專題限時(shí)集訓(xùn)(九)主旨大意之概括全文主題和段落大意A (2020·湖南師大附中模擬)The Blue Planet II's latest episode focuses on how the plastic is having a destructive effect on the ocean and slowly poisoning our sea creatures. Researchers recently also found that sea creatures living in the deepest place on Earth，the Mariana Trench，have plastics in their stomachs.Indeed, oceans are drowned in plastics.Though it seems that the world couldn't possibly function without plastics，plastics are a remarkably recent invention.The first plastic bags were introduced in the 1950s，the same decade when plastic packaging began gaining popularity in the United States.This growth has happened so fast that science is still catching up with the change.Plastics pollution research，for instance，is still a very early science.We put all these plastics into the environment，but we still don't really know what the outcomes are going to be.What we do know，though，is disturbing.The ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine animals every year.Nearly 700 species，including endangered ones，are known to have been affected by it.One in three leatherback turtles，which often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish，have been found with plastics in their bellies.Ninety percent of seabirds are now eating plastics on a regular basis. By 2050, that figure is expected to rise to 100 percent. And it's not just wildlife that is threatened by the plastics in our seas.Humans are consuming plastics through the seafood we eat.I could understand why some people see the ocean plastic as a disaster，worth being mentioned in the same breath as climate change.But the ocean plastic is not as complicated as climate change.There are no ocean trash deniers(否認(rèn)者)，at least so far.To do something about it，we don't have to remake our planet energy system.This is not a problem where we don't know what the solution is.We know how to pick up garbage.Anyone can do it.We know how to deal with it.We know how to recycle.We can all start by thinking twice before we use single­use plastic products.Things may seem ordinary，like using a reusable bottle or a reusable bag，but when taken collectively，these choices really do make a difference.【語篇解讀】塑料(制品)在我們的生活中無處不在，但我們卻把它們都拋到了環(huán)境中，給海洋以及海洋生物造成了災(zāi)難性的影響，同時(shí)也對(duì)人體造成很大危害。我們要從日常小事做起，注意自己的行為，避免塑料污染。1Why is plastic pollution research still a very early science?AThe plastic pollution research is too difficult.BPlastics have produced less pollution than coal.CPlastics have gained popularity too fast for science to catch up with.DThe world couldn't possibly function without plastics.C考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知，第一批塑料袋出現(xiàn)在20世紀(jì)50年代，同一時(shí)期，塑料包裝開始流行起來。塑料的發(fā)展如此之快，以至于科學(xué)研究仍在努力追趕塑料發(fā)展的速度。由此可知，對(duì)塑料污染問題的研究才開展不久，是因?yàn)樗芰习l(fā)展速度太快，使得科學(xué)研究沒能及時(shí)跟上，故C項(xiàng)正確。2How did the author support his opinion in Paragraph 3?ABy citing quotes from leading experts.BBy making a comparison and contrast.CBy listing examples from his own experience.DBy presenting solid statistics.D考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“kill millions of marine animals”“Nearly 700 species”“One in three leatherback turtles”“Ninety percent of seabirds”等可知，作者通過列數(shù)據(jù)來支撐自己的觀點(diǎn)，故選擇D項(xiàng)。3What does the author intend to tell us in the last paragraph?AWe reap what we sow.BThe shortest answer is doing.CAll things are difficult before they are easy.DActions speak louder than words.B考查推理判斷。根據(jù)文章最后一段尤其是最后一句的內(nèi)容可知，作者號(hào)召我們從一些日常小事做起，這些行動(dòng)都會(huì)有很大的影響。所以B項(xiàng)(最直接的答案就是行動(dòng)起來)是正確的。4What is the main idea of the passage?AThe oceans have been seriously polluted by plastics. BThe ocean plastic is a global issue.CThe Blue Planet II has left viewers heartbroken.DPlastics gain popularity all over the world.A考查主旨大意。本文介紹了塑料在給人們的生活帶來便利的同時(shí)，也造成了嚴(yán)重的污染，給海洋以及海洋生物造成了災(zāi)難性的影響，同時(shí)也對(duì)人體造成很大危害。故選A。B (2019·山西省六校測(cè)試)World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5th and was created to inspire people around the globe to take an active part in environmental protection and learn more about ways we can help to guarantee the future of our planet is safe.The very first World Environment Day took place in 1974，established by the United Nations General Assembly on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment that took place in 1972.Each year the United Nations pick a theme and a host city where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others，followed by different kinds of exhibits to promote environmental awareness.Environmentalists，academics and scientists come together to bring new ideas on the table concerning the environment.The 2018 World Environment Day is hosted by India，and the theme is Beat Plastic Pollution.It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags to reduce the production and use of disposable plastic，which makes up 10% of all of the waste.Even though the United Nations pick a specific host city every year，people around the world still celebrate World Environment Day in their hometowns with parades(游行)，concerts，cleaning up and tree planting and all kinds of green actions to work towards having a beautiful planet and battling pollution.World Environment Day is not a public holiday，so you won't be getting the day off work or school，but if you want to celebrate，why not bring it to the attention of your parents，friends，colleagues or classmates？World Environment Day is all about working together to take action for the planet，so try to get everyone you know interested in helping do something.Things as small as making sure people have a way to recycle can make a difference.You could also try beautifying your neighborhood by planting gardens，learn about green foods，raise money for a local wildlife conservation group of simply learn about the effects of different products on the earth.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了世界環(huán)境日的由來和情況，呼吁全員行動(dòng)起來幫助保護(hù)地球。5Why is World Environment Day set up?ATo make people know more about nature.BTo ask people to help to protect the globe.CTo warn people of the danger of air pollution.DTo encourage people to plan the earth's future.B考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。從第一段中的不定式所作的目的狀語to inspire可以看出，世界環(huán)境日的目的是鼓勵(lì)人們積極參與環(huán)境保護(hù)并學(xué)會(huì)很多方法來幫助確保地球?qū)淼陌踩蔬xB。6What do people do on World Environment Day?ADecide a host city.BHold a theme party.CDiscuss environmental ideas.DShow some plastic products.C考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。從第二段中的“where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others”以及第二段最后一句可以看出，人們主要是在這一天討論環(huán)境問題。7Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to “disposable” in Paragraph 3?AHigh­cost.BPoor­quality.CSecond­hand.DSingle­use.D考查詞義猜測(cè)。從第三段中的Beat Plastic Pollution可以看出，2018年的主題是“塑戰(zhàn)速?zèng)Q”，再結(jié)合畫線詞前面的“It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags”和后面的“which makes up 10% of all of the waste”可知，disposable plastic造成大量資源浪費(fèi)，所以“一次性的”符合語境，故選D項(xiàng)。8What's the main idea of the last paragraph?AEvery bit of effort counts.BDoing is better than saying.CMany hands make light work.DNothing is impossible to a willing heart.A考查段落大意。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，世界環(huán)境日不是公共節(jié)日，所以人們不放假。但如果你想慶祝的話，為何不讓你周圍的人關(guān)注它呢？所以最后一段主要是講每個(gè)人都可以從身邊小事做起，行動(dòng)起來保護(hù)地球，每個(gè)人的微小努力都很重要，故選A項(xiàng)。CThe police recently caught the suspected Golden State Killer using a tool they could only have dreamed of decades ago，when a shocking series of murders shook California：a database filled with people's genetic data(基因數(shù)據(jù))The police used an open­source database called GEDmatch to find relatives who matched genetic material taken from at old crime scene，then worked backward to identify and catch the 72­year­old former police officer Joseph James DeAngelo.GEDmatch's 950，000 users voluntarily upload and share their genetic information，making it accessible to others who share their own dataincluding law enforcement agencies(執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān))More than a dozen other similar platforms also exist.“If your relatives have contributed and you are part of even a family tree that appears online in one of these shared resources，you can be indirectly tracked through the combination of their DNA and the publicly available family history，”says Dr Robert Green，a medical geneticist at Harvard Medical School.Date sent to commercial companies like 23andMe，which has over 5 million customers，is much tougher for outsiders to access，but the case has still highlighted the issue of genetic privacy.Although many genetic­testing companies have been asked to cooperate with legal investigations，and clearly warn customers of this possibility，not all requests are honored.“23andMe has never given customer information to law­enforcement officials，”a company representative told Time.The risks of keeping such sensitive date are high.The potential for abuse exists；for example，insurance companies could theoretically use genetic date to refuse coverage(保險(xiǎn)范圍)，Green says.But the systems in place to prevent misuse appear to be working.One is the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008，a law that protects consumers from employment and insurance discrimination related to genetics.As long as that's the case，Green says，“the good of genetic tests outweighs the bad.”Sharon Zehe，a lawyer for the department of laboratory medicine and pathology at the Mayo Clinic，takes a more cautious approach.“Family tree services can be fun，but make sure you are using a reputable organization that has strong privacy policies in place，”she says.“Genetic data is biologically as important as a fingerprint.”【語篇解讀】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。警方利用遺傳基因數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)識(shí)別并逮捕了“金州殺手”嫌疑人。合法使用基因數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)可以幫助警方破案，但是基因數(shù)據(jù)庫的保密風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高，一旦泄露將對(duì)個(gè)人隱私造成嚴(yán)重的危害。9Who is the Golden State Killer?ARobert Green.BJoseph James DeAngelo.CThe author.DSharon Zehe.B考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。通讀第一、二段可知，第一段為事件概述，第二段展開事件細(xì)節(jié)，根據(jù)第二段可知，警方利用數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)，識(shí)別并逮捕了72歲的前警官Joseph James DeAngelo；結(jié)合第一段內(nèi)容可知，“金州殺手”的嫌疑人是Joseph James DeAngelo，故B項(xiàng)正確。10What drives the users to upload their genetic data?AThe police's force.BTheir relatives' advice.CThe boss's order.DTheir own willingness.D考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第一句中的“GEDmatch's 950，000 users voluntarily upload and share their genetic information”可知，用戶是自愿上傳并分享他們的基因數(shù)據(jù)的，故D項(xiàng)正確。11Who might misuse customers' genetic data?AThe police.BGEDmatch.CInsurance companies.D23andMe.C考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。 根據(jù)第六段第二句中可知，保險(xiǎn)公司有可能濫用基因數(shù)據(jù)，故C項(xiàng)正確。12What is the main idea of the text?AGenetic data is equal to a fingerprint.BA 72­year­old killer was put into prison.CMurders cause concern for genetic privacy.DGenetic information is shared on the Internet.C考查主旨大意。通讀全文可知，警方利用遺傳基因數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)識(shí)別并逮捕了“金州殺手”嫌疑人，這引起了人們對(duì)遺傳基因數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)的關(guān)注：合法使用基因數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)可以幫助警方破案，但是基因數(shù)據(jù)庫的保密風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高，一旦泄露將對(duì)個(gè)人隱私造成嚴(yán)重的危害。故C項(xiàng)最能概括文意。A、B、D三項(xiàng)都是文章的細(xì)節(jié)之一，不能概括全文。