定語從句,知識梳理,限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句,This is the house (which) we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮, 是我們上個月買的。 The man (whom/that/who) I met in the street was a driver. 我在街上碰到的那個人是個司機(jī)。 His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1998. 他的母親很愛他, 但在1998年去世了。,注意: 專有名詞具有“獨(dú)一無二”的含義, 通常只能由非限制性定語從句修飾。 Lu Xun, who died in 1936, was a famous writer in China. 魯迅于1936年去世, 是中國一位著名的作家。 既可以作為限制性定語從句又可作為非限制性定語從句, 注意意義上的差別。 There are 20 students in this class who are from the northeast of China. 在這個班里, 有20名來自中國東北的學(xué)生。 There are 20 students in this class, who are from the northeast of China. 這個班有20名學(xué)生, 他們來自中國的東北。,(一) 關(guān)系代詞,關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞,that,(二) 關(guān)系副詞,注意: 在口語和非正式場合, when, where和why或相當(dāng)于關(guān)系副詞的“介詞which”結(jié)構(gòu)可用that來代替并可省略。 Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?你知道在哪兒我能喝杯酒嗎？, why或that引導(dǎo)的定語從句, 先行詞是reason, 且reason又作主句主語時, 表語從句不能用because引導(dǎo), 而要用that引導(dǎo)。其句型為：The reason why.is that.或The reason that.is that.。 The reason why he was late for school was that he was injured in the traffic accident on his way to school. 他上學(xué)遲到的原因是他在上學(xué)路上的交通事故中受傷了。 The reason that he explained at the meeting was that he had to look after his mother in hospital. 他在會上解釋的原因是他不得不去照顧他住院的母親。, “地點模糊”的先行詞后跟where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。當(dāng)先行詞為point, situation, conditions, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等表示某人/物所處的情況、發(fā)展的階段或表達(dá)某事的某個方面時, 用where引導(dǎo)定語從句, where相當(dāng)于from which, under which等, 表示“在這種情況下”, “從中”等。 Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我們只是盡力想能達(dá)到雙方共同坐下來商談的地步。,(三) 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù) 1. 考慮代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)恼Z法成分, 如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語, 就用關(guān)系代詞；如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語, 就用關(guān)系副詞。,The house,Have you asked her for the reason,needs repairing.,他住的房子需要修理。,where he lives which/that he lives in,你是否問過她缺席的原因？,that/which my explain her absence? why she was absent?,2. 辨別先行詞表示的是人、物、時間、地點還是原因。 I dont like the man who always speaks ill of others. 我不喜歡總是說他人壞話的人。 I will never forget the days when we worked together. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們在一起工作的日子。 3. 判斷從句是限制性還是非限制性定語從句。 A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words. 詞典是解釋詞語意思的書。 A dictionary is a book, which gives the meanings of words. 詞典是一本書, 它給出詞語的意思。,4. 判斷關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語還是作狀語, 取決于定語從句中的謂語動詞。 This is the point where I disagree. 這就是我不同意的地方。(disagree為不及物動詞, 故關(guān)系詞用where。) This is the point (which/that) I disagree with. 這就是我不同意的地方。(從句缺少介詞with的賓語, 用that/which引導(dǎo), 也可以省略),1. 只用that不用which引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況。 (1) 先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞用最高級修飾，或先行詞本身就是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級時，用that不用which。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. This is the best film that I ever seen.,先行詞,(2) 先行詞是不定代詞all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, none, nothing, some等時, 用that不用which。 Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對他來說似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。 All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做了。,(3) 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, the last, few, just等修飾時, 用that不用which。 All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有應(yīng)邀來參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。 Give me any books that you would recommend. 給我你要推薦的書。,(4) 先行詞既有人又有物, 兼顧兩者, 用that不用which。 They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r的人和事。 (5) 主句是以who或which開頭的疑問句時, 用that不用which。 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個人是誰？ Which is the T­shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？,(6) 當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語, 而且關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中也作表語時, 用that不用which。 Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be. 深圳不再是過去的樣子了。,(7) 主句是there be句型時, 修飾主語的定語從句用that不用which。 There is a seat in the corner that is still free. 在那個角落還有一個座位空著。 (8) 有兩個定語從句時, 一個從句的關(guān)系代詞已用which, 另一個要用that。 The country built up a factory which produces things that have never been seen before. 這個國家建立了一個生產(chǎn)以前從未見到過的東西的工廠。,(9) 用作關(guān)系副詞, 修飾表示時間的名詞, 如day, time, moment等代替when時, 用that不用which。 It happened on the day that (when) he was born. 這事碰巧發(fā)生在他出生的那天。