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選 修 8,Unit 1 A land of diversity,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,1.distinct adj.清晰的;明顯的;明確的 distinction n.差別,區(qū)分;卓著 2.majority n.大多數(shù);大半 minority (反義詞)n.少數(shù) major vi.主修 n.主修課程;專業(yè)課 adj.主要的;較多的,大部分的 3.hardship n.苦難,困苦 4.elect vt.選擇;決定做某事;選舉某人 election n.選舉;選舉權(quán);當(dāng)選 5.percentage n.百分比;百分率 6.boom n.(人口、貿(mào)易的)繁榮vi.處于經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展時(shí)期 7.racial adj.種族的;民族的 race n.種族;賽跑,競賽,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,8.applicantn.申請人 applyvt.表面上的,,,,,,,,,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,13.brake n.閘;剎車;制動(dòng)器 vt.領(lǐng)會,,,,,,,,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,1.live on 繼續(xù)存在,繼續(xù)生存 2.by means of. 用……方法;借助…… 3.make a life 習(xí)慣于新的生活方式、工作等 4.keep up 堅(jiān)持;維持;沿襲(風(fēng)俗、傳統(tǒng)等) 5.back to back 背靠背 6.team up with 與……合作或一起工作 7.mark out 用線畫出范圍;標(biāo)出……界線 8.take in 包括;吸收;欺騙 9.a great/good many 許多,很多 10.apply for 申請;請示得到,,,,,,,,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,1.然而,可能至少在15000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亞了。 However,it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 2.兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以后,西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地區(qū)以及我們現(xiàn)在稱之為美國的西北沿海地區(qū)定居下來。 Two centuries later,the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. 3.這就是今天仍有超過40%的加利福尼亞人把西班牙語作為第一或第二語言的原因。 That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,4.人們認(rèn)為,要不了多久,多種國籍的混合將會非常之大,以至于不可能存在一種主要的種族或文化群體,而只是多種族、多文化的混合體。 It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups,but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 5.纜車系統(tǒng)建于1873年,是由安德魯·哈利迪發(fā)明的,他試圖找到一種比馬拉的軌道車更好的交通方式。 Built in 1873,the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie,who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams.,,,California is the third 1.largest(large) state in the USA but has the largest population.It is the most multicultural state in the USA 2.which has attracted people from nearly every country in the world.This is not 3.surprising(surprise) when you know the history of California. No one really knows when the first 4.settlers(settle) arrived in what we now know as California.Scientists believe that Native Americans reached America by means 5.of a land bridge.In the 18th century,California was ruled by Spain.Of the first Spanish to go to California,the majority were religious men.In the early 1800s,Russian hunters began settling in California.In 1848,gold 6.was discovered(discover) in California and the dream of becoming rich 7.quickly(quick) attracted people from all over the world.In fact,few achieved their dream,but most remained in California 8.to make(make) a life for themselves.In more recent decades,California has become home to more people from Asia.It 9.is believed(believe) that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great 10.that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups.,,,,,,,,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?majority n.大多數(shù);大半 Of the first Spanish to go to California,the majority were religious men,whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.在首批移居加州的西班牙人中,大部分是宗教人士,他們的職責(zé)是向原住民傳授天主教。(教材原句P2) ◆常見用法 in a/the majority占大多數(shù) have a majority over sb.獲得多于某人的……;戰(zhàn)勝某人 by/with a majority of擁有大多數(shù)…… He believes that his supporters are in the majority.他相信支持他的人占多數(shù)。 The party I support has won by a majority of 264 votes.我所支持的政黨以264票的多數(shù)票獲勝。