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1、專題一閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題 高考24話題之(一)：計(jì)劃與愿望(Plans and intentions)假如你是李華，你的美國(guó)朋友Stephen暑假要來(lái)你家玩三天，請(qǐng)給他寫(xiě)一封電子郵件，告訴他這三天你為他所做的安排?！緦?xiě)作話題】 I am glad_you will spend three days in my home in the_(come) summer vacation._the first day, you will_(show) around our city to visit some places of interest.【語(yǔ)法填空】thatcomingOn be shown

2、 My family is all happy to have you with us.The following is that we have arranged for you during the three days.You will enjoy local opera and taste variety of snacks, that I believe will impress you deep.答案is改為arethat改為whatvariety改為varieties；that改為which【語(yǔ)法改錯(cuò)】 Dear Stephen, I am glad that you will

3、spend three days in my home in the coming summer vacation.My family are all happy to have you with us.The following is what we have arranged for you during the three days.On the first day, you will be shown around our city to visit some places of interest.On the second day, you will enjoy local oper

4、a and taste varieties of【范文背誦】 snacks, which I believe will impress you deeply.During the last day, my family will hold a party for you and you can learn many traditional customs during the party.We have prepared a special gift for you, which we all think you will like very much.Looking forward to y

5、our early coming. 根據(jù)范文畫(huà)線部分仿寫(xiě)下面情景：終于有機(jī)會(huì)去度假了，我們都很興奮。_我打算給我母親買(mǎi)一件裙子作為生日禮物，這，我想，她一定會(huì)喜歡的。Im going to buy my mother a dress as a birthday gift, _.答案We all felt excited to have got a chance to take a holiday.which I think my mother will surely like【自主空間】 A(2016新課標(biāo)乙卷)You probably know who Marie Curie was, bu

6、t you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?做真題悟高考限時(shí)15分鐘 Jane Addams(18601935)Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.Addams helped the poor and worked for pe

7、ace.She encouraged a sense of community(社區(qū))by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need.In 1931，Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Rachel Carson(19071964)If it werent for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today

8、.Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans. Sandra Day OConnor(1930present)When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find

9、work at a law firm because she was a woman.She became an Arizona state senator(參議員)and, in 1981, the first woman to join the US.Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court. Rosa Parks(19132005)On December 1,1955, in Montgomery, Alabama，R

10、osa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set off the Montgmery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights movement.“The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，” said Parks. 語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是人物介紹文。文章主要

11、介紹了幾位著名的女性先驅(qū)，她們?cè)诟髯缘念I(lǐng)域做出了非凡的貢獻(xiàn)。1What is Jane Addams noted for in history?AHer social work.BHer lack of proper training in law.CHer efforts to win a prize.DHer community background. 解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干的關(guān)鍵詞是Jane Addams，問(wèn)的是：因?yàn)槭裁炊劽?？帶著關(guān)鍵詞找到第二段，本段介紹Jane Addams的主要事跡。根據(jù)第一句“Anyone who has ever been helped by a social

12、 worker has Jane Addams to thank.”我們可以推知，Jane Addams從事于social work。根據(jù)第二句“Addams helped the poor and worked for peace.She encouraged a sense of community(社區(qū))by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need.”可知Addams的事跡是“幫助窮人”、“爭(zhēng)取和平”、“鼓勵(lì)社區(qū)意識(shí)”等，這些事跡可歸納出一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，即：社會(huì)性工作。故選A。答案A

13、2What is the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm?AHer lack of proper training in law.BHer little work experience in court.CThe discrimination against women.DThe poor financial conditions. 解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。此題考查因果關(guān)系，也是高考閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)信息題中最常見(jiàn)的。關(guān)鍵詞是“OConnor”和“rejected”，問(wèn)的是為什么被拒絕在法律事務(wù)所工作？備用選項(xiàng)是原因。我們?cè)诘谌沃姓业脚c

14、題干意義相同的部分“.she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.”其原因自然是“因?yàn)樗桥远环晒揪芙^錄用”。故選C。答案C 3Who made a great contribution to the civilrights movement in the US?AJane Addams.BRachel Carson.CSandra Day OConnor. DRosa Parks. 解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。解答這道題，需要我們通讀全文，對(duì)四位女性的事跡進(jìn)行比較分析，找到各自不同的工作領(lǐng)域。題干的關(guān)鍵詞是“civi

