專題三 議論文,【文體攻略】 議論文是一種剖析事理、論述事物、發(fā)表見解或提出主張的說理性文章。議論文的目的不僅是客觀地解釋事物,還力圖說服讀者相信并接受某一觀點。 議論文是高考完形填空題中較難的一種體裁,它一般由三個要素組成:論點、論據(jù)和結(jié)論。做好這類題的關(guān)鍵在于要抓住作者的論點。 議論文中對于論點的提出通常有三種形式: 1.開門見山,直接提出論點 在有些議論文中作者開頭就提出論點,通過論證,最后提出自己的看法,或提出另一個話題供大家討論。一般來說,這種形式的議論文,作者態(tài)度明確,我們也能很容易地把握作者對某一件事的看法。 2.導(dǎo)入式提出論點 在有些議論文中作者并不是直接提出自己的觀點,而是通過對某一現(xiàn)象的論述來贊揚或批評某一事物,進而提出自己的觀點,然后再用具體的論據(jù)去證明自己的觀點。,3.水到渠成式得出結(jié)論 在有些議論文中作者開頭只是列舉一系列生活中的現(xiàn)象,而不是表明自己的觀點,通過對具體現(xiàn)象的分析,最后自然得出結(jié)論,而此結(jié)論就是文章的論點。 議論文形式的完形填空不像記敘文形式的完形填空那么有情景。因此,我們對整個文章的把握相對來說也難得多。解答這類題要遵循下列原則: 1.從首尾句入手,抓住中心 議論文的寫作思路一般為:提出問題分析問題解決問題。因此,文章的第一、二句話通常為文章的主題句,而文章的結(jié)尾句常為文章的結(jié)論。由此可見,我們必須充分利用文章的首尾句,推測出文章的中心,從而理解全文。,2.緊扣信息詞,把握作者觀點 考生要弄清文章的行文邏輯,如轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、指代關(guān)系等。有時文章的第一、二段并不是作者的觀點,而是對某個事物的介紹或描述,然后用信息詞,如but,however,yet等將自己的觀點引出,因此,閱讀時一定要特別留意這些信息詞。 3.從語境入手,確定邏輯關(guān)系 句與句之間總要反映出因果、假設(shè)、條件、類推等邏輯關(guān)系。這些邏輯關(guān)系常常通過on the one hand,on the other hand,as a result,as a consequence,on the contrary,above all,first of all,secondly,finally,in case等單詞或短語表達出來。但有時作者并不使用這些單詞或短語,而是將邏輯關(guān)系暗含于文章中,這就需要考生根據(jù)語境來確定邏輯關(guān)系。,4.理清文章的論點、論據(jù)和結(jié)論 如果我們連論點、論據(jù)、結(jié)論都沒把握住的話,只能是漫無目的地選擇答案了。一般說來,能說明論點的答案可以在論據(jù)里得到印證,且作為論點的某些答案也可以與論據(jù)有機地結(jié)合起來,使論點與論據(jù)相輔相成,從而使整篇文章上下一致。如果我們所選的答案前后矛盾,論點與論據(jù)相悖,最后的結(jié)論與論點自相矛盾,那就說明我們對文章的把握缺乏條理性和系統(tǒng)性,我們就需重新來理順文章的各部分,直到條理清楚為止,然后再根據(jù)自己對文章的把握及各部分的邏輯關(guān)系選出答案。,【典例示范】,(2015福建卷) One of the easiest things in the world is to become a fault-finder.However,life can be 36 when you are not busy finding fault with it. Several years ago I 37 a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry,who described herself as a world-class fault-finder,almost always 38 by things.People were always doing things that annoyed her,and 39 was ever good enough.She was highly self-critical and also found fault with her friends.She became a really 40 person.,Unfortunately,it took a horrible accident to change her 41 .Her best friend was seriously hurt in a car crash.What made it almost 42 to deal with was that the day before the 43 ,Kerry had visited her friend and had spent the whole time criticizing her 44 of boyfriends,the way she was living,the way she related to her mother,and various other things she felt she needed to 45 .It wasnt until her friend was badly hurt that Kerry became 46 her habit of finding fault.Very quickly,she learned to appreciate life rather than to 47 everything so harshly(刻薄).She was able to transfer her new wisdom to other parts of her 48 as well. Perhaps most of us arent extreme at fault-finding, 49 when were honest,we can be sharply 50 of the world.Im not suggesting you 51 problems,or that you pretend things are 52 than they are,but simply that you learn to allow things to be as they are 53 most of the time,and especially when its not a really big 54 .,Train yourself to “bite your tongue”,and with a little 55 ,youll get really good at letting things go.And when you do,youll get back your enthusiasm and love for life. 36.A.lonely B.great C.quiet D.uneasy 37.A.received B.answered C.expected D.rejected 38.A.threatened B.interrupted C.bothered D.spoiled 39.A.anything B.everything C.something D.nothing 40.A.caring B.boring C.interesting D.surprising 41.A.attitude B.plan C.measure D.explanation 42.A.urgent B.unnecessary C.certain D.impossible 43.A.occasion B.event C.accident D.adventure 44.A.memory B.notice C.evidence D.choice 45.A.hear B.contribute C.express D.admit 46.A.aware of B.afraid of C.curious about D.confused about,47.A.discuss B.realize C.judge D.settle 48.A.family B.life C.career D.education 49.A.so B.or C.but D.for 50.A.proud B.sure C.hopeful D.critical 51.A.face B.create C.solve D.ignore 52.A.rarer B.better C.stranger D.worse 53.A.at least B.at last C.by far D.so far 54.A.task B.deal C.result D.duty 55.A.practice B.speech C.rest D.pity,【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為議論文。作者首先提出了生活中很多人喜歡吹毛求疵這個問題,然后通過一個具體的事例說明吹毛求疵這個習(xí)慣的危害,接下來作者表明自己的態(tài)度和看法,最后給出建議,告訴讀者,順其自然,生活會更美好。 36.B 該句與文章最后一句互相照應(yīng)。根據(jù)句首的however一詞可知,此處表示如果你不是一個總忙著吹毛求疵的人,那么生活可以很美好。 37.A 根據(jù)后面的定語從句“who described herself.”可知,此處說明,作者在幾年前收到了一封信。 38.C 根據(jù)下文的句子“People were always doing things that annoyed her.”可知,這位17歲的女孩是一個吹毛求疵的人,周圍的小事總是令她感覺煩擾。 39.D 根據(jù)上文的內(nèi)容可知,因為Kerry是一個凡事過分挑剔的人,她對一切總是感覺不滿意,所以在她眼里沒有什么東西是足夠好的。,40.B 根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容可知,Kerry不但對自己苛刻,而且對朋友們也十分挑剔,結(jié)合常識可知,久而久之,她成為一個令人討厭的人。 41.A 根據(jù)第三段的最后兩句內(nèi)容可知,Kerry最終改變了自己的態(tài)度,遺憾的是,她的改變源自于一件不幸的事情。 42.D 根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可知,事情難以忍受的地方在于就在事故發(fā)生之前的那天,Kerry剛好去拜訪了她的這位朋友,并對朋友進行了一番批評。impossible在此處意為“難以忍受的,無希望的”。 43.C 根據(jù)該段的第一句內(nèi)容可知,此處指的就是那個可怕的意外事故。 44.D Kerry在拜訪朋友的過程中一直在批評對方,包括其對男朋友的選擇、生活方式等等。其他名詞不符合語境。,45.C 根據(jù)整個句子的內(nèi)容可知,Kerry把自己想要表達的想法統(tǒng)統(tǒng)說了出來,一點兒也不考慮對方的感受。 46.A 根據(jù)下面兩句話的內(nèi)容可知,Kerry在朋友受傷之后才開始意識到自己愛挑剔的習(xí)慣有多么糟糕。become aware of “開始意識到”。 47.C 很快,Kerry改變了態(tài)度,她學(xué)會了感激人生而不是對一切進行刻薄的評判。discuss“討論”;realize“意識到”;settle“解決”,均不符合語境。 48.B Kerry意識到了自己的問題所在,她積極進行改正,并把她的新的智慧遷移到人生的其他方面。前面一句出現(xiàn)的life一詞是提示信息。此外,文章第一段和最后一段也分別出現(xiàn)了life一詞。 49.C 前后兩句在內(nèi)容上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以用but一詞連接?；蛟S我們大多數(shù)人都不是極端挑剔的人,但是當(dāng)我們坦誠(看待事物)時,我們可能對這個世界極為挑剔和不滿。 50.D be critical of是固定搭配,意為“對批評或不滿”,符合語境。 51.D 根據(jù)下文or后面的句子可知,作者并不是建議人們忽視問題的存在。,52.B 作者既不是讓人們忽視問題的存在也不是讓人們假裝認為事情比本來的樣子要好,只是希望人們學(xué)會接受事情本來的樣子。 53.A 破折號后面的句子對前面的內(nèi)容進行了補充,說明作者希望至少大多數(shù)時候,特別是面對不是很大的事情的時候,人們不要過于苛刻和挑剔。 54.B a big deal在此處意為“重要事件;大事”,作者希望人們不必小題大做,事事苛責(zé)。 55.A 作者在文章最后提出建議:訓(xùn)練自己“閉嘴,忍住不說”,經(jīng)過一段時間的練習(xí),你就會習(xí)慣于順其自然。 