2019-2020年高中英語(yǔ) Unit22 Environmental Protection難句.剖析.拓展 北師大版選修81. In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earths climatesomething previously seen as beyond our control.在過(guò)去的幾十里, 科學(xué)家一致認(rèn)為, 人類正在造成地球氣候的變化這是一種原來(lái)被認(rèn)為是超出我們控制能力的現(xiàn)象。剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, scientists have reached consensus and reported 是主句, in the last few decades是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句human beings are causing changes in the Earths climate, something.是changes的同位語(yǔ)。previously seen 是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ), 等于that was previously seen, as“就像一樣”, sth. be seen as“被作為看待”。beyond our control“在我們的控制之外”。拓展：過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句, 前提是當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)相同時(shí), 才能把從句縮略為過(guò)去分詞, 如果主句的主語(yǔ)和從句主語(yǔ)不相同, 要用介詞with構(gòu)成with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)with sth. done。2. Without these naturally occurring gases, the suns rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.如果沒(méi)有這些自然產(chǎn)生的氣體, 太陽(yáng)的光線將會(huì)被反射回太空中去, 地球?qū)⑻幱诤渲? 而不適合生命的存在。剖析：這是一個(gè)含有現(xiàn)在分詞的簡(jiǎn)單句, Without these naturally occurring gases是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ), the suns rays would bounce back into space 是句子的主體, leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。拓展：1)本句是一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣, without短語(yǔ)起到一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的作用, 等于if there were not these naturally occurring gases“如果沒(méi)有這些自然產(chǎn)生的氣體”。從句中, be的形式要用were, 主句中謂語(yǔ)要用“would +動(dòng)詞原形”。2)此處的leave意為“使得某人或某物處于某種狀態(tài)”, 常用的形式有:leave sb. /sth. +adj. , leave sb. /sth. +介詞短語(yǔ), leave sb. /sth. +doing, leave sb. /sth. +done。3. Over the last 100 years, the global average temperature has increased by 1F and many experts insist that the blame for this global warming can mostly be pinned on human activities.在過(guò)去的100里, 全球的平均溫度上升了1華氏度, 許多專家堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，在很大程度上，人類的活動(dòng)要對(duì)全球變暖負(fù)責(zé)。剖析：這是一個(gè)由and連接的并列復(fù)合句, 第一個(gè)并列分句是Over the last 100 years, the global average temperature has increased by 1F, 第二個(gè)并列分句是many experts insist., 其中又包含一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句that the blame for this global warming can mostly be pinned on human activities.拓展：1)“介詞by+數(shù)詞”表示動(dòng)作發(fā)展的程度。2)insist作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”講時(shí), 后面的從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如:The young man insisted that what he had done was right. 那個(gè)輕人堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為他做的事情是正確的。當(dāng)insist作“堅(jiān)決要求”講時(shí), 后面的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 謂語(yǔ)是“should +do”, should 可以省略。如:The young man insisted that what he had won should be sent to the poor pupils. 那個(gè)輕人堅(jiān)決要求將他贏得的東西送給貧窮的學(xué)生。4. Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.根據(jù)這一數(shù)據(jù)推斷, 人類活動(dòng)與全球變暖之間的關(guān)系不僅僅是一個(gè)巧合。剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, Given this data是過(guò)去分詞作條件狀語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于When we are given this data, it seems.是主句, it是形式主語(yǔ), 真正的主語(yǔ)從句是 that the link.is not merely a coincidence, between human activities and rising global temperatures是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。拓展：given作“假設(shè)的, 假使的”講, given短語(yǔ)用在句中可相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。如:Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai on Monday evening.If we are given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai on Monday evening.假如天氣好, 我們的船將于星期一晚上到達(dá)上海。Id e and see you in New York, given the chance.= Id e and see you in New York, if I am given the chance.如果有機(jī)會(huì), 我就到紐約來(lái)看你。5. They suggest making small changes like taking public transport, recycling, using low-flow shower heads, and buying light bulbs that use less energy.專家們建議我們?cè)谏钌献饕恍┬⌒〉母淖? 比如搭乘公共交通工具, 循環(huán)使用, 使用節(jié)水沐浴龍頭, 購(gòu)買節(jié)能燈泡。