,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆特別提醒 1.majority單獨(dú)用作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)形式均可。 The majority was/were in favor of banning smoking.大多數(shù)人支持禁煙。 2.majority在強(qiáng)調(diào)“多數(shù)中的各個(gè)成員”時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 The majority who attended the meeting yesterday are students.昨天參加會議的多數(shù)人是學(xué)生。 3.The majority of后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;后接不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 The majority of students were indifferent to the political meeting.大多數(shù)學(xué)生對政治集會漠不關(guān)心。 The majority of the damage is easy to repair.這次的大部分破壞容易修復(fù)。,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆拓展延伸 1.反義詞: minority n.少數(shù) in the minority占少數(shù) 2.major vi.主修 n.主修課程,專業(yè)課 adj.主要的;較多的 major in主修,專攻 ◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用majority的相關(guān)用法完成句子 1.不要擔(dān)心世界局勢,大多數(shù)國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人喜歡和平而不是戰(zhàn)爭。 Don’t worry about the present situation in the world;the majority of state leaders prefer peace to war. 2.在委員會成員中,那些支持這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人占大多數(shù)。 Among the members of the committee those who are in favor of the plan are in a/the majority.,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?elect vt.選擇;決定做某事;選舉某人 By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850,it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亞成為美國第31個(gè)州的時(shí)候,它已經(jīng)是一個(gè)有著多種文化的社會了。(教材原句P2) ◆常見用法 elect sb.(as/to be) 選舉某人為…… elect sb.to.選舉某人進(jìn)入…… elect to do sth.選擇或決定做某事,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,Ronald Reagan was first elected as president in 1980.羅納德·里根于1980年首次當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)。 She was elected to Parliament in 1988.她于1988年入選議會。 Increasing numbers of people elect to work from home nowadays.現(xiàn)在越來越多的人選擇在家工作。 ◆拓展延伸 election n.選舉,推選;選舉權(quán);當(dāng)選 run/stand for election 參加競選,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用elect的相關(guān)用法完成句子 1.美國人民每隔4年選一次總統(tǒng)。 Americans elect a president every four years. 2.我對你當(dāng)選為學(xué)生會主席表示祝賀。 I wish to congratulate you on your being elected chairman of the Students’ Union. 3.你可以選擇刪掉或保存這條信息。 You can elect to delete the message or save it.,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?occur vi.發(fā)生;出現(xiàn);想到 Yes.It didn’t occur to me that.是的,我當(dāng)時(shí)沒想到……(教材原句P5) ◆常見用法 sth.occurs to sb.某人發(fā)生某事 It occurs/occurred to sb.that.=It strikes/struck sb.that.某人突然想起 It occurs/occurred to sb.to do sth.某人想到要做某事 There occurs.有……(表存在) I hope no accident has occurred to him.我希望他沒出什么事。 It occurred to me that we should go there more often.我突然覺得我們更應(yīng)常去那里。 Didn’t it occur to you that he was lying?你當(dāng)時(shí)沒想到他在撒謊嗎? It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to Xiao Wang.他想起把這事全交給小王去辦。,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 單句填空 1.It suddenly occurred to him that he had left his keys in the office. 2.—Why are you so late? —I was about half way when it occurred(occur) to me that I had left my notebook home,so I had to fetch it.,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?indicate vt.指出;標(biāo)示;表明;暗示 Try to use the expressions above to indicate that you are listening carefully to your partner.試著運(yùn)用上面的詞組以表明你在認(rèn)真聽同伴的講述。(教材原句P7) ◆常見用法 indicate sth.to sb.向某人指出某物 indicate that.表明……;指出…… She took out a map and indicated the quickest route to us.她拿出一張地圖,給我們指出最快捷的路線。 Research indicates that men find it easier to give up smoking than women.研究表明,男人比女人更容易戒煙。