Automobile basic construction 汽車構造基礎,Automobile components,Whats the main parts,of an automobile?,汽車主要包括哪幾部分呢？,Body,Steering,Engine + Gear box Braking Power train,Electrical system,Chassis,Automobile components,Suspension,Todays average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。,現(xiàn)在的車輛一般都由,15000多個分散、獨立且 相互配合的零部件組成。 這些零部件主要分為四類 ：車身、發(fā)動機、底盤和 電氣設備。,Automobile components,The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline and diesel,1.Engine,發(fā)動機作為動力設備，常見的類 型是內(nèi)燃機，其原理是通過發(fā)動機 缸內(nèi)的液體燃料燃燒而產(chǎn)生能量。 發(fā)動機可分為兩類：汽油機和柴油機,1.1The basic performance principle of four-stroke gasoline engine 四沖程汽油機基本工作原理,1.Engine,1.Intake stroke 吸氣行程 2.Compression stroke 壓縮行程 3.Working stroke 做功行程 4.Exhaust stroke 排氣行程,1.2Engine Overall Mechanics 發(fā)動機總體構造,1.Engine,The engine has hundreds of other parts . It includes two mechanism,six systems，they are 1.crank mechanism 2.valve train 3.intake system 4.ignition system 5.cooling system 6.lubrication system 7.exhaust system Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail next.,發(fā)動機有上百個零部件，發(fā)動機是由兩個機構和五大系統(tǒng)組成的，他們分別是曲柄連桿機構，配氣機構，進氣系統(tǒng)，點火系統(tǒng)，冷卻系統(tǒng)，潤滑系統(tǒng)，和排氣系統(tǒng)。每個系統(tǒng)都有一定的功能。這些系統(tǒng)將在下面詳細討論。,1.2.1 crank mechanism 曲柄連桿機構 Crank mechanism is the main moving parts of the engine ,it helps engine complete operating cycle and energy conversion. 曲柄連桿機構是發(fā)動機實現(xiàn)工作循環(huán)，完成能量轉換的主要運動部分。,1.Engine,Crank mechanism includes Body group機體組: cylinder block, cylinder head, gasket,crankcase, cylinder liners and oil pan氣缸體，氣缸蓋、氣缸墊、曲軸箱、汽缸套及油底殼,1.Engine,Piston rod Group: pistons, piston rings, piston pins, connecting rods活塞連桿組：活塞、活塞環(huán)、活塞銷、連桿,1.Engine,Crankshaft Flywheel Group: crankshaft, flywheel, torsional damper, balancer曲軸飛輪組：曲軸、飛輪、扭轉減振器、平衡軸,1.Engine,1.2.2valve train配氣機構 The function of valve train is make sure the intake and exhaust valves can open and close at just the right time .配氣機構的功能就是確保進氣門和排氣門在正確的時間打開和關閉,1.Engine,valve train includes valves, valve guides, valve seats and valve springs, camshaft ，timing gear, tappet and guide rods, push rod, rocker氣門，氣門導管，氣門座和氣門彈簧，凸輪軸、正時齒輪、挺柱及其導桿，推桿、搖臂,1.Engine,1.2.3intake system進氣系統(tǒng) Intake system includes an air filter, intake manifold, inlet gate mechanism，it supply engine with fresh air 進氣系統(tǒng)包括空氣濾清器、進氣歧管、進汽門機構，它為發(fā)動機提供新鮮空氣,1.Engine,1.2.4 exhaust system排氣系統(tǒng) Exhaust system refers to the collection and emissions systems, including exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe， converters, mufflers排氣系統(tǒng)指收集并且排放廢氣的系統(tǒng)，包括排氣歧管、排氣管、催化轉化器和消音器,1.Engine,1.2.5ignition system點火系統(tǒng) The automobile ignition system has two basic functions ; it must control the spark and timing of the spark plug firing to match varying engine requirements , and it must increase battery voltage to a point where it will overcome the resistance offered by the spark plug gap and fire the plug 汽車點火系統(tǒng)有兩個基本功能;它必須控制火花塞點火的時間以匹配發(fā)動機的要求，它必須增加電池電壓到一個點，能克服火花塞間隙的阻力并點火。 It usually consists of a battery, a generator, distributor, ignition coil and spark plugs.通常由蓄電池、發(fā)電機、分電器、點火線圈和火花塞等組成,1.Engine,1.2.6 cooling system冷卻系統(tǒng) The cooling system can control the engine work an appropriate temperature . It is necessary to prevent engine overheating, but also to prevent the engine too colding in winter.冷卻系統(tǒng)使發(fā)動機在適當?shù)臏囟确秶鷥?nèi)工作。它既要防止發(fā)動機過熱，也要防止冬季發(fā)動機過冷。 It includes water pump, radiator, cooling fan, thermostat, water jacket and other ancillary devices.它包括水泵、散熱器、冷卻風扇、節(jié)溫器、水套以及其他附屬裝置。,1.Engine,1.2.7 lubrication system潤滑系統(tǒng) To ensure the normal operation of the engine, the surfaces of relative motion parts of the engine must be lubricated. 為保證發(fā)動機的正常工作，必須對發(fā)動機內(nèi)相對運動部件表面進行潤滑. It mainly includes oil pump, oil filter, oil cooler, oil, and pipelines 它主要包括機油泵，機油濾清器，油冷器，機油，和管路。