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1、會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1生理學(xué)第一章生理學(xué)第一章 緒論緒論Section 1 Brief Account Human Physiology第1頁(yè)/共58頁(yè) 生理學(xué)生理學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)nPhysiology:a branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which the body functions.The normal functions of organs and organ systems of the body.The conditions under which these functions are carried out.The mechanis

2、ms by which they are achieved.第2頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)植物生理學(xué)植物生理學(xué)動(dòng)物生理學(xué)動(dòng)物生理學(xué) 人體生理學(xué)人體生理學(xué)第3頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)細(xì)胞生理學(xué)細(xì)胞生理學(xué)系統(tǒng)生理學(xué)系統(tǒng)生理學(xué) 心臟生理學(xué) 神經(jīng)生理學(xué) 內(nèi)分泌生理學(xué) 呼吸生理學(xué) 腎臟生理學(xué)第4頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)生理學(xué)生理學(xué)(Physiology)醫(yī)醫(yī) 學(xué)學(xué)(Medine)第5頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nPhysiologyPhysiology is the primary basic medical science.is the primary basic medical science.It is essential to It is es

3、sential to pharmacologypharmacology,the study of the effects of drugs on physiologic,the study of the effects of drugs on physiologic processes.processes.Most of medicine itself is Most of medicine itself is pathophysiologypathophysiology.We hope that each student will We hope that each student will

4、 realize that the study of physiology should continue throughout his or her realize that the study of physiology should continue throughout his or her career.career.Besides physiology,the basic medical sciences include Besides physiology,the basic medical sciences include biology,embryology,biology,

5、embryology,genetics,anatomy,histology,biochemistry,pathophysiology,pathology,genetics,anatomy,histology,biochemistry,pathophysiology,pathology,microbiology,immunologymicrobiology,immunology,etc.Although taught separately as different,etc.Although taught separately as different courses,these branches

6、 of basic medical sciences are closely inter-related courses,these branches of basic medical sciences are closely inter-related inseparable,forming a solid scientific basis for practice of medicine.inseparable,forming a solid scientific basis for practice of medicine.第6頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n William Harvey is famo

7、us for having accurately described how blood circulates around the body.n In 1615 Harvey began to work on the idea that blood circulated around the body.He experimented on live animals and dissected the bodies of executed criminals.He proved that the heart was a pump that forced blood around the bod

8、y through arteries.Veins then returned the blood to the heart where it was recycled.n In 1628,Harvey published details of his work in his book An Anatomical Disquisition on the Movement of the Heart and Blood.William Harvey(1578-1657)n Physiology is the experimental science.第7頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)P(yáng)hysiology is the

9、 science which is about living.Medicine is the science which is about disease.So from this point of view,the physiology is more common than the medicine.第8頁(yè)/共58頁(yè) 生理學(xué)生理學(xué) Physiology 概念：概念：研究生物機(jī)體的生命活動(dòng)（功能）及其規(guī)律的科學(xué)。主要內(nèi)容：主要內(nèi)容：一切與生命有關(guān)的鄭成功能活動(dòng)及其這些活動(dòng)的調(diào)節(jié)問(wèn)題。功能功能 function 調(diào)節(jié)調(diào)節(jié) regulation 第9頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)人體生理學(xué) Human Physi

10、ology第10頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)生命（living）活第11頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)流感病毒流感病毒Influenza Virus第12頁(yè)/共58頁(yè) 生命的基本特征生命的基本特征n n1.Metabolism:同化 異化 能量轉(zhuǎn)換第13頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)2.excitability：興奮 抑制第14頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n3.Reproduction：生殖活動(dòng)第15頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)Section 2 Section 2 Internal environment Internal environment and homeostasis and homeostasisBody fluid(60%)Intracellular flui

11、d(40%)Extracellular fluid(20%)Plasma(5%)Interstitial fluid(15%)InternalenvironmentClaude Bernard(1813-1878)第16頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nHomeostasisHomeostasis:relatively stable condition of:relatively stable condition of extracellular fluid that results from regulatory extracellular fluid that results from regulator

12、y system actions.system actions.OxygenGlucoseSmall ionsCarbon dioxideMetabolic wastesSecretionsAmino acidsCellHomeostasis第17頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)A stable internal environment is essential A stable internal environment is essential for normal cell functionfor normal cell functionn nConditions in the internal enviro

13、nment must be Conditions in the internal environment must be maintained within narrow limits,including:maintained within narrow limits,including:n nOxygen and carbon dioxide tensionsOxygen and carbon dioxide tensionsn nConcentrations of glucose and other metabolitesConcentrations of glucose and othe

14、r metabolitesn nOsmotic pressureOsmotic pressuren nConcentrations of HConcentrations of H+,K,K+,Ca,Ca2+2+,Mg,Mg2+2+n nTemperatureTemperature第18頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nNervous regulationn nHumoral regulationn nAutoregulationSection 3 Regulation Physiological Function第19頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nReflex:biological control system link

15、ing stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc.Nervous regulation第20頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)Reflex arc第21頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)第22頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)Spinal reflexSpinal reflex第23頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)Baroreceptor control of arterial pressure Baroreceptor control of arterial pressure(baroreflex)(baroreflex)第24頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)第25頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nParacrine:Paracrine:chemic

16、al messenger that chemical messenger that exerts its effects on tissues near its exerts its effects on tissues near its secretion site.secretion site.n nNeurosecretion:Neurosecretion:chemical messenger chemical messenger released by a neuron and carried by released by a neuron and carried by the blo