15、lrights”，這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞在第五段中的“It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights movement.”找到，由此推知Rosa Parks對(duì)民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)做出了貢獻(xiàn)。故選D。答案D 4What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?AThey are highly educated.BThey are truly creative.CThey are pioneers.DThey are peacelovers.解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文意對(duì)這幾個(gè)人物的介紹

16、可知，這些女性都是在各自的領(lǐng)域?yàn)樯鐣?huì)做出貢獻(xiàn)的先驅(qū)。故選C。答案C B(2016新課標(biāo)甲卷)A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.Frank Hurleys pictures would be outstandingundoubtedly firstrate photojournalismif they had been made last week.In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them a

17、fter a disastrous shipwreck (海灘), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship. The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegianbuilt threemaster that was intended to take Sir Ernest

18、 Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all, to the southernmost shore of Antarcticas Weddell Sea.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇)across the continent.The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.

19、Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back. As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and wellresearched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.Scotts last journey, completed as

20、he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the worlds imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds. Shackleton, a onetime British merchantnavy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and sti

21、ll photography.Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文屬于記敘文。講述了Frank的圖片記錄了一次不成功的航?；顒?dòng)，文章介紹了與這次航?；顒?dòng)相關(guān)的具體內(nèi)容。 5What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?AThey were made

22、 last week.BThey showed undersea sceneries.CThey were found by a cameraman.DThey recorded a disastrous adventure. 解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問(wèn)的是：關(guān)于Hurley的圖片，我們了解到了什么？關(guān)鍵詞是“the photos taken by Hurley”，按照文章的自然段落順序，我們?cè)诘诙握业竭@些關(guān)鍵詞。尤其是第二段第二句“they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck.”

23、可知這些照片記錄的是1914年左右發(fā)生的一次海難事故。故D項(xiàng)正確。答案D 6Who reached the South Pole first according to the text?AFrank Hurley.BErnest Shackleton.CRobert Falcon Scott. DCaroline Alexander. 解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問(wèn)：是誰(shuí)首先到達(dá)過(guò)南極的？題干中沒(méi)有特殊的關(guān)鍵詞，按照自然段落的順序，我們?cè)诘谌沃姓业较嚓P(guān)內(nèi)容，仔細(xì)閱讀這一段，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)最后一句“Captain Scott had reached the South Pole.”點(diǎn)明了答案，這句話中的過(guò)去

24、完成時(shí)對(duì)于判斷最佳答案也有幫助作用，由此可知首先到達(dá)南極的是Captain Scott。故最佳答案是C項(xiàng)。答案C 7What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage?AArtistic creation. BScientific research.CMoney making. DTreasure hunting.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問(wèn)：Alexander認(rèn)為1914年的南極航行的目的是什么？關(guān)鍵詞是“Alexander”，帶著這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，在最后一段找到“As writer Caroline Alexander makes

25、clear in her forceful and wellresearched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.”由此可知， Alexander認(rèn)為即使是The Endurance航行去南極那個(gè)時(shí)代，冒險(xiǎn)完全是一種商業(yè)性的行為；再根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二句“Shackleton, a onetime British merchantnavy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, st

26、arted a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.”可知Alexander認(rèn)為他的這次航行就是為了掙錢(qián)。故C項(xiàng)正確。答案C 文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持，這些細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要，同時(shí)也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。命題人往往會(huì)要求考生根據(jù)不同的要求閱讀文章，以獲得某些特定的信息，或準(zhǔn)確地尋求所需的細(xì)節(jié)，并對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行直接或間接的辨認(rèn)和理解。文章細(xì)節(jié)的理解可以細(xì)化為：探考點(diǎn)攻難點(diǎn) 1一一對(duì)應(yīng)型。答案與題目在表達(dá)形式和意義上直接吻合，一一對(duì)應(yīng)，

27、一目了然。這類(lèi)題屬于淺層次的閱讀試題，難度小，區(qū)分度小，所以這類(lèi)試題在未來(lái)高考中出現(xiàn)率極少甚至沒(méi)有。 2語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)述型。這是一類(lèi)間接事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，答案與題目在意義上運(yùn)用了詞義之間的轉(zhuǎn)述關(guān)系，即正確選項(xiàng)是原文有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)和句子的另類(lèi)表達(dá)這類(lèi)題。這類(lèi)題屬于中檔難度題，分?jǐn)?shù)比例較大。例如第2題中的題干中的was rejected是對(duì)原文中“could not find work”的語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換；最佳選項(xiàng)C.The discrimination against women.是對(duì)“because she was a woman”的變式解釋。 3語(yǔ)意理解型。這是一類(lèi)深層事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)理解題，答案與題目之間存在著一定的邏輯聯(lián)系