剖析：這是一個(gè)含有動(dòng)名詞的簡(jiǎn)單句, they是主語(yǔ), suggest是謂語(yǔ), making small changes是動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ), like 是介詞, 后面接三個(gè)動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ), that use less energy是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾light bulbs。拓展：中學(xué)教材中常見(jiàn)的只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:avoid, admit, advise, regret, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, permit, resist, risk, suggest, stop 等。(stop 后雖也能接不定式, 但不定式是作狀語(yǔ)。)只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的一些常用特殊動(dòng)詞的口決:特殊動(dòng)詞接“動(dòng)名”, 使用它們要記清,“放棄”“享受”可“后悔”,“堅(jiān)持”“練習(xí)”必“完成”,“延期”“避免”非“介意” ，掌握它們今必行。6. Reduced rainfall has affected large areas of Africa for years leaving irrigation canals dry and many other zones are being drier.降雨量的減少已經(jīng)影響了非洲大部分地區(qū)多, 使灌溉渠道干涸, 而許多其他地方則變得更加干旱。剖析：這是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句, 在第一個(gè)并列分句中, leaving irrigation canals dry是現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。在第二個(gè)并列分句many other zones are being drier中, 用了現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和形容詞的比較級(jí), 表示正在變化的動(dòng)作。7. An even greater number of people live at risk, to some degree, from earthquakes which have claimed more than 1. 6 million lives in the last hundred years.從某種程度上來(lái)說(shuō), 有更多的人處在地震的危險(xiǎn)中, 在過(guò)去的幾百間地震已經(jīng)奪去了160多萬(wàn)人的生命。剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, An even greater number of people live at risk是主句。from earthquakes是介詞詞組作定語(yǔ)修飾risk, which have claimed more than 1. 6 million lives in the last hundred years是定語(yǔ)從句。more than 1. 6 million lives in the last hundred years是claimed的賓語(yǔ)從句, more than“超過(guò)”, 修飾1. 6 million, to some degree是插入語(yǔ)。拓展：插入語(yǔ)一般對(duì)一句話作一些附加的說(shuō)明。常見(jiàn)的插入語(yǔ)有形容詞(詞組)、副詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句以及固定短語(yǔ)。插入語(yǔ)的位置, 可放在句首、句中或句末, 一般用逗號(hào)或分號(hào)隔開(kāi)。1）常見(jiàn)的介詞短語(yǔ)有:to some degree（從某種程度上來(lái)說(shuō)), in fact;in addition;in a word;on the other hand;in other words;in ones opinion;in that case;by the way;of course;as a rule;to ones surprise;for example;on the contrary（相反);in a way(在某點(diǎn)上、在某種程度上);for one thing;for another (thing)等。2）常見(jiàn)的形容詞(詞組)、副詞作插入語(yǔ)的有:sure enough(果然);strange;worse still(更糟糕的是);most important(最重要的是);honestly;obviously;however;otherwise;luckily;unfortunately;besides;first;second;especially;surprisingly等。3）常見(jiàn)的不定式作插入語(yǔ)的有:to tell the truth;to be short(簡(jiǎn)單地);to begin with(首先);to be sure(自然、當(dāng)然、果然);to be honest/frank;to make things worse;to make a long story short;to speak of(值得一提的是)等。這些插入語(yǔ)表示說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度, 在句子中作獨(dú)立成分。4）常見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ)的有:generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from/by;talking of(談到);considering(考慮到);putting it mildly(說(shuō)得客氣一點(diǎn))等。這些分詞用來(lái)修飾全句。8. Most disaster experts believe there is the potential that things could get a lot worse.大多數(shù)研究災(zāi)難的專家認(rèn)為情況可能會(huì)變得更加嚴(yán)重。剖析：這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, Most disaster experts believe是主句, there is the potential 是賓語(yǔ)從句, that things could get a lot worse是同位語(yǔ)從句, 進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明the potential的內(nèi)容。拓展：1）同位語(yǔ)對(duì)前面的名詞起解釋作用。同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句在外形上非常相似。同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞多為fact, belief, news, idea, thought, question, reply, possibility, hope, problem, remark, report等名詞, 引導(dǎo)詞常用that。2）同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：從意義的角度來(lái)看, 同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間存在的是同位或等同的關(guān)系。定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間存在的是所屬關(guān)系, 表示“的”, 起修飾限定作用。從語(yǔ)法角度來(lái)看, 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that是連詞, 只起語(yǔ)法作用, 用來(lái)連接同位語(yǔ)從句, 在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是關(guān)系代詞, 它除了起引導(dǎo)從句的語(yǔ)法作用之外, 還要在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分, 主要是作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。從先行詞的詞性來(lái)看, 同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞大都為抽象名詞, 而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是名詞, 也可以是代詞或句子。