17、od to its target cell.the blood to its target cell.第26頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)NeurosecretionOxytocinVasopressin第27頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌免疫調(diào)節(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò):neuroinmmunoendocrinology第28頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nAutoregulation:ability of an individual organ to control its activity(vascular resistance)independent of neural and hormonal influence.Autoregulation

18、第29頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)Renal autoregulation第30頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)的特點(diǎn)神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)的特點(diǎn) 神經(jīng)元分泌的神經(jīng)元分泌的“遞質(zhì)遞質(zhì)”或或“調(diào)質(zhì)調(diào)質(zhì)”通過(guò)神通過(guò)神經(jīng)纖維和突觸實(shí)現(xiàn)其調(diào)控作用。經(jīng)纖維和突觸實(shí)現(xiàn)其調(diào)控作用。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用廣泛、迅速、靈敏、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用廣泛、迅速、靈敏、定位準(zhǔn)確。定位準(zhǔn)確。它控制了包括內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)和免疫系統(tǒng)它控制了包括內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)和免疫系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的機(jī)體各個(gè)系統(tǒng)的功能作用。具有節(jié)在內(nèi)的機(jī)體各個(gè)系統(tǒng)的功能作用。具有節(jié)律性變化。律性變化。第31頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)體液調(diào)節(jié)的特點(diǎn)：體液調(diào)節(jié)的特點(diǎn)：內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞分泌的內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞分泌的“激素激素”通過(guò)體液運(yùn)通過(guò)體液運(yùn)輸來(lái)完成其調(diào)控作用。

19、其作用范圍廣泛、緩輸來(lái)完成其調(diào)控作用。其作用范圍廣泛、緩慢，影響持久，定位不及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)明確。內(nèi)慢，影響持久，定位不及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)明確。內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)從廣泛意義上講，可以視為神經(jīng)系分泌系統(tǒng)從廣泛意義上講，可以視為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳出神經(jīng)的統(tǒng)傳出神經(jīng)的“延長(zhǎng)部分延長(zhǎng)部分”。具有典型節(jié)律。具有典型節(jié)律性變化。性變化。內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)對(duì)刺激的獲得、分析、貯內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)對(duì)刺激的獲得、分析、貯存、記憶、整合，是通過(guò)和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)共同完存、記憶、整合，是通過(guò)和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)共同完成。成。第32頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)自身調(diào)節(jié)的特點(diǎn)自身調(diào)節(jié)的特點(diǎn) 調(diào)節(jié)幅度小、不夠靈敏、作用有調(diào)節(jié)幅度小、不夠靈敏、作用有限，作用范圍也比較小。限，作用范圍也比較小。在有些情

20、況下有一定的意義。在有些情況下有一定的意義。第33頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nControl system:the mechanisms by which the body maintains homeostasis.n nFeedback control systemn nFeed-forward control systemSection 4 Control system in the body第34頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nFeedback:Feedback:characteristic of control systems in characteristic of control systems in

21、which output response influences input to system.which output response influences input to system.Sensors Sensors to detect conditions in the body to detect conditions in the body EffectorsEffectors to change conditions in the bodyto change conditions in the bodyn nNegative feedbackNegative feedback

22、n nPositive feedbackPositive feedback Feedback control systemControllerEffectorsSensorsVariable第35頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)1 Negative feedback n nNegative feedback:aspect of control systems in which systems response opposes input to system.第36頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)Homeostatic control illustrating the Homeostatic control illustrating

23、the concept of negative feedbackconcept of negative feedbackSet point:100mmHg第37頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)Negative feedback control system for Negative feedback control system for regulation of body temperatureregulation of body temperatureSet point:37C第38頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nPositive feedback:aspect of control systems in which an

24、 initial disturbance sets off train of events that increases the disturbance even further.2 Positive feedback 第39頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nA positive feedback cycle involved in the upstroke of an A positive feedback cycle involved in the upstroke of an action potentialaction potential Positive feedback 第40頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nB

25、lood coagulationBlood coagulationPositive feedback 第41頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nParturitionParturition Positive feedback 第42頁(yè)/共58頁(yè) Feed-forward control system第43頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nFeed-forward:Feed-forward:aspect of some control aspect of some control systems that allows system to anticipate systems that allows system to anti

26、cipate changes in a regulated variablechanges in a regulated variable.第44頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)第45頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)SightSoundSmellEnd第46頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)生理學(xué)研究與發(fā)展展望生理學(xué)研究與發(fā)展展望Section 5 第47頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nCellular and molecular level n nOrgan and system level n nOrganismal level Function occurs at three levels第48頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)1 Cellular and molecular lev

27、el 第49頁(yè)/共58頁(yè) Cellular and molecular level 第50頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)2 Organ and system level 第51頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)3 Organismal level第52頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nIn vivo:(在體)n nacute experimentn nchronic experimentn nIn vitro:(離體)isolated tissue Methodology第53頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nIn vivo MethodologyCannula implantationRotationRotational behaviorSeizureTonic seizure第54頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)n nIn vitro MethodologyPatch clampElectron microscopy第55頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)Steps in the Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific Methodn nObservationInteresting phenomenan nHypothesisn nExperimentsn nConclusionn nRetestingn nPublication第56頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)Autoregulation第57頁(yè)/共58頁(yè)