28、，這種聯(lián)系需要建立在事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上通過(guò)上下文來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷、分析、歸納和整合，才能得出正確答案。這類(lèi)題屬于較高難度的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，區(qū)分度很大。例如第3題，我們只有通過(guò)全文對(duì)四位偉大女性不同的貢獻(xiàn)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行分析比較才能選出符合題干要求的最佳答案。 【設(shè)問(wèn)角度】細(xì)節(jié)理解題的主要設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：1特定疑問(wèn)句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出的問(wèn)題。如：What can we learn about.from the passage?What is the reason that.?What do we know about.?How d

29、id.?Why was/did.? 2以“A(a)ccording to.”開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾的提問(wèn)形式。如：Who reached the South Pole first according to the text? 【選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)】1最佳選項(xiàng)的特征(1)同義替換。對(duì)原文句子的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。有時(shí)候詞性或語(yǔ)態(tài)有所變化。把原文的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important改成of importance；改變?cè)闹芯渥拥恼Z(yǔ)態(tài)，即：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。 (2)語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化。把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，設(shè)置為答案。比如第1題中的選項(xiàng)A.Her social work.是對(duì)原文“Addams helpe

30、d the poor and worked for peace.She encouraged a sense of community(社區(qū))by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need.”的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化歸納。(3)正話反說(shuō)。把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而為最佳選項(xiàng)。 2干擾選項(xiàng)的特征(1)顛倒黑白錯(cuò)誤。選項(xiàng)中的事件、人物、時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)與原文的相關(guān)信息明顯相悖。例如第5題中的A項(xiàng)“They were made last week”屬于“顛倒黑白”類(lèi)干擾項(xiàng)，根據(jù)第二段第一句“Frank Hurley

31、s pictures.undoubtedly firstrate photojournalismif they had been made last week.”可知“如果這些照片是上周所拍，那么就會(huì)是一流的?！睂?shí)際上這些照片是1914年左右拍攝的。說(shuō)明A項(xiàng)明顯錯(cuò)誤。 (2)張冠李戴。命題者把文章作者的觀點(diǎn)與他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來(lái)，題干問(wèn)的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點(diǎn)；或者題干問(wèn)的是他人的觀點(diǎn)，卻把作者的觀點(diǎn)放到選項(xiàng)中去。例如第3題中的A.Jane Addams，B.Rachel Carson和C.Sandra Day OConnor.都屬于“張冠李戴”錯(cuò)誤。(3)偷梁換柱。干擾項(xiàng)用了

32、與原文相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相似的詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個(gè)詞匯，造成句意的改變。 (4)無(wú)中生有。干擾項(xiàng)往往是生活的基本常識(shí)和普遍接受的觀點(diǎn)，但在原文中并無(wú)相關(guān)的信息支持點(diǎn)，這種選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置往往與問(wèn)題的設(shè)問(wèn)毫不相干。例如第7題中的D.Treasure hunting 雖然符合常識(shí)，但在文中并沒(méi)有相關(guān)的信息。 【解題策略】細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要的答題策略有：(1)細(xì)心審題，直接就題找答案。解答此類(lèi)試題時(shí)，不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而應(yīng)采取“帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法，先從問(wèn)題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)(題眼)，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句，仔細(xì)品味，對(duì)照比較，確定答案。 (2)變通理解，間接轉(zhuǎn)述找答案。細(xì)節(jié)理解題通常采用詞語(yǔ)和句型轉(zhuǎn)換的形式來(lái)取代原文中的表述。命題者在出這類(lèi)題時(shí)慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來(lái)迷惑考生，即對(duì)原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng)，截取原文詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)成B的觀點(diǎn)等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是關(guān)鍵。 (3)多點(diǎn)歸納，綜合事實(shí)找答案。細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)考查的并不是單一的信息，而是多處信息的整合。解答此類(lèi)“綜合”信息細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)，一定要全面捕捉相關(guān)信息，進(jìn)行綜合分析、歸納，切忌根據(jù)“一面之詞”草率地做出結(jié)論。