,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆拓展延伸 indication n.跡象;指示;象征 show no indication of 沒有……的跡象 There are indications that.有跡象表明…… There are not any indications of a sudden disease outbreak.沒有突然暴發(fā)疾病的任何跡象。 ◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用indicate的適當(dāng)形式填空 1.There is a great deal of evidence indicating that music activities engage different parts of the brain. 2.The bell rang,indicating that class was over. 3.There are clear indications that the economy is improving.,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?apparently adv.顯而易見地,顯然地 Apparently he’d been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram’s brakes failed.他曾經(jīng)目睹了一起嚴(yán)重的交通事故:一輛馬車的剎車失靈……,很明顯這極大地震驚了他。(教材原句P8) ◆拓展延伸 apparent adj.顯而易見的,明顯的 for no apparent reason 不知什么原因 It is apparent to sb.that.對某人而言……是顯而易見的 It is apparent (from sth.) that.(從……看)……是顯而易見的 Everyone present ran out for no apparent reason.不知出于什么原因,在場的人全跑出去了。 It was apparent from her face that she was really upset.從面容上一眼就可以看出她確實(shí)心緒煩亂。,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 單句填空 1.Susan managed to climb out of the car,apparently(apparent) unhurt. 2.Short sellers(賣空者)are apparently(apparent) dominating the market for China stocks. 3.It was apparent to all that he was guilty.,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?nowhere adv.無處;到處都無 The cells in the station were very small,cold and damp;some did not even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go.移民站的房間又小又冷又潮濕,一些房間甚至沒有光,但是移民們沒有其他去處。(教材原句P8) ◆常見用法 get nowhere 沒有進(jìn)展,沒有結(jié)果 nowhere near差得遠(yuǎn),遠(yuǎn)不及 be nowhere to be found/seen/heard 不可能找到/看見/聽見 Nowhere+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語+.(nowhere在句首構(gòu)成部分倒裝),重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,It’s a good idea but it will get nowhere without more financial support.這個(gè)主意不錯(cuò),但如果沒有更多的資金支持是不會成功的。 The state pension is nowhere near enough.國家養(yǎng)老金還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。 The children were nowhere to be seen.根本看不到孩子們在哪兒。 ◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 完成句子 1.這本書無處可尋。 The book was nowhere to be found . 2.這遠(yuǎn)沒有戴維所料想的那么痛苦。 It was nowhere near as painful as David had expected. 3.你在哪兒都找不到這個(gè)問題的答案。 Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?by means of.用……辦法;借助…… Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為這些遷居者通過一條史前時(shí)期曾經(jīng)存在的大陸橋穿越北極地區(qū)的白令海峽到達(dá)美洲。(教材原句P2) ◆拓展延伸 by means of用……方法 by every means 用盡一切可能的方法 by no means決不,一點(diǎn)也不 by all means務(wù)必,不惜一切地;當(dāng)然可以,沒問題 This is by no means the first time you have been late.這絕不是你第一次遲到了。 Try to save the dying by all means!一定要盡力搶救那個(gè)垂危的病人!,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆特別提醒 1.means 表示“方法,方式”時(shí)單復(fù)數(shù)同形。 2.當(dāng)means作主語且有every,each等詞修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;由some,several,few,many等詞修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 3.當(dāng)短語by no means置于句首時(shí),句子要用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 ◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用means的相關(guān)短語填空 1.By no means am I satisfied with my present job. 2.She could not speak,but made her wishes known by means of signs. 3.—Can I use your car? —By all means.Anyhow I am not using it now.,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?keep up 堅(jiān)持;維持;沿襲(風(fēng)俗、傳統(tǒng)等) In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own,which today still keeps up their Danish culture.1911年,丹麥移民建立了自己的城鎮(zhèn),該城至今仍然保留著丹麥文化。(教材原句P2) ◆拓展延伸 keep up with sb./sth.