十年（20102020）高考英語(yǔ)真題分項(xiàng)詳解34書(shū)面表達(dá)·概要寫(xiě)作1.（2019年9月，浙江高考）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相稱(chēng)的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it._【答案】Parents tend to go to extremes when it comes to praising their kids. (要點(diǎn)一) Yet, both too much and too little praise can be equally damaging. (要點(diǎn)二) When giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the process instead of the result. (要點(diǎn)三) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work theyre involved in. (要點(diǎn)四)【解析】本次浙江高考書(shū)面表達(dá)采用了概要寫(xiě)作題型。概要寫(xiě)作是閱讀理解和書(shū)面表達(dá)的溝通橋梁，考查的是學(xué)生在實(shí)現(xiàn)自由的思維表達(dá)之前，對(duì)他人的信息在理解的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行概括表達(dá)的能力。選材上，提供一篇350詞以?xún)?nèi)的短文，題材不限，要求考生寫(xiě)出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。【詳解】完成一篇概要寫(xiě)作，需要經(jīng)過(guò)三個(gè)步驟，1. 讀懂原文，抓住段落主題句。在閱讀過(guò)程中，需要準(zhǔn)確把握文章的段落大意，學(xué)會(huì)剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同體裁的文章的內(nèi)部邏輯關(guān)系以及文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。2. 組織語(yǔ)言，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)。在找到主題句明確全文中心的基礎(chǔ)上，組織好語(yǔ)言，注重語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性和準(zhǔn)確性以及高級(jí)性，不全盤(pán)照抄原文句子，盡量用自己的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)，同時(shí)要注意篇幅的比例安排，用較多的文字去表達(dá)重要的內(nèi)容。3. 通讀全文，邏輯連貫。要牢記各段落要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系和自然銜接，用恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞去連貫全文。2.（2018年11月，浙江高考）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校園) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses, things that you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顧問(wèn)), and it wont cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend._【答案】Its really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, students should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. At least, they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance. For students who are short of money and time, registering for the online college fair is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.【解析】本文要求閱讀短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要，即用盡可能少的詞匯集中展現(xiàn)原材料的主要思想和觀點(diǎn)。這主要是考查學(xué)生把握文章主旨大意和段落大意的能力以及總結(jié)概括能力，熟練掌握從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和遣詞造句的能力?！驹斀狻?. 要先讀懂、讀透原作。這是準(zhǔn)確再現(xiàn)原文、寫(xiě)好概要的前提。動(dòng)筆前多讀兩遍原文，直至弄懂讀透。2. 抓住文中的關(guān)鍵句，確定寫(xiě)作主題。開(kāi)頭It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply點(diǎn)明了本文主題；But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.說(shuō)明了去大學(xué)看看的必要性和可行性；If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend.在時(shí)間上提供了更多選擇；if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.為不能親自去大學(xué)看的學(xué)生提供了另外一種方法。3.擬好提綱。有了提綱，寫(xiě)概要時(shí)就會(huì)有章法，也不會(huì)遺漏原作中的要點(diǎn)。4.快速成文，反復(fù)推敲。按照文章要求和擬好的提綱一氣呵成，寫(xiě)完初稿。5.對(duì)照修改潤(rùn)色，再讀原文，查看是否漏掉了重要信息或主要內(nèi)容。用詞是否恰當(dāng)，可有可無(wú)的刪掉。注意詞類(lèi)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的適當(dāng)調(diào)整?！军c(diǎn)睛】范文觀點(diǎn)明確，重點(diǎn)突出，語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練，詞數(shù)適當(dāng)。作者在范文中使用了較多高級(jí)表達(dá)方式，如定語(yǔ)從句which may be included in applications.和who are short of money and time.動(dòng)名詞registering online作主語(yǔ)，顯示了很高的駕馭英語(yǔ)的能力。附：浙江省名校新高考研究聯(lián)盟2020屆第一次聯(lián)考閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇 60 詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 Although being famous might sound like a dream come true, todays stars, feeling like zoo animals, face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the world's attention. Paparazzi(狗仔隊(duì))camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids(小報(bào)) publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature. According to the psychologists, celebrities(名人)worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way fans imagine them, not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. Over time, they feel separated and alone. The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B C, painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do. Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous, there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their "story" alive forever. If fame is so troublesome, why aren't all celebrities running away from it? The answer is there are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities. They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place. With these effective approaches, some celebrities relieve the stress and remain popular with fans. Consequently, though being famous is driving some stars crazy, some wise ones enjoy what reputation brings them.【寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)】本文為說(shuō)明文。文章告訴我們，雖然成名聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是夢(mèng)想成真，但今天的明星們，感覺(jué)自己就像動(dòng)物園里的動(dòng)物，面臨著我們很少人能想象的壓力，因?yàn)樗麄兪鞘澜珀P(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。名人經(jīng)常擔(dān)心他們的公開(kāi)露面，隨著時(shí)間的推移，他們感到分離和孤獨(dú)。追蹤名人的現(xiàn)象由來(lái)已久，然而如今成為公眾人物比過(guò)去困難得多。超級(jí)明星的一舉一動(dòng)都離不開(kāi)現(xiàn)代相機(jī)攝影師的關(guān)注。如果名聲是如此的麻煩，為什么不是所有的名人都在逃避它呢?答案是，仍然有辦法解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。因此，雖然成名會(huì)讓一些明星發(fā)瘋，但一些明智的人卻享受聲譽(yù)帶給他們的東西。文章中的主題詞（句）依次為：第一段：face pressures /at the center of much of the world's attention. 第二段：worry constantly about their public appearance /feel separated and alone第三段：The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages / the same way that modern tabloids and websites do第四段：Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. 第五段：there are still ways to deal with it /some wise ones enjoy what reputation brings them【參考范文】Living in the public gaze, stars suffer from great pressure.（要點(diǎn) 1）Whats worse, anxiety over their public appearance robs them of the objective self-image, which leads to the feeling of isolation in the long term. （要點(diǎn) 2） Though being tracked has been a headache to celebrities for centuries, modern cameras and the Internet make it harder to be famous nowadays. （要點(diǎn) 3、4） However, by dealing with the stress wisely, stars still can stay popular and happy. （要點(diǎn) 5）(77 words)【范文點(diǎn)評(píng)】 范文通過(guò)詞匯與句法關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)換等手段，將各段的主題詞及要點(diǎn)巧妙第整合在一起，突出了文章的主題與目的。范文銜接詞的使用得當(dāng)，確保了文章意義的連貫。范文有如下亮點(diǎn)：1.同義詞替換。例如，要點(diǎn)1用“suffer from great pressure”替換了原文中的“face pressure”。2.各類(lèi)從句讓句子關(guān)系更加流暢。例如，要點(diǎn)2使用了定語(yǔ)從句，要點(diǎn)3、4使用了讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，這些從句讓各個(gè)要點(diǎn)表述的中心更加突出。3.銜接詞確保了概要的意義連貫。范文使用了Whats worse, Though,However等銜接方式，讓概要語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，表述更加連貫。