第三講 推理判斷題,專題二 閱讀理解,推理判斷題屬于高層次的閱讀理解題,解答此類試題要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容,在理解語篇的表面意義與隱含意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行深層推理,透過字里行間,去體會(huì)作者的“弦外之音”。 具體來說，針對(duì)不同的推理判斷題，尋找線索時(shí)要使用不同的方法。比如，推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度時(shí)，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措 辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞；推斷寫作目的時(shí)，必須 要先了解文章的主題，然后分析作者的論述方法、論述的重 點(diǎn)和材料的安排；推斷文章出處時(shí)，要抓住各段的段落大意和文章的中心思想；推斷人物性格時(shí)，一定要注意準(zhǔn)確把握 文章字里行間的意思，特別要注意表達(dá)主觀態(tài)度和個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的詞語。,推理判斷題常見的命題形式： 1It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that _ 2The author strongly suggests that _ 3This passage would most likely be found in _ 4What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? 5What is the writers attitude towards .? 6Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the.paragraph?,1細(xì)節(jié)推斷題 細(xì)節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)語篇中具體的內(nèi)容和信息點(diǎn)，推斷出文章中具體的細(xì)節(jié)。解答此類試題時(shí)，一般可根據(jù)短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生只要正確把握文章的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，理解文章的真正含義，就可作出準(zhǔn)確的推斷。,(2015高考天津卷，閱讀理解D，節(jié)選)Boldnessa willingness to extend yourself to the extremeis not one that can be acquired overnight.But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely，there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life；boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.,54What can be learned from Paragraph 5?_ AConfidence grows more rapidly in adults. BTrying without success is meaningless. CRepeated failure creates a better life. DBoldness can be gained little by little. 【解析】 推理判斷題。第五段首句提到勇敢大膽并不是一夜之間就能形成的素質(zhì)，所以D項(xiàng)所述“勇敢大膽可以被逐 步獲得”符合題干要求。文中沒有提到成年人培養(yǎng)自信心會(huì) 更快，故A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第五段末句可以得知，努力了但是 失敗了的人要比沒有付出努力卻成功的人更強(qiáng)大，故B項(xiàng)錯(cuò) 誤；C項(xiàng)“反復(fù)失敗能創(chuàng)造更加美好的生活”為錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。,D,方法點(diǎn)津 避免只見局部，不見整體 對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)推斷類試題來說，考生要依據(jù)文章中的客觀信息或內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理、判斷、引申和概括,從而得出合理的結(jié)論。要做到判斷有據(jù),推論有理,忠實(shí)原文。切忌片面思考，只見局部，不見整體，得出片面結(jié)論。,2文章來源或讀者對(duì)象推斷題 推測(cè)文章的來源或者推測(cè)讀者對(duì)象要求考生本身要具備一定的常識(shí),這樣才能把文章的內(nèi)容與自己已經(jīng)具備的常識(shí)結(jié)合起來作出準(zhǔn)確推斷。比如考生要對(duì)報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、童話、廣告、說明書、旅游指南、藥品說明、操作指南等有基本的了解，這樣才能根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)對(duì)號(hào)入座，選出最佳答案。,Lakelander 2 hours ago Today，a man talked very loud on his phone on a train between Malvern and Reading，making many passengers upset.I wonder how he would react if I were to read my newspaper out loud on the train.I have never had the courage to do it，though.,Pak50 57 minutes ago Why not give it a try？Perhaps you should take lessons on a musical instrument.The late musician Dennis Brain is said to have asked a fellow train passenger to turn off his radio.When his request was refused，he took out his French horn (號(hào)) and started to practise.,Angie OEdema 42 minutes ago I dont see how musical instruments can help improve manners in public.Dont do to others what you wouldnt like to be done to yourself.Once，a passenger next to me talked out loud on his mobile phone.I left my seat quietly，giving him some privacy to finish his conversation.He realised this and apologised to me.When his phone rang again later，he left his seat to answer it.You see，a bit of respect and cooperation can do the job better.,Taodas 29 minutes ago I did read my newspaper out loud on a train，and it turned out well.The guy took it in good part，and we chatted happily all the way to Edinburgh.,Sophie76 13 minutes ago I have not tried reading my newspaper out loud on a train，but，several years ago，I read some chapters from Harry Potter to my bored and noisy children.Several passengers seemed to appreciate what I did.,47Where is the passage most probably taken from?_ AA webpage. BA newspaper. CA novel. DA report. 【解析】 推理判斷題。從全文的風(fēng)格，尤其是每個(gè)帖子中的時(shí)間提示部分，可以看出本文最有可能摘自網(wǎng)頁。,A,方法點(diǎn)津 如何解答文章來源類試題 對(duì)于推斷文章來源類試題，考生首先要弄清楚文章的中心話題是什么，文章中討論的是哪些方面的問題。在解答此類試題時(shí)要注意：1.先通讀文章，判斷文章的中心話題；2.再仔細(xì)研讀試題，把文章的中心話題歸納到話題范圍之內(nèi)，然后使用排除法，這樣問題就很容易解決了。,3寫作意圖推斷題 寫作意圖推斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測(cè)作者的寫作意圖。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實(shí)，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這種題型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同時(shí)還要具備對(duì)作者闡述問題的方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。,(2015高考福建卷，閱讀理解D，節(jié)選)Life can be so wonderful，full of adventure and joy.It can also be full of challenges，setbacks(挫折) and heartbreaks.Whatever our circumstances，we generally still have dreams，hopes and desiresthat little something more we want for ourselves and our loved ones.Yet knowing we can have more can also create a problem，because when we go to change the way we do things，up come the old patterns and pitfalls(陷阱) that stopped us from seeking what we wanted in the first place.,This tension between what we feel we can have and what were seemingly able to have is the niggling(煩人的) suffering，the anxiety we feel.This is where we usually think its easier to just give up.But were never meant to let go of the part of us that knows we can have more.The intelligence behind that knowing is usthe real us.Its the part that believes in life and its possibilities.If you drop that，you begin to feel a little“dead” inside because youre dropping “you” So，if we have this capability but somehow life seems to keep us stuck，how do we break these patterns?,Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time.This is good advice for a new adventure or just getting through todays challenges. While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mindor the minds of those close to ususually says we cant.That isnt a reason to stop，its just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder，trying to talk you out of something again.It has done it many times before.Its all about starting simple and doing it now. Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and youll be on your way.,71What does the author intend to tell us?_ AIts easier than we think to get what we want. BIts important to learn to accept sufferings in life. CIts impractical to change our way of thinking. DIts harder than we expect to follow a new course. 【解析】 寫作意圖題。作者在文中一直建議我們要打破思想束縛，不要因盲目聽從與我們關(guān)系親密的人的意見而輕易放棄自己的理想。只要我們覺得時(shí)機(jī)成熟就要果斷地采取行 動(dòng)，這樣我們才能迎接挑戰(zhàn)，得到我們想要的。,A,方法點(diǎn)津 如何解答寫作意圖推斷題 在此類推理判斷試題中，由于有一些干擾項(xiàng)，試題會(huì)有一定的難度，這時(shí)考生一定要注意以下兩點(diǎn)：1.要站在作者的角度去仔細(xì)思考推斷，要善于揣摩作者的思路，盡可能與作者的思路吻合，切忌加入自己主觀片面的想法和想象；2.如果選項(xiàng)很相似難以判斷時(shí)，切記文章中出現(xiàn)過的句子通常不可能是答案。,4態(tài)度傾向推斷和評(píng)述性推斷題 態(tài)度傾向推斷題考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物對(duì)某事物所持的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。態(tài)度傾向推斷題的選項(xiàng)一般含有以下三類詞：(1)中性詞：uninterested(不感興趣的)，neutral(中立的)等;(2)褒義詞：positive(積極的)，disinterested(無私的), supportive(支持的)，enthusiastic(熱情的),admiring(贊賞的), humorous(滑稽有趣的)等；(3)貶義詞：disgusted(厭惡的)，critical(批評(píng)的)，impassive(無動(dòng)于衷的)，indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的)，negative(否定的,消極的),disappointed(失望的)等。,(2015高考全國卷，閱讀理解B，節(jié)選)The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter，so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota，F(xiàn)lorida，my bags were packed before you could say“sunshine.”I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C (維生素C)，thinking of beaches and orange trees.When we touched down to blue skies and warm air，I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness.Swimming pools，wine tasting，and pink sunsets (at normal evening hours，not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend，but the best partparticularly to my taste，dulled by months of coldweather root,vegetableswas a 7 am.adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wakeup call. . Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight，my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty，a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton，whereluckily for meI was planning to have dinner that very night.Without even seeing the menu，I knew Id be ordering every tomato on it.,24.What did the author think of her winter life in New York? _ AExciting. BBoring. CRelaxing. DAnnoying. 【解析】 推理判斷題。由第一段中的The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter和dulled by months of coldweather root vegetables可知，作者厭倦了紐約的冬天，因?yàn)槟抢锔緵]有樂趣，同時(shí)也厭倦了冬天的根莖蔬菜，所以可以推斷出作者認(rèn)為紐約的冬天是令人厭煩、枯燥和單調(diào)的。故選B項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)exciting,B,“令人興奮的”,顯然與作者真實(shí)的感受相反;C項(xiàng)relaxing “令人放松的”，文中體現(xiàn)不出作者明顯的放松情緒；annoying“令人惱怒的”，作者只是感覺“枯燥、單調(diào)”，并非“惱怒”。,方法點(diǎn)津 如何解答作者態(tài)度推斷題 作者的情感態(tài)度往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾詞語之中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭。具體來說：1.正確把握文章字里行間的意思,切勿用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)；2.要特別留意那些描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語言以及表達(dá)感情、態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的詞語；3.結(jié)合自己平時(shí)積累的有關(guān)英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等背景知識(shí)來推斷。,5預(yù)測(cè)推斷題 有些內(nèi)容文章中沒有明確說明，這就要求考生根據(jù)語篇對(duì)事件可能的結(jié)局或下一段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進(jìn)行推理。做這類題時(shí)考生應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確把握作者的寫作思路，從而作出比較科學(xué)的、合情合理的推測(cè)。常見的命題形式有： What do you think will happen when/if.? At the end of this passage，the writer might continue to write_ Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the.paragraph?,Snow falls in the earths extreme North and South throughout the year.However，the heaviest snowfalls have been reported in the mountains of other areas during winter.Snow is even known to fall near the equator(赤道)，but only on the highest mountains. Much of the water the world uses comes from snow.Melting snow provides water for rivers，electric power stations and agricultural crops.In the Western United States，mountain snow provides up to seventyfive percent of all surface water supplies.,Snowfalls help to protect plants and some wild animals from snow weather.Fresh snow is made largely of air trapped among the snow crystals(晶體)Because the air has trouble moving，the movement of heat is limited.Snow also influences the movement of sound waves.The surface of the snow takes in，or absorbs，sound waves.As snow grows older or if there have been strong winds，it can be hard and flat.Then，the snows surface will help to send back sound waves. Snow may be beautiful，but it can be deadly.It is responsible for the deaths of hundreds of people.Many people die in traffic accidents on roads covered with snow and ice or from being seriously stuck in the snow storm.Others die from heart attacks caused by too much physical activity out in the cold.,People may not be able to avoid living in areas where it snows often.However，they can avoid being victims of snowstorms.People should stop driving and stay at home until the storm has passed.People living in these areas should carry emergency supplies in their vehicles.These include food，emergency medical supplies，and extra clothing to stay warm. What will the text probably tell us following the last paragraph?_ AHow to drive during snowstorms. BWhere we can get emergency supplies. CHow to prevent heart attacks out in cold. DWhy we should stay warm in winter.,C,【解析】 推理判斷題。本文是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了降雪的利與弊以及如何避免這些弊端。倒數(shù)第二段講了降雪的兩大危害，最后一段講了如何避免其中的一種危害，接下來應(yīng)該講如何避免另一種危害，即在寒冷的戶外如何預(yù)防心臟病發(fā)作。故選C。,方法點(diǎn)津 對(duì)于想象推斷類的試題，由于有些內(nèi)容文章中沒有明確說明,所以考生就要根據(jù)語篇，對(duì)事件可能的結(jié)局或下段可能涉及的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推測(cè)。做這類題時(shí)考生應(yīng)把握好作者的寫作思 路，從而作出科學(xué)的、合情合理的預(yù)測(cè)。,