。要表達“某個地方或某個時間存在什么事物或人”的時候常用“There be 名詞 地點(時間)”。該句型有如下幾種情況：1There is單數(shù)主語/不可數(shù)主語(v.ing)地點。如：There is a ruler on the desk.書桌上有一把尺。There is some water in the bottle.瓶子里有一些水。There is a bird singing in the tree.樹上有一只鳥正在唱歌。 2There are復數(shù)主語(v.ing)地點。如：There are many flowers in the park. 公園里有許多花。There are two boys running on the street. 街上有兩個男孩正在奔跑。3可以在be前加上情態(tài)動詞，表示“預見”、“可能”、“必然”或“過去習慣存在”等。如：There may be a cigarette in that box.那個盒子里或許有支香煙。There must be some cakes on the table.桌子上一定有些蛋糕。 4也可以在be前加上某些半助動詞(如：be going to, be certain to, be sure to, be likely to, have to 等)，表示更具體的意思。如：There is going to be a rain. 要下雨了。There has to be a mistake. 必定有錯。There used to be a hospital before the war.在戰(zhàn)前，那里曾經有家醫(yī)院。There happened to be a bus nearby.碰巧附近有輛公交車。 5There be 中的be 有時可以用某些表示存在、發(fā)生、出現(xiàn)、坐落等意義的不及物動詞(如lie, stand, exit等)來代替。如：There stood a temple near the river. 河邊有一座廟宇。There came a scent of limeblossom.飄來一陣菩提樹的花香。Once upon a time there lived a princess in the tower.從前那個城堡里住著一個公主?！咀⒁狻咳绻渲械牡攸c狀語前移就可以省略there。如：Behind the house (there) is a small river.門后有一條小河。 高頻考向二there be句型的時態(tài)There be 句型中動詞be可以有一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、將來時和完成時。如：There is ice on the lake. 湖上有冰。There were three students in the classroom then. 當時教室有三個學生。There has never been anybody like you. 還從來沒有像你這樣的人。There will be snow on high ground.在高地上將會有雪。 高頻考向三there be句型的否定句There be 句型的否定句有兩種構成方式：1通常直接在be或助動詞、情態(tài)動詞后加not(在口語中be時常與not縮寫在一起)。如果句中有some，一般要變成any。如：There isnt a box in the room.房間里沒有盒子。There arent any pens on the desk.課桌上沒有鋼筆。There hasnt been any rain for a week.一周沒下雨了。2在主語前加上不定代詞no。 如：There is no water in the bottle.瓶子里沒有水。There might be no money left.或許沒有錢剩下。 高頻考向四there be句型的疑問句1一般疑問句及其答語There be 句型的一般疑問句是將be或助動詞、情態(tài)動詞提至there之前，首字母大寫，句末用問號即可?；卮饡r用yes或no，后接簡單答語。如：Is there a cake on the table？桌子上有塊蛋糕嗎？Yes，there is. / No，there isnt.是，有。/ 不，沒有。Will there be a party tonight？今晚有聚會嗎？Yes，there will./ No, there wont.是的，有。/不，沒有。 2特殊疑問句及其回答特殊疑問句由 “特殊疑問詞一般疑問句”構成，回答時要根據實際情況。提問句子的主語(包括主語前的修飾語)時，句型一律用“What is 地點介詞短語？”(無論主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)都用is)如：There are some birds in the tree. Whats in the tree?對there be后面的地點狀語進行提問時，句型結構為“Where is/are主語？”如：There is a car in the street. Where is the car? 提問名詞(主語)前的數(shù)量時，可數(shù)名詞用how many；不可數(shù)名詞用how much。句型結構為“How many/much 名詞 be there 其他？”如：How many trees are there in your garden? 你的花園里有多少棵樹？How much water is there in the cup？杯子里有多少水？ 高頻考向五there be句型的主謂一致1當be動詞后所接的名詞是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞時，be動詞用單數(shù)is；當其后所接的名詞是復數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞時，be動詞用復數(shù)are。如：Theres a man at the door.門口有個人。There is some apple juice in the bottle.瓶子里有些蘋果汁。There are so many strangers in the street.大街上有如此多的陌生人。 2如果There be 后面是幾個并列名詞做主語時，動詞be的形式和最靠近它的那個名詞保持數(shù)的一致。即“就近原則”，如：There are two books and a pen on the desk.書桌上有兩本書和一支鋼筆。(因為最靠近be的名詞是two books，是復數(shù)，所以用are)There is a pen and two books on the desk.書桌上有一支鋼筆和兩本書。(因為最靠近be的名詞是a pen，是單數(shù)，所以用is)【注意】如果主語是復數(shù)名詞，卻表示一筆金額或一個總數(shù)或表達一個單個概念時，則仍用be動詞的單數(shù)形式，如：There is five hundred dollars to pay.還需付五百美元。There is still another 20 miles to drive.還要開20英里的車。 高頻考向六“there be”和“have”的區(qū)別1相同點：在表示結構上的含有時，既可以用there be句型，也可以用have(has)來表示。如：There are many long rivers in China.China has many long rivers.中國有許多長河。How many days are there in March?How many days does March have？三月份有多少天？ 2不同點：there be 表存在，強調某地有某物，不表示所屬關系；have表示所有關系，強調某人或某地有某物。如：I have a book.我有一本書。(書歸我所有，我是書的主人。所屬“有”)There is a book on the desk.在桌子上有一本書。(書只是存在于桌子上，但書不屬于桌子所有。存在“有”)【口訣】“有”字放前面，有“啥”放中間；時間地點放后面；單數(shù)is，復數(shù)are；注意be的兩變化?！咀⒁狻績煞N結構不能在一個句子中同時出現(xiàn)。 一、用所給單詞的適當形式填空。(原創(chuàng))1Xinjiang food _(taste) delicious. Most people like eating.2Either Tom or Sarah _(be) going to the party next week. One of them must stay at home.3The actor and director _(be) coming to give us speech next weekend.4This pair of trousers _(make) by my aunt last year.5Twenty years _(have) passed since he left his hometown.6The woman with two children _(be) standing at the door now.7Neither my sister nor I _(have) ever been to America before.8The Blacks _(be) watching TV when I arrived.9No one but my parents _(know) the truth. 10How many girls are there in your class?The number of them _(be) over twenty. tastes isiswas madehas ishavewere knows is 二、按要求完成下列句子。11There are four apples on the ground.(改為一般疑問句)_12There are five birds singing in the tree.(對畫線部分提問)_13There are two bowls on the table.(改為否定句)_Are there four apples on the ground?Whats in the tree?There arent two bowls on the table. 14There is an apple tree in the garden.(改為否定句)_15There are not any cats in my family.(改為同義句)_16There is not any milk in the bottle.(改為同義句)_There isnt an apple tree in the garden.There are no cats in my family.There is no milk in the bottle.