,1.Engine,The chassis includes four system,they are : 底盤包括四大系統(tǒng)，他們分別是 Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 傳動系統(tǒng)：把動力傳遞到車輪 Steering system: controls the direction of movement 轉向系統(tǒng)：控制車輛行駛的方向 Suspension system : absorbs the road shocks 懸架系統(tǒng)： 吸收來自路面的沖擊 Braking system:slows down or stops the vehicle 制動系統(tǒng)：使車輛減速或者停下,2.Chassis底盤,2.1 Power train system傳動系統(tǒng) The power train system is provided with reducing the speed, variable speed, backing up, break the engine power, differential between the wheels, and between axles. Working with engine ,it can guarantee a car in normal driving under various working conditions, and has good power performance and fuel economy. 傳動系統(tǒng)具有減速、變速、倒車、中斷動力、輪間差速和軸間差速等動能，與發(fā)動機配合工作，能保證汽車在個各種工況條件下的正常行駛，并具有良好的動力性和經(jīng)濟性。,2.Chassis底盤,1.clutch 離合器 2.transmission 變速器 3.universial joints 萬向節(jié) 4.drive axle 驅動橋 5.Differential 差速器 6.half axle 半軸 7.final drive 主減速器 8.drive shaft 傳動軸,2.Chassis底盤,Power train system includes,2.2 Steering system 轉向系統(tǒng) The direction motion of vehicle is controlled by a steering system. A basic steering system has 3 main parts: steering control mechanism, steering gear ,steering linkage mechanism which connecting wheels and steering gear. 轉向系控制汽車行駛方向，一般由三部分組成：轉向操縱機構,轉向器、連接車輪和轉向器的轉向傳動機構。,2.Chassis底盤,2.2 Steering system 1.Steering wheel 方向盤 2.Steering shaft 轉向軸 3.Knuckle 轉向節(jié) 4.driving wheel 轉向輪 5.Steering arm 轉向節(jié)臂 6.Tie-rod 轉向橫拉桿 7.Steering damper 轉向減震器 8.Steering gear 轉向器,2.Chassis底盤,2.3Suspension system 懸架系統(tǒng) The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolate the vehicle body from road shocks and vibrations, which will otherwise be transferred to the passengers and load. The basic suspension system consists of springs, axles, shock absorbers, arms, rods and ball joints. 整個懸架系統(tǒng)的作用是隔離來自路面的沖擊和振動對車身的影響，防止傳遞給乘員和貨物。懸架系統(tǒng)的基本組成包括彈性元件、車橋、減震器、桿系和球副組成的導向機構。,2.Chassis底盤,2.3Suspension system According to different guiding structure, there are two types： independent Suspension，and non- independent Suspension. 根據(jù)不同的結構有兩種懸架：獨立懸架和非獨立懸架,2.Chassis底盤,2.4 Braking system 制動系統(tǒng) General working principles of the brake system is using mutual friction between fixed and rotating parts to prevent wheel-turning or turning trends. 制動系統(tǒng)的一般工作原理是，利用固定部分和旋轉部分之間的相互摩擦來阻止車輪的轉動或轉動的趨勢。,2.Chassis底盤,2.4 Braking system 1. Brake pedal 制動踏板 2. Push rod 推桿 3. Main cylinder piston制動主缸活塞 4. main cylinder制動主缸 5. pipeline油管 6. Brake wheel cylinder制動輪缸 7. piston活塞 8. Drum brake制動鼓 9. friction plate制動盤 10. brake shoe制動蹄 11. Brake baseplate制動底板,2.Chassis底盤,2.4 Braking system A better braking system should have braking force distribution devices(EBD), anti-lock brake system (ABS) , Electronic Stability Program(ESP) , Electrical Parking Brake（EPB） attachments. 較完善的制動系還具有制動力調(diào)節(jié)裝置(EBD)、 防抱死裝置(ABS) 、 電子穩(wěn)定程序(ESP) 、電子駐車制動系統(tǒng)(EPB)等附加裝置。,2.Chassis底盤,An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. 車身有窗戶，門，蓋，內(nèi)飾等組成，它為發(fā)動機，乘客及貨物提供空間和保護。車身的設計要讓乘客安全并乘坐舒適。對于乘用汽車，車身要動感，色彩絢麗，現(xiàn)代化。,3. Car body車身,天窗 擋風玻璃 車外后視鏡,格柵 大燈 保險杠 牌照 指示燈 防護板,前翼子板,車輪,車輪裝飾,蓋,門梁柱,車窗 車門,雨刷 頂棚梁柱 發(fā)動機艙罩,頂棚 行李箱,門把手 后視鏡,尾燈 后翼子板 三角窗,3. Car body車身,Automobile electronics degree has been seen as an important indicator to measure the level of the modern automobile, it is used to develop new models, improve vehicle performance. And modern automobile electronics increasingly higher and higher. 汽車電子化的程度被看作是衡量現(xiàn)代汽車水平的重要標志，是用來開發(fā)新車型，改進汽車性能最重要的技術措施?，F(xiàn)代汽車電子化越來越高,4. Electrical equipment電器,Body Electronics車身電子 Auxiliary Protection System (SRS), air-conditioning electronic control system, tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS), window mirror control systems, security systems, seat adjustment systems, digital instrument 包括輔助防護系統(tǒng)（SRS）、空調(diào)電控系統(tǒng)、胎壓檢測系統(tǒng)（TPMS）、車窗后視鏡控制系統(tǒng)、防盜系統(tǒng)、座椅調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)、數(shù)字儀表等。,4. Electrical equipment電器,Car communications and entertainment electronics systems 汽車通訊與娛樂電子系統(tǒng) Including automobile steering system, global positioning system (GPS), car audio. 包括汽車駕駛系統(tǒng)、全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）、汽車音響等。,4. Electrical equipment電器,Thank you,