,2. 只用which不用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況 (1) 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時, 用which不用that。 The chair on which she sat is made of wood. 她坐的那把椅子是用木頭做的。 (2) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時, 用which不用that。 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. 足球, 一項非常有趣的運(yùn)動, 在全世界流行。,(3) 先行詞后面有插入語時, 用which不用that。 Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English. 這就是我告訴過你的那本英語語法書, 它能幫你提高英語水平。 (4) 先行詞本身就是that時, 用which不用that。 Whats that which flashed in the sky just now? 剛才在天空中一閃而過的是什么？,(5) 代表主句中謂語的整體概念時, 用which不用that。 He can swim in the sea, which I cant. 他能在大海里游泳, 我不能(在大海里游泳)。 (6) 代表整個主句時, 用which不用that。 He broke my cup, which made me angry. 他打破了我的杯子, 這使我很生氣。,3. 只用who而不用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況。 (1) 先行詞是指人的不定代詞, 如: one, ones, anyone, no one, those, all, nobody, anybody, none等時, 用who不用that。 People all like those who have good manners. 人們都喜歡那些有禮貌的人。 (2) 在there be句型中, 多用who指代人。 There are some people who want to have holidays in Hainan. 有一些想去海南度假的人。,(3) 當(dāng)先行詞指特定的人時, 關(guān)系代詞多用who, 不指特定的人時, 多用that。 The aunt who came to see us last week is my fathers younger sister. 上周來看我們的姑姑是我父親的妹妹。 (4) 在非限制性定語從句中作主語時, 用who不用that。 Professor Wang, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. 王教授已年過六旬, 依然夜以繼日努力工作著。,(5) 當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語或在被分割的定語從句中時, 用who不用that。 Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English. 史密斯教授不久就要來給我們作一場關(guān)于如何學(xué)英語的講座。,4. of whom, of which與whose的用法解析。 (1) whose的用法 whose引導(dǎo)定語從句, 后應(yīng)緊跟名詞, 構(gòu)成名詞短語。 The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 那位小男孩學(xué)習(xí)很努力, 他的父親是位工程師。 whose引導(dǎo)定語從句時, 先行詞既可指人, 也可指物。 The bicycle, whose brake was damaged, has now been repaired. 那輛自行車的閘壞了, 現(xiàn)在已修好了。, whose在定語從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起可作介詞賓語, 可以與介詞一起放在先行詞與從句之間。在whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句中, 可用of which代替whose, 但詞序不同, 即“whose名詞the名詞ofwhich”；而用of whom代替時只能指人, 有時可以與whose互換。 The boss, in whose factory Mary's father once worked, is kind to her. 老板對瑪麗很好, 瑪麗的父親曾經(jīng)在他的工廠工作過。 He lives in the room whose window (the window of which) faces south. 他住在窗戶朝南的房間里。,(2) 下列情況只用of which或of whom, 而不用whose引導(dǎo)定語從句。 定語從句的主語是some, many, few, little, much, most等詞時, 用of which/whom, 不用whose。 Here are the questions, some of which I thought difficult for you. 就是這些問題, 我認(rèn)為其中一些對你來說有難度。 Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the USA. 出席會議的大多是DNA專家, 其中大部分來自美國。, 定語從句的主語是all, both, neither, each, none等詞時, 用of which/whom, 不用whose。 He has two sons, both of whom are doctors. 他有兩個兒子, 都是醫(yī)生。 I bought him two pieces of clothing, neither of which he likes. 我給他買了兩件衣服, 他一件也不喜歡。 定語從句的主語是表示數(shù)量的詞時, 用of which/ whom, 不用whose。 Here are many books, two of which he borrowed. 這兒有許多書, 他借走了兩本。,5. as與which引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別 as與which都可以代指主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容, 有時可以互換。 He married her, as/which was natural. 很自然地, 他和她結(jié)婚了。 as的特殊用法： (1) as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以放在句首, 而which則不能。 As is known to us all, China is developing rapidly. 眾所周知, 中國發(fā)展迅速。,(2) as表示“正如, 正像”, 而which無此意。 此時, as從句中常有know, expect, happen, point out, plan, suggest等單詞或短語。 He came back home late, as we expected. 正如我們所料, 他回家晚了。 注意: as引導(dǎo)的定語從句常見句式有： as is known to all(眾所周知), as is often the case(經(jīng)常是這個情形), as is mentioned above(如上所述), as is announced(如宣布的那樣)。,(3) 當(dāng)先行詞被the same, such修飾時, 定語從句需用as引導(dǎo)。 It is such a difficult problem as none of us can work out. 這么難的一道題, 我們沒人做得出。 He wears the same coat as I do. 他穿著跟我一樣的外套。,注意: 當(dāng)先行詞被the same修飾時, that也可引導(dǎo)定語從句, 但意義有所不同。the same.as指同樣或同類的事物；the same.that指同一個事物。 This is the same watch as I lost. 這塊表與我丟的那塊一樣。(不是同一塊表) This is the same watch that I lost. 這就是我丟的那塊表。(是同一塊表),定語從句的用法較為復(fù)雜，高考除了單獨(dú)考查定語從句知識外，還常常結(jié)合句式結(jié)構(gòu)、時態(tài)等來綜合考查?？v觀近幾年各地高考試題，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其考點主要包括： 1. 考查關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)分。如: that, which和where, when的區(qū)分; that, which和why的區(qū)分等。,考點歸納,2. 考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物, 在定語從句中作定語, 后跟名詞。指物時, whose名詞名詞 of which of which名詞。如： The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.,3. 考查as/which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。尤其要重視which，as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句和it，what引導(dǎo)的主語從句的區(qū)分。 4. 考查定語從句中的主謂一致現(xiàn)象。