趕上,跟上 keep out (of) (使)在……外,(使)不入……內(nèi) keep on 繼續(xù)前進(jìn); 繼續(xù)工作 keep away (from) 不接近;避開 keep off 不接近; 擋住 You’re walking too fast.I can’t keep up with you.你走得太快了,我跟不上。 We kept on in spite of every difficulty.盡管有種種困難,我們?nèi)栽趫?jiān)持。 Keep the children away from the machine.別讓孩子們接近機(jī)器。,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞填空 1.Keep off the grass! 2.Walking alone in the dark,the boy whistled to keep up his courage. 3.People should keep away from the radioactive(有放射性的)waste. 4.People in this village get together every year to keep up the tradition and enjoy themselves as their ancestors did.,,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?take in 包括;吸收;欺騙 It’s a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots.這是一次往返79公里的旅行,它涵蓋了所有著名的旅游景點(diǎn)。(教材原句P8) This is the total cost of the holiday,taking everything in.這是假期的全部費(fèi)用,一切都包括在內(nèi)。 ◆拓展延伸 take away 拿走;使離開;消除(病痛等) take down 記下來;拆掉 take.for.把……當(dāng)作…… take off 起飛;匆匆離去;脫下;大獲成功 take on 呈現(xiàn);雇用;承擔(dān);接受(工作) take over 接收,接管;取代 take up 占去,占據(jù);開始(從事),重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,These books are for reading in the library,and may not be taken away.這些書只能在圖書館內(nèi)閱讀,不能帶出去。 He took on a part-time teaching job in a middle school.他在一所中學(xué)擔(dān)任兼職教學(xué)工作。 It can take up the whole afternoon to prepare a meal.準(zhǔn)備一頓飯有時(shí)要一下午的時(shí)間。 ◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞填空 1.My writing career took off when I discovered my own style. 2.Meetings and phone calls take up a large part of his day. 3.In the past few years,the village has taken on a new look. 4.I know I was naive to trust him but he was a real charmer who totally took me in.,,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?apply for申請;請示得到 From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA.從1882年到1940年,天使島成為一個(gè)著名的移民站,許多中國人在那里申請美國居住權(quán)。(教材原句P8) You can’t apply for the job until you have satisfied certain conditions.在符合一定的條件之后你才能申請這份工作。 ◆拓展延伸 apply to sb.for sth.向某人申請某物 apply to do sth.申請做某事 apply to適用于 apply.to.把……應(yīng)用到…… apply oneself to (doing) sth.專注于;專心做某事,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,They may apply to join the organization.他們可能會申請加入該組織。 He applied himself to learning French.他專心學(xué)習(xí)法語。 ◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空 1.Due to the fact that he failed to adapt himself to the present job,he applied for another one. 2.He applied himself to his new duties with great energy. 3.We should not only know the theory but also know how to apply it to practice.,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?It is likely that.句型 However,it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.然而,可能至少在15000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亞了。(教材原句P2) 本句中it為形式主語,真正的主語為that從句。It is likely that.“……是可能的”。此句型可轉(zhuǎn)化為:sb./sth.be likely to do sth.“某人/物可能做某事”。 It’s very likely that she will ring me tonight.=She’s very likely to ring me tonight.她今晚很可能會給我打電話。 It is likely that the weather will be fine.=The weather is likely to be fine.天氣可能會很晴朗。 ◆拓展延伸 表示“……是有可能的”其他句型 It is possible/probable that.……是有可能的 It is possible for sb.to do sth.對某人來說做某事是有可能的,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用possible,likely或probable填空 1.It’s possible for us to break with old habits. 2.Studies show that people are more likely to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours. 3.It is possible that it will rain,but with such a blue sky it doesn’t seem probable.,,,,,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,?表語從句 That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.