【文章結(jié)構(gòu)】,A,B,A (2015浙江卷) Since finishing my studies at Harvard and Oxford,Ive watched one friend after another land high-ranking,high-paying Wall Street jobs.As executives(高級管理人員)with banks,consulting firms,established law firms,and major corporations,many are now 1 on their way to impressive careers.,1.A.much B.never C.seldom D.well 解析:作者的朋友們接受過高等教育,算是社會的精英分子,他們在各大公司做得風(fēng)生水起,完全處于通往令人贊嘆的職業(yè)生涯的途中。well此處表示程度,意為“完全地,徹底地”。 答案:D,A,B,By societys 2 ,they seem to have it made. On the surface,these people seem to be very lucky in life.As they left student life behind,many had a 3 drink at their cheap but friendly local bar,2.A.policies B.standards C.experiments D.regulations 解析:作者的這些朋友,依照社會的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量,似乎很容易獲取成功。句中的have it made意為“有成功的把握,很容易辦到”。 答案:B 3.A.last B.least C.second D.best 解析:根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可知,因為這些人獲得了成功,他們不可能再去那些低檔次的地方消費,所以他們在廉價但氣氛友好的當(dāng)?shù)鼐瓢勺詈笠淮魏染啤?答案:A,A,B,shook hands with longtime roommates,and 4 out of small apartments into high buildings.They made reservations at restaurants where the cost of a bottle of wine 5 a college years monthly rent.They replaced their beloved old cars with expensive new sports cars.,4.A.cycled B.movedC.slid D.looked 解析:move out of意為“脫離,擺脫”,此處指的是作者的這些朋友從小的公寓里搬出來,住進了高樓里。 答案:B 5.A.shared B.paid C.equaled D.collected 解析:此處描述朋友們奢侈的生活方式,他們預(yù)訂座位的飯店飯菜昂貴,一瓶酒的價格等同于大學(xué)里一個月的房租。 答案:C,A,B,The thing is,a number of them have 6 that despite their success,they arent happy.Some 7 of unfriendly coworkers and feel sad for eight-hour workweeks devoted to tasks they 8 .,6.A.advertised B.witnessed C.admitted D.demanded 解析:問題是,他們中的一些人承認,雖然他們成功了,但是他們并不快樂。 答案:C 7.A.complain B.dream C.hear D.approve 解析:complain of是固定短語,意為“抱怨”,他們抱怨同事們不友好。 答案:A 8.A.distribute B.hate C.applaud D.neglect 解析:根據(jù)前面的feel sad for可知,這些工作是他們不喜歡做的,所以他們對一天八小時的工作感到煩惱。 答案:B,A,B,Some do not respect the companies they work for and talk of feeling tired and 9 .However,instead of devoting themselves to their work,they find themselves working to support the 10 to,9.A.calm B.guilty C.warm D.empty 解析:此處繼續(xù)描述那些成功人士的煩惱,一些人不尊重他們效力的公司,說自己感到厭倦和空虛。 答案:D 10.A.family B.government C.lifestyle D.project 解析:然而,這些人不是全身心地投入工作,他們發(fā)覺自己工作的目的只是為了維持那種他們很快就習(xí)慣了的生活方式。 答案:C,A,B,which they have so quickly become 11 . People often speak of trying a more satisfying path,and 12 in the end the idea of leaving their jobs to,11.A.accustomed B.appointed C.unique D.available 解析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),to which they have so quickly become accustomed是定語從句,修飾lifestyle。become accustomed to是固定短語,意為“習(xí)慣于,對變得習(xí)以為常”。 答案:A 12.A.yet B.also C.instead D.rather 解析:人們經(jīng)常說嘗試一種更令人滿意的道路,可是最終,人們只是說說而已,沒有人真的舍棄一切,改變固有的生活模式。yet 意為“可是”。 答案:A,A,B,work for something they 13 or finding a position that would give them more time with their families almost always leads them to the same conclusion:its 14 .,13.A.let out B.turn in C.give up D.believe in 解析:有些人想過放棄自己的工作去為他們信仰的某些事情而工作,或者找到一個讓他們有更多時間陪伴家人的職位。 答案:D 14.A.fundamental B.practical C.impossible D.unforgettable 解析:上述的內(nèi)容只是停留在很多人的想象中,最終,他們得出相同的結(jié)論:這是不可能的事情。 