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2016高考導(dǎo)航——適用于全國卷Ⅰ,,專題六 短文改錯,,專題六 短文改錯,短文改錯解題技巧 歷年改錯的設(shè)題通常從以下三個方面入手：詞法錯誤、句法錯誤和行文邏輯錯誤。 一、詞法錯誤 詞法錯誤類設(shè)錯在短文改錯題中占很大的比例，考生需要特別注意。對于這類題，考生要仔細分析句子成分,細心觀察，并在平時學(xué)習(xí)過程中多積累語言知識。錯誤類型通常有以下幾種：冠詞的誤用，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的誤用，形容詞與副詞的混 用，代詞的誤用，介詞的誤用等。,1．冠詞的誤用 冠詞錯用在高考短文改錯中極為常見。從高考英語短文改錯題的命題角度來看，通常從以下幾個方面設(shè)題：不定冠詞a和an混用，不定冠詞a或an和定冠詞the混用，不定冠詞或定冠詞多余或缺失。,(2015高考全國卷Ⅰ，節(jié)選)Now I am living in a city，but I miss my home in countryside. 【解析】 in the countryside“在農(nóng)村/鄉(xiāng)下”為固定搭配。 【答案】 countryside前加the,(2014高考陜西卷，節(jié)選)That day I didn’t learn much about animals，insects or trees，but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity! 【解析】 由于impressive的發(fā)音是以元音音素開頭的，所以其前要用不定冠詞an。 【答案】 a改為an,2．名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的誤用 近幾年高考短文改錯對名詞的考查主要集中在名詞的單復(fù) 數(shù)。也就是名詞該用復(fù)數(shù)形式時錯用了單數(shù)形式。也有不 可數(shù)名詞錯用了復(fù)數(shù)形式等情況。,(2015高考全國卷Ⅰ，節(jié)選)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. 【解析】 air“空氣”是不可數(shù)名詞，不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 【答案】 airs→air,(2014高考全國卷Ⅱ，節(jié)選)For example，we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day. 【解析】 由句中的one and a half可知，此處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式hours。 【答案】 把half后的hour改為hours,3．形容詞與副詞的混用 應(yīng)該用形容詞的卻用了副詞，或應(yīng)該用副詞的卻用了形 容詞。 (2015高考全國卷Ⅱ，節(jié)選)Mom said，“How nice to see you again！Dad and I were terrible worried.” 【解析】 形容詞worried應(yīng)用副詞修飾。 【答案】 terrible→terribly,(2014高考全國卷Ⅰ，節(jié)選)We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost! 【解析】 根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷，要用形容詞修飾名詞tomatoes。 【答案】 wonderfully→wonderful,4．代詞的誤用 主要考查各類代詞的用法，特別是人稱代詞和不定代詞的 用法。 (2015高考浙江卷，節(jié)選)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them. 【解析】 代詞誤用。這里代指前面的a beautiful park，故them改為it。 【答案】 them→it,(2014高考遼寧卷，節(jié)選)We appreciate our apologies and goodwill，but we hope that you can figure out a good way of settling the matter. 【解析】 根據(jù)we hope that you can.可知此處指的是“你 們”的道歉，所以把our改為your。 【答案】 our→your,5．介詞的誤用 此類改錯題主要考查介詞的意義、用法及固定搭配。涉及動 詞時，如果動詞是及物動詞，其后直接接賓語，不需要介 詞，如果其后有介詞，那這個介詞就是多余的；而不及物動 詞不可直接接賓語，如果接賓語需要借助于恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如 果缺少了這個介詞，就會出現(xiàn)錯誤。,(2015高考全國卷Ⅰ，節(jié)選)Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted. 【解析】 with the development of.隨著……的發(fā)展。 【答案】 on→with,(2015高考浙江卷，節(jié)選)My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass. 【解析】 be made from由……制成(看不出原材料)；be made of由……制成/組成(看得出原材料)，所以from要改 為of。 【答案】 from→of,二、句法錯誤 高考英語短文改錯常見的句法錯誤有動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)錯 誤，非謂語動詞使用錯誤，主謂一致錯誤，名詞性從句中的 連詞的誤用，定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的誤用等。 這些錯誤通常與句子成分的分析緊密相關(guān)，所以難度較大。,1．動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)錯誤 近幾年短文改錯題涉及時態(tài)的考查點通常為一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的混用，有時也涉及對其他時態(tài)的考查。而語態(tài)錯誤主要包括主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的誤用以及不及物動詞用了被動語態(tài)。一般來說，在高考短文改錯中必有時態(tài)錯誤。,(2015高考全國卷Ⅱ，節(jié)選)After looking at the toy for some time，he turned around and found that his parents were missing.Tony was scared and begun to cry. 【解析】 此處考查時態(tài)，and引導(dǎo)并列成分，前后結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)一致，was為過去時，故begun應(yīng)改為過去時began。 【答案】 begun→began,(2015高考全國卷Ⅰ，節(jié)選)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem. 【解析】 考查動詞的語態(tài)。主語studies與謂語show之間是主動關(guān)系，故需用主動語態(tài)。 【答案】 去掉been,2．非謂語動詞使用錯誤 非謂語動詞使用錯誤在短文改錯中較為常見。該類錯誤主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：動詞不定式的符號to贅余或缺失，過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的混用等。,(2015高考浙江卷，節(jié)選)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view. 【解析】 考查非謂語動詞。enjoy后加動名詞形式，故sit改為sitting。 