這就是今天仍有超過40%的加利福尼亞人把西班牙語作為第一或第二語言的原因。(教材原句P2) That is why.“這就是為什么……”,句中why引導(dǎo)的是表語從句,表示結(jié)果。 That’s why I must trust you to keep this secret.那就是我必須得相信你會保守這個(gè)秘密的原因。,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆拓展延伸 1.That’s because.“那是因?yàn)椤?。because引導(dǎo)表語從句,表示原因。 Tom came late for the meeting.That was because he was ill.湯姆開會遲到了,那是因?yàn)樗×恕?2.The reason why/for which.is/was that.“……的原因是……”。表語從句常用that引導(dǎo),而不用because。 The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.湯姆開會遲到的原因是他病了。,重點(diǎn)短語,重點(diǎn)句型,重點(diǎn)單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 單句改錯(cuò) 1.Is this the reason why she explained in the report for her success in the job? (why改為that/which或刪除why) 2.The reason why death was feared was because no man could experience it twice. (because改為that),一、單句填空 1.(2015·天津高考改編)Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement (reach) so far by the two sides. 1.has been reached。句意:盡管之前已進(jìn)行了多輪談判,但到目前為止雙方?jīng)]有達(dá)成任何協(xié)議。根據(jù)句中的時(shí)間狀語so far“到目前為止”可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。主語agreement與reach為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 2.(2015·安徽高考改編)Small talk even helps people get (hire). 2.hired。句意:寒暄甚至能幫人們應(yīng)聘成功。此處應(yīng)用get done結(jié)構(gòu)來表示被動(dòng),故填hired。 3.(2015·廣東高考改編)It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class (distinct). 3.distinction。句意:過去,人們普遍把英國看作一個(gè)按階級劃分的社會。介詞with后面應(yīng)該用名詞作賓語,class distinction“階級差別”。,4.(2015·天津高考改編)After knocking politely at the door,the (apply) entered the office of the general manager. 4.applicant。句意:在禮貌地敲了門后,這個(gè)申請人進(jìn)入了總經(jīng)理的辦公室。空處作主語,應(yīng)用名詞,結(jié)合句意可知應(yīng)填applicant“申請人”。 5.(2015·福建高考改編)To learn more about Chinese culture,Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an (elect) course. 5.elective。句意: 為了了解更多的中國文化,杰克決定選擇中國民族音樂作為選修課。此處所填詞修飾名詞course,應(yīng)用形容詞elective “(課程)選修的,可選擇的”。 6.(2014湖北高考改編)I learned that shouting and threats of (punish) would result in a disaster. 6.punishment。此處應(yīng)用名詞作of的賓語。learn后接的賓語從句中的shouting and threats of punishment作主語。,7.(2014·江西高考改編)He hoped she would be able to continue the family (traditional). 7.tradition。此處指“家庭傳統(tǒng)”,表達(dá)為the family tradition。 8.(2014·湖南高考改編)Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished (state). 8.statements。空前有unfinished修飾,故填名詞statements,和questions保持一致。 9.I woke up with headache,yet by evening the pain had gone. 9.a;the。第一空表示泛指,用不定冠詞a;第二空by the evening為固定用法,用定冠詞the。句意:我醒來時(shí)頭很痛,然而到了晚上疼痛消失了。 10.I have no intention of changing a job;I am content my present job. 10.with。固定短語be content with意為“對……滿意”。,二、單元話題微寫作 多元文化 根據(jù)提示,將以下句子連成一篇英語短文。 1.杰克申請移民簽證后去了美國。(apply for;immigration visa) 2.他發(fā)現(xiàn)很多居民并不如想象中的那樣友好。更糟糕的是,他被騙了,失去了所有。(a great many;worse still;take in) 3.他沒有別的地方可去,只好繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持下去,想方設(shè)法習(xí)慣新的生活。(nowhere;live on;make a life) 4.起初,他靠飼養(yǎng)牲畜謀生。后來他與一位韓國人合作,開了一家面包店。(by means of;cattle;team up with;Korean;bakery) 5.他從未想過會遇到那么多困難,但他依然保持著自己的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗。(occur to;keep up),Jack applied for an immigration visa and went to America,where he found a great many residents were not as friendly as he had thought.Worse still,he was taken in and lost everything he had.With nowhere else to go,he had to live on and managed to make a life for himself.At first,he made a living by means of raising cattle.Then he teamed up with a Korean and started a bakery.It never occurred to him that he would meet with so many difficulties,but he always kept up his traditional customs.,