如： I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble. 5. 考查“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句?！敖樵~關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，指物時用which，不能用that。關(guān)系代詞作定語時也可用whose。如： The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.,同時還要重視“復(fù)雜介詞或代詞”出現(xiàn)時與并列句的區(qū)別。如： He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (定語從句) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him. (并列句) 此外，“介詞which 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，也是一個較為特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)。如： He was very ill, in which case(and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.,6. 考查一些特殊的先行詞。如: 當(dāng)situation, point, case, activity, scene及period, festival, occasion等出現(xiàn)時, 要注意具體情況具體分析; 作主語、賓語和表語時, 用關(guān)系代詞that/which; 作狀語時, 用關(guān)系副詞where/when或“介詞which”, 表示在某種特定的情形下。,7. 考查定語從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、時間狀語從句等的區(qū)別。如： The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family. (同位語從句) The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. (定語從句) It was 1914 when the war broke out. (時間狀語從句) It was in 1914 that the war broke out. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句),從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入 空白處的最佳選項。 Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth. A. who B. when C. which D. where,D,2. Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year. A. which B. where C. when D. what 3. The exact year _ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. A. when B. where C. why D. which,A,A,4. I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, _ my classmates recommended to me. A. who B. which C. when D. where 5. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently. A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them,B,B,6. Among the many dangers _ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. A. which B. what C. where D. when,A,鞏固練習(xí),I. 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空。 1. Julian worked in a company, _ is named after his grandfather, who founded it. 2. I paid a visit to Brazil last year, _ turned out to be a beautiful memory. 3. Its the third in a sequence of three books, the first of _ I really enjoyed. 4. No one would like to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault.,which,which,which,that,5. We then moved to Paris, _ we lived for six years. 6. The boy _ I spoke to a moment ago is the son of my employer. 7. These people, _ identities will be kept secret, will be paid $40 a day. 8. My sisters, _ photos I showed you yesterday, will come to see us this evening. 9. Are we living in an age _ everyone is encouraged to share their ideas on blogs?,where,who(m),whose,whose,when,10. Laura was always helping her brother with his physics after school, _, of course, made her parents very happy. 11. In old days, some schools wouldnt admit the boys _ families were poor. 12. The price of any product is linked to a complicated system of prices _ everything depends on everything else.,which,whose,where,II. 用適當(dāng)?shù)摹敖樵~+關(guān)系詞”填空。 1. It isnt a subject _ I devote a great deal of thought. 2. The woman _ Mike told me last Friday proved to be a cheat. 3. The man wrote a letter of thanks to the cleaner, _ help he couldnt have found his lost money. 4. Ive seen many films, _ Titanic is the most wonderful and shocking one.,to which,about whom,without whose,of which,5. This is the original novel _ the world-famous film is based. 6. Her elder daughter, _ she placed the greatest trust, failed to match her expectations. 7. Robert set up a KTV bar in the Fifth Street, _ he invited all his friends. 8. The Birds Nest has a huge stage _ Jackie Chan and Song Zuying have ever given their concerts.,on which,in whom,to which,on which,III. 根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的漢語提示用定語從句補(bǔ)全下列句子。 1. An angry crowd surrounded the buses, _ (其中的大部分) were already full. 2. How do you like the film Examination 1977, Mr. Li? It brings the hours back to me _ (我被迫去養(yǎng)豬的時候) in a faraway village.,most of which,when I was forced to raise pigs,3. In my hometown, there is a mysterious lake, _ (湖的深度從來都沒有被測量過). 4. At Mr. Blacks, they chatted for an hour or so, _ (這段時間內(nèi)) not even a coffee was offered. 5. The Smiths will move into their new house next month, _ (到那個時候) it will be completely finished.,whose depth has never been measured,during which time,by which time,6. In the end, several people climbed up the hill, _ (在山頂上) they picnicked.,on whose top,