【答案】 sit→sitting,(2015高考四川卷，節(jié)選)It’s been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing. 【解析】 考查非謂語動詞用法。want to do sth.想要做 某事。 【答案】 want后加to,3．主謂一致錯誤 主謂一致錯誤是指謂語動詞的形式跟主語不一致。其錯誤類型表現(xiàn)為：主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，而謂語動詞卻用了單數(shù)形式，或者主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞卻用了復(fù)數(shù)形式。主謂一致錯誤也是考生在書面表達中常犯的錯誤，考生也通常忽略這方面的問題。,(2014高考陜西卷，節(jié)選)Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky—they looked like rain! 【解析】 由于句子的主語為“the arrows”，故謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，且此處表示過去的動作，故用were。因此將was改為were。 【答案】 was→were,(2014高考遼寧卷，節(jié)選)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. 【解析】 本句的主語是動名詞短語“The early morning barking”，故謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。 【答案】 have→has,4．主從句連接詞誤用 此類錯誤主要指名詞性從句中的連詞的誤用，定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的誤用等。 (2015高考浙江卷，節(jié)選)If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom，I will never forget it. 【解析】 句意：雖然我在那個教室學(xué)習(xí)時還是個孩子，但是我永遠不會忘記。根據(jù)句意， If應(yīng)改為Although/Though。 【答案】 If→Although/Though,(2014高考四川卷，節(jié)選)If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt，tell your teacher immediately. 【解析】 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，notice后接一個賓語從句，從句的意思是完整的，所以要用that引導(dǎo)，故when是多余的，應(yīng)該去掉。 【答案】 去掉when,三、行文邏輯錯誤 在高考短文改錯中，有時考生會碰到詞法方面和句法方面均沒有錯誤的句子，此時就必須從行文邏輯上來判斷句子的合理性。行文邏輯錯誤常見的有代詞的指代錯誤,連詞的邏輯意義錯誤等。這類錯誤很難被發(fā)現(xiàn),而此類錯誤基本上都會有所涉及,所以針對這類題考生必須通過閱讀全文來綜合考慮。 1．代詞的指代錯誤 代詞的指代錯誤常見的是代詞的指代對象、單復(fù)數(shù)及代詞的格與文章的邏輯意義不一致，此外還有反身代詞的錯用等。這類錯誤通常較為隱蔽。,(2015高考四川卷，節(jié)選)In fact，I don’t like to go anymore，but I’m afraid I’ll lose their friendship.What do you think I should do？If you were me，would you talk to him? 【解析】 根據(jù)上文可知，這里指作者的朋友們，此處代詞指代錯誤，故him改為them。 【答案】 him→them,2．連詞的邏輯意義錯誤 (2014高考湖南卷，單項填空，改編)Make what you’re doing today important, and because you’re trading a day of your life for it. 【解析】 本句是祈使句。句意：讓你今日所做之事重要起 來，因為你是在用一天的生命換取它。前后為因果關(guān)系。 【答案】 去掉and,A (2015高考全國卷Ⅰ)When I was a child，I hoped to live in the city.I think I would be happy there.Now I am living in a city，but I miss my home in countryside.There the air is clean or the mountains are green.Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted.Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.Much rare animals are dying out.We must found ways to protect your environment.If we fail to do so，we’ll live to regret it.,,B (2015高考全國卷Ⅱ)One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.After looks at the toy for some time，he turned around and found where his parents were missing.Tony was scared and begun to cry.A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.Five minutes later，Tony saw parents.Mom said，“How nice to see you again！Dad and I were terrible worried.” Tony promised her that this would never happen again.,,C (2014高考全國卷Ⅰ)Nearly five years before，and with the help by our father，my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden.Since then—for all these year—we had been allowing tomatoes to self－seed where they please.As result，the plants are growing somewhere.The fruits are small in size，but juicy and taste.There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors.Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year，but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!,D (2014高考全國卷Ⅱ)My dream school starts at 8：30 a．m.and ends at 3：30 p．m.They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.We didn’t need to do so many homework.Therefore，we have more time with after－school activities.For example，we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day. My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.We can lie on the grass for a rest，or sat by the lake listening music.The teachers here are kind and helpfully.They are not only our teachers but also our friends.,