答案:C,A,B,They have loans,bills,a mortgage(抵押貸款) to 15 ,retirement to save for.They recognize theres something 16 in their lives,15.A.take off B.drop off C.put off D.pay off 解析:人們的美好想法最終敗給了現(xiàn)實:他們需要支付貸款、賬單,他們要付清抵押貸款,他們要為退休后的生活攢錢。 答案:D 16.A.missing B.inspiring C.sinking D.shining 解析:他們意識到在生活中某些東西失去了,但是脫離原有的生活軌道是很難的事情。 答案:A,A,B,but its 17 to step off the track. In a society that tends to 18 everything in terms of dollars and cents,17.A.harmful B.hard C.useful D.normal 解析:根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容可知,現(xiàn)實生活中的人們,總是為生計所累,不可能說走就走,說離開就離開,所以脫離原有的生活軌道是不容易做到的。 答案:B 18.A.measure B.suffer C.digest D.deliver 解析:我們現(xiàn)在生活的社會是以金錢來衡量一切的,所以我們從很小的時候就學(xué)會了從金錢的角度去考慮我們做出的決定的經(jīng)濟成本。 答案:A,A,B,we learn from a young age to consider the costs of our 19 in financial terms.But what about the personal and social costs 20 in pursuing money over meaning?These are exactly the kinds of costs many of us tend to ignoreand the very ones we need to consider most.,【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為議論文。作者周圍的很多朋友事業(yè)有成,生活奢侈,外表光鮮亮麗,但是他們并不快樂。他們在內(nèi)心里希望改變自己,開始新的人生,但是迫于生活的壓力,或者說由于覺得不合算,他們只能得過且過,無聊空虛地打發(fā)時光。,A,B,19.A.disasters B.motivations C.campaigns D.decisions 解析:根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容可知,很多人之所以放棄自己的決定,就是覺得不合算,這個“合算”當(dāng)然是從金錢的角度來衡量的。 答案:D 20.A.assessed B.involved C.covered D.reduced 解析:involved in作后置定語,修飾costs,意為“卷入,涉及”。作者反問:卷入到金錢至上中的個人成本和社會成本怎么計算呢? 答案:B,A,B,B (2015安徽卷) In our modern world,when something wears out,we throw it away and buy a new one.The 1 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 2 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.,1.A.key B.reason C.project D.problem 解析:表語從句是對空格中所填詞的解釋。從下句可知,人們?nèi)拥舻睦絹碓蕉?這是個問題。因此用problem符合句意。 答案:D 2.A.gifts B.rubbishC.debt D.products 解析:mountains of意思是“堆成山的,太多的”。從本句后文的“throwing out more rubbish than ever before”可知答案。 答案:B,A,B,How did we 3 a throwaway society?First of all,it is now easier to 4 an object than to spend time and money to repair it.,3.A.face B.become C.observe D.change 解析:本段以設(shè)問開頭,隨后介紹了這個“用完就扔的社會”形成的過程,故填become正確。face“面對”,與二、三兩段內(nèi)容不符。 答案:B 4.A.hide B.control C.replace D.withdraw 解析:用完了隨手扔掉,用replace“替代,取代”符合句意。從本句可知,這比花錢修復(fù)要便宜得多。 答案:C,A,B,5 modern manufacturing(制造業(yè))and technology,companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.Products are plentiful and 6 .,5.A.Thanks to B.As to C.Except for D.Regardless of 解析:句意:公司生產(chǎn)新產(chǎn)品的速度快、成本低,這得益于現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)和科技的發(fā)展。由句意可知,前后兩個半句為因果關(guān)系,thanks to“多虧;由于”,表示原因,符合句意。as to“至于”;except for“除了”;regardless of “不顧”,都不符合句意,故選A項。 答案:A 6.A.safe B.funny C.cheap D.powerful 解析:從上句的“inexpensively”可知,產(chǎn)品豐富并且便宜,因此用cheap。 答案:C,A,B,Another cause is our 7 of disposable(一次性的) products.As 8 people,7.A.love B.lack C.prevention D.division 解析:從目前的狀況可知,我們大部分人喜愛一次性產(chǎn)品,因此用love。lack“缺乏”;prevention“預(yù)防;阻止”;division“區(qū)分”,均與句意不符。 答案:A 8.A.sensitive B.kind C.brave D.busy 解析:從后文的“to save time”可知,人們很忙碌。sensitive“敏感的”;kind“善良的”;brave“勇敢的”,都與句意不符,故選D項。 答案:D,A,B,we are always looking for 9 to save time and make our lives easier.Companies 10 thousands of different kinds of disposable products:paper plates,plastic cups,and cameras,to name a few.,9.A.ways B.places C.jobs D.friends 解析:因為人們很忙,所以他們尋找節(jié)省時間的辦法。way“辦法”,符合句意。place“地方”;job“工作”;friend“朋友”,均與句意不符。 答案:A 10.A.donate B.receive C.produce D.preserve 解析:本句主語為companies“公司”,和賓語thousands of different kinds of disposable products“成千上萬不同種類的一次性產(chǎn)品”是主謂關(guān)系,再根據(jù)句意可知,只能用produce“生產(chǎn)”。 答案:C,A,B,Our appetite for new products also 11 to the problem.We are 12 buying new things.,11.A.adapts B.returns C.responds D.contributes 解析:句意:我們對新產(chǎn)品的喜愛也讓這個問題更加嚴重。contribute to為固定搭配,意思是“導(dǎo)致;加劇”。 答案:D 12.A.tired of B.addicted to C.worried about D.ashamed for 解析:從上句可知,人們喜歡新產(chǎn)品。本空所在句句意為我們熱衷于購買新產(chǎn)品。be addicted to“沉迷于;上癮”。 答案:B,A,B,Advertisements persuade us that 13 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products.The result is that we 14 useful possessions to make room for new ones.,13.A.newer B.stronger C.higher D.larger 解析:從本段前兩句可知,這一段的話題是談?wù)撔庐a(chǎn)品,用newer正確。與產(chǎn)品的其他屬性無關(guān),因此不用stronger,higher或larger。 答案:A 14.A.pick up B.pay for C.hold onto D.throw away 解析:由于購買太多的新產(chǎn)品,我們會把舊的東西“扔掉”,為新產(chǎn)品騰出空間。因此選throw away。 答案:D,A,B,All around the world,we can see the 15 of this throwaway lifestyle.Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.To 16 the amount of rubbish and,15.A.advantages B.purposes C.functions D.consequences 解析:這一句是本段的主題句。下面的幾句圍繞其展開。下一句“Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.”就是這個“用完就扔的生活方式”帶來的后果。consequence意思是“結(jié)果,后果”,符合句意。 答案:D 16.A.show B.record C.decrease D.measure 解析:面對大量的垃圾,政府的處理目標(biāo)是減少它們,讓人們少扔垃圾。decrease“減少”,符合句意。show“展示”;record“記錄”;measure“測量”。 答案:C,A,B,to protect the 17 ,more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 18 ,this is not enough to solve(解決) our problem.,17.A.technology B.environment C.consumers D.brands 解析:從上句可知,減少垃圾的目的是保護環(huán)境,protect 的賓語應(yīng)該是environment。 答案:B 18.A.However B.Otherwise C.Therefore D.Meanwhile 解析:雖然政府采取了一些措施,但是這仍然不夠。從“this is not enough”可知,前后為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,用however。 答案:A,A,B,Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions 19 throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about 20 .Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment. 【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為議論文。由于人們對新事物的熱衷,我們偏愛一次性用品,進入到了一個“用完就扔的社會”。為了節(jié)約資源、保護環(huán)境,我們得重新審視一下我們的消費觀念,改變我們的生活方式。,A,B,19.A.by B.in favour of C.after D.instead of 解析:這一句首尾呼應(yīng),回到了本文的話題。我們可以修復(fù)原來的東西,而不是扔掉它們。instead of“而不是”。 答案:D 20.A.spending B.collecting C.repairing D.advertising 解析:從下一句的“changing our spending habits”可知,作者建議我們重新考慮我們的消費觀念。故選A項。 答案:A,