專題五 生態(tài)環(huán)保類,【典例示范】,A,B,A (2015浙江卷,C篇) If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars,we would go in darkness happily,the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜間活動的) species on this planet.Instead,we are diurnal creatures,with eyes adapted to living in the suns light.This is a basic evolutionary fact,even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings.Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night:Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.,A,B,The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences called light pollution whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study.Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design,which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky.Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels and light rhythms to which many forms of life,including ourselves,have adapted.Wherever human light spills into the natural world,some aspect of life is affected. In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars,leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark.Weve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth is wholly beyond our experience,beyond memory almost.,A,B,Weve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country,when nothing could be further from the truth.Among mammals alone,the number of nocturnal species is astonishing.Light is a powerful biological force,and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁鐵).The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms.Migrating at night,birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings. Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal,throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint,including their nighttime breeding choruses.Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs.Like most other creatures,we do need darkness.Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare,to our internal clockwork,as light itself.,A,B,Living in a glare of our own making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritagethe light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night.In a very real sense,light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe,to forget the scale of our being,which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way the edge of our galaxy arching overhead. 【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為議論文。作者首先說明人類習(xí)慣于生活在日光下,所以在夜晚打開各種燈;接下來,作者引出了光污染這個話題;隨后,作者闡述了黑暗的重要性;最后,作者建議人類反思自己在宇宙中的位置。,A,B,1.According to the passage,human beings . A.prefer to live in the darkness B.are used to living in the day light C.were curious about the midnight world D.had to stay at home with the light of the moon 解析:推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句內(nèi)容可以推斷出,我們?nèi)祟惲?xí)慣于生活在日光下,不習(xí)慣夜晚的黑暗。 答案:B,A,B,2.What does “it”(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to? A.The night. B.The moon. C.The sky. D.The planet. 解析:推理判斷題。根據(jù)前面的句子“Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night.”可推斷出,此處的代詞it指的是“夜晚”。 答案:A,A,B,3.The writer mentions birds and frogs to . A.provide examples of animal protection B.show how light pollution affects animals C.compare the living habits of both species D.explain why the number of certain species has declined 解析:推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后兩句和第五段第二句可推斷,作者提到鳥類和青蛙是為了說明光污染是如何影響動物的。 答案:B,A,B,4.It is implied in the last paragraph that . A.light pollution does harm to the eyesight of animals B.light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages C.human beings cannot go to the outer space D.human beings should reflect on their position in the universe 解析:推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句可以推斷出,作者認為人類應(yīng)該反思自己在宇宙中的位置。 答案:D,A,B,5.What might be the best title for the passage? A.The Magic Light. B.The Orange Haze. C.The Disappearing Night. D.The Rhythms of Nature. 解析:主旨大意題。文章主要說明人類在夜晚開啟的各種各樣的燈使得城市變成了不夜城,光污染隨之出現(xiàn)。C項“消失的夜晚”非常形象生動地揭示了問題所在。 答案:C,A,B,B (2015四川卷,D篇) Their cheery song brightens many a winters day.But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much.Robins are singing all nightas well as during the day,British-based researchers say. David Dominoni,of Glasgow University,said that light from street lamps,takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds biological clocks,leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep. Dr Dominoni,who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns,said lack of sleep could put the birds health at risk.His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab,it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day.And the more birds are exposed to light,the more active they are at night.,A,B,He told people at a conference,“There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing.Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy.So by increasing their song output,there might be some costs of energy.” And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light.Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.Dr Dominoni said,“In Glasgow where I live,gulls are a serious problem.I have people coming to me saying You are the bird expert.Can you help us kill these gulls?.During the breeding(繁殖)season,between April and June,they are very active at night and very noisy and people cant sleep.” Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution,other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise.,A,B,However,some birds thrive(興旺) in noisy environments.A study from California Polytechnic University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery.It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敵)fleeing to quieter areas. 【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為議論文。光污染使知更鳥等鳥類的生物鐘發(fā)生了紊亂,錯把有人造光的夜間當(dāng)成白天而高歌,從而嚴重影響這些鳥類的健康。然而,像蜂鳥這樣的鳥在嘈雜的環(huán)境中卻更加興旺。,A,B,6.According to Dr Dominonis study,what causes robins to sing so much? A.The breeding season. B.The light in modern life. C.The dangerous environment. D.The noise from heavy machinery. 解析:細節(jié)理解題。由第二段中的“.light from street lamps,takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds biological clocks,leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep.”可知,街燈、外賣店的招牌和住宅產(chǎn)生的人造燈光會影響鳥的生物鐘,導(dǎo)致它們在本應(yīng)睡眠的夜間十分清醒。故B項正確。 答案:B,A,B,7.What is the researchers concern over the increase of birds song output? A.The environment might be polluted. B.The birds health might be damaged. C.The industry cost might be increased. D.The peoples hearing might be affected. 解析:推理判斷題。 根據(jù)第四段最后一句話“.by increasing their song output,there might be some costs of energy.”可以推斷,這些鳥的健康可能會受損害,所以B項正確。 答案:B,A,B,8.What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean? A.Active at night. B.Inactive at night. C.Active during the day. D.Inactive during the day. 解析:詞義猜測題。分析“And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.”可以判斷,畫線單詞和awake屬于含義相近的詞,都表示光污染也會使它們清醒或者活躍。nocturnal意為“夜間活動的”,故A項正確。 答案:A,A,B,9.Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments? A.Because there are fewer dangers. B.Because there is more food to eat. C.Because there is less light pollution. D.Because there are more places to take shelter. 解析:推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敵) fleeing to quieter areas.”可以判斷因為天敵去了更安靜的地區(qū),所以它們的生存可能性更大了。故A項正確。 答案:A,