2019-2020年高中英語語法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 十一、語法學(xué)習(xí) 非謂語動詞-不定式 (Infinitive) 實(shí)用學(xué)案 新人教版學(xué)習(xí)非謂語動詞要掌握兩個(gè)概念：A.非限定動詞的動作意義；B.非限定動詞的形式。任何一個(gè)動詞都可能有不同形式的非限定動詞的形式；但是無論這個(gè)動詞寫成哪一種非限定動詞形式，它表示的意義是不會改變的。那么在決定使用它的哪一種形式之前，我們必須首先判斷它或者與它構(gòu)成的短語在句中的語法成分；再根據(jù)它在這種特定語言環(huán)境中的意義去決定它的恰當(dāng)形式。1. 掌握幾種非限定動詞形式之間的主要區(qū)別。非限定動詞的形式主要有三種：不定式、分詞和動名詞。有時(shí)，這三種形式都可以充當(dāng)同一個(gè)句子成分，如：它們都可以作定語、表語，又如：不定式和動名詞都可以作主語、賓語；不定式和分詞都可以作狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語，等等。即使是同一種非限定動詞形式，各自也有不同的形式，如：主動式、被動式；一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式，等等。因此，不了解這些非限定動詞形式之間的主要區(qū)別，就無法正確使用非限定動詞。當(dāng)然這些區(qū)別中，有些是因?yàn)檎Z言規(guī)則和習(xí)慣確定的；但很多卻是由于意義和邏輯而決定的.2. 著眼于意義，使用正確的非限定動詞形式。著眼于意義的作用在于，去解決那些由于意義和邏輯而決定的區(qū)別問題。如上所述,在決定使用一個(gè)動詞的哪一種非限定動詞形式之前，我們必須首先判斷它或者與它構(gòu)成的短語在句中的語法成分；再根據(jù)它在這種特定語言環(huán)境中的意義去看它與其相關(guān)詞所構(gòu)成的關(guān)系；經(jīng)過對這種關(guān)系的分析后，就可以決定它的非限定動詞形式了。 用所給動詞的恰當(dāng)形式完成下面各句：1) She wanted the work _ (plete) by Friday.2) She wanted us _ ( plete ) the wok by Friday.3) We extended a warm wele to his _ (e) to our party.4) She looked _ (disappoint) after she lost the game.1) She wanted the work to be pleted by Friday2) She wanted us to plete the wok by Friday. 3）We extended a warm wele to his ing to our party .我們對他來參加我們的聚會表示了熱情的歡迎。（代詞的所有格作動名詞的修飾語）4）She looked disappointed after she lost the game.輸?shù)裟菆霰荣惡?，她看上去很失望?1. 不定式 ( Infinitive )從本節(jié)開始，和接下來的兩節(jié)，我們要就這類"不能獨(dú)立地在句中充當(dāng)謂語的動詞或動詞形式"分別地進(jìn)行討論。這類動詞和由它們所構(gòu)成的動詞短語有這樣幾個(gè)共同的特征：# 它們都是從動詞變過來的，雖不能獨(dú)立地在句子里擔(dān)當(dāng)謂語，卻可以直接充當(dāng)（除謂語外）其他各種成分，如：主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，補(bǔ)足語等。也就是說，它們可以起名詞、形容詞、副詞等作用。# 由于它們都是從動詞變過來的，所以它們依然保留著"動詞的某些特征"-它們可以帶有自己的賓語、狀語。我們先討論一下不定式的句法功能，既不定式在句子中能擔(dān)當(dāng)那些句子成分。1）主語不定式作主語所表達(dá)的主要意思是"（要是去）做某事"。那就是說，它盡管在此間相當(dāng)于名詞、代詞的作用，但是它的動作意義卻依然很強(qiáng)。另外，在正式的書面文體中，如果是不定式作句子的主語，那么要將不定式后置，而用引導(dǎo)詞it 來取代它的"主語位置"。It 在句中沒有任何意義，是句子的"形式主語"；真正的"邏輯主語"還是不定式。例如：To get there by air will take you only about two hours.乘飛機(jī)去那兒記將只花你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。It will take you only about tow hours to get there by air.乘飛機(jī)去那兒記將只花你兩個(gè)時(shí)。To do it once more needs time .將這件事再做一遍需要時(shí)間。It needs time to do it once more. 將這件事再做一遍需要時(shí)間。另外，如果要說明不定式短語的"邏輯主語"是誰，可在不定式前面加for引導(dǎo)的短語；在某些形容詞作表語時(shí)，則要用以of引導(dǎo)的短語（這類形容詞常見的有：kind , good , nice , wise , unwise , clever , silly , wrong , right , foolish , stupid , careless , considerate , rude , naughty , impolite）。例如：It is difficult for him to finish the work within one week. 讓他在一周內(nèi)完成這件工作是很困難的。 It is a pleasure for us to take part in the conference. 對我們來說，參加這個(gè)會議是件快事。It is very kind of you to have given us so much help .你給予我們這么多的幫助，真難為你了。It is foolish of them to turn down the proposal .他們拒不采納那個(gè)建議是愚昧的。 2) 表語不定式作表語所表達(dá)的主要意思是"說明或解釋主語（要去）做什么事"。例如：Her best wish is to put her knowledge into practice.她最大的愿望是將自己的知識用于實(shí)踐。His plan is to make a reform in their teaching methodology. 他的計(jì)劃是要對他們的教學(xué)方法進(jìn)行改革。They appear to have acplished their experiment. 他們似乎已成功地做完了試驗(yàn)。3) 賓語不定式可作及物動詞的賓語，也可作介詞的賓語；這類及物動詞常見的有：advise (忠告) , agree (同意) , ask (請、要) , attempt (試圖) , begin (開始) , care (想要) , choose (決定、要) continue (繼續(xù)) , decide (決定) , desire (希望) , determine (決心) , expect (期望) , forget (忘記) , fail (未能) , hate (不喜歡) , hope (希望) , intend (打算) , learn (學(xué)習(xí)) , like (喜歡) , manage (設(shè)法) , mean (打算) offer (愿意) , plan (計(jì)劃、打算) , prefer (寧愿) , pretend (假裝) , refuse (拒絕、謝絕) , show (演示) , start (開始) , tell (告訴) , teach (教) , try (盡力) , undertake (保證、擔(dān)保) , volunteer (自愿) , want (想要) , wish (希望)等等。例如： She learned to cook when she was young .她年青的時(shí)候就學(xué)會做飯了。His father promised to take him to Italy this summer. 他父親答應(yīng)今年夏天帶他去意大利。The girl showed us how to dance disco. 那位女孩給我們演示怎樣跳迪斯科。I didnt expect to win the first place in the petition. 我沒想到會在比賽中獲得第一名的。They undertook to finish the work by Monday. 他們保證在星期一以前完成工作。He didnt know whether to laugh or to cry when he heard the news. 他聽到那個(gè)消息啼笑皆非。 Id like to advise you what to do. 我要給你出主意怎么辦。4) 定語英文中有很多名詞能用不定式來作它們的定語，這些名詞的"動詞或形容詞形式"后也常接不定式。這種情況可參照上面列舉的"常用不定式作賓語的動詞"情況。例如：He agreed ( v. )to join us .他同意和我們一起干。We reached an agreement ( n. ) to the work together .我們達(dá)成協(xié)議共同干這工作。She is able ( adj. ) to speak four languages .她能講四種語言。She has an ability ( n.) to speak four languages .她有講四種語言的能力。They plan ( v. ) to develop a new product .他們計(jì)劃研制一種新產(chǎn)品。They made a plan ( n. ) to develop a new product .他們制訂了一個(gè)研制新產(chǎn)品的計(jì)劃。了解了上述情況后，我們再來看看那些常見的，能用不定式來作它們定語的名詞有哪些：ability (能力，可能) , agreement (同意) , ambition (雄心，野心) , attempt (試，企圖) , anything (任何事) , anybody (任何人) , a great deal (許多東西) , anxiety (焦急的心情) , campaign (運(yùn)動，活動) , chance (機(jī)會) , claim (要求，主張) , courage (勇氣) , decision (決定) , determination (決心) , effort (努力) , exercise (練習(xí)) , eagerness (急切的心情) , failure (失敗) , hope (希望) , item (節(jié)目) , intention (意圖) , man (人) , motive force (動力) , meeting (會議) , nobody (無人) , nothing (無事) , need (需要) , offer (提供、建議) , opportunity(機(jī)會) , person (人) , plan (計(jì)劃) , promise (允諾) , room (房間) , right (權(quán)力) , refusal (拒絕、謝絕) , seat (座位) , someone (某人) , something (某事) , struggle (斗爭) , time (時(shí)間) , thing (事情) , way (方法) , wish (希望)等等。另外，序數(shù)詞first ，second 等以及l(fā)ast，best，only 等詞也常用不定式來作它們的定語。5) 狀語不定式作狀語時(shí)，往往是接在不及物動詞的后面，修飾謂語動詞；表示謂語動作發(fā)生的。A）目的、B）結(jié)果、C）原因、D）程度，等等。例如：A）作目的狀語She came to see me yesterday .她昨天來看我了。He has been to New Zealand to have his further study. 他曾去新西蘭深造過。The man has to do some part-time jobs in his spare time so as to support his family .那人為了養(yǎng)家不得不在業(yè)余時(shí)間做些另活。You should study even harder in order to be a top student.要當(dāng)尖子學(xué)生，你應(yīng)更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。B）作結(jié)果狀語He dwelled so much on the problem only to show his unawareness of the solution to it.他在這個(gè)問題上說了這么一大些，只能暴露出他對解決問題的辦法一無所知。They were too excited to say a word .他們太激動了以至說不出一句話來了。What she has said to make you so sad? 她說了些什么讓你如此傷心？I returned home that day to find that everything was being in good order .那天我回到家卻發(fā)現(xiàn)一切會那么井井有條。C）作原因狀語I am sorry to hear that.聽到這事我很難過。They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house. 發(fā)現(xiàn)屋子里空無一人，他們很奇怪。To see him behaved in that way, I would think that he must have got something wrong with himself .看到他這樣的行為，我想他肯定有點(diǎn)不對勁D) 作程度狀語She wouldnt be so silly to say that .她不會傻得去說那件事的。He was so rude to show the lady his pants.他粗魯?shù)脤⑺亩萄澖o那位婦女看。6)補(bǔ)足語不定式作補(bǔ)足語主要是指-不定式在某些動詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語；當(dāng)這種含不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子寫成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，原句中的"賓語補(bǔ)足語"就變成被動句中的"主語補(bǔ)足語"了。在不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，有兩種情況：A）常見的用"帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語"的及物動詞有：advise (勸告) , ask (請、要) , allow(允許、讓) , beg(請求) , cause (使) , mand (命令) , pel (強(qiáng)迫) , encourage (鼓勵) , expect (預(yù)料) , force (迫使) get (讓) , hate (不喜歡) , help (幫助) , invite (邀請) , intend (想要) , instruct (指令) , leave (留給) , like (喜歡) , oblige (迫使) , order (命令) , permit (允許) , persuade (勸說) , prefer (寧愿) , press (強(qiáng)求) , remind (提醒) , request (要求) , urge (催促) , warn (警告) , want (想要) , wish (希望) 另外，還有某些短語的后面也可以用這樣的復(fù)合賓語，這樣的成語動詞常見的有：call on (號召), count on (仰仗) , depend on (依靠) , long for (渴望) , prevail upon (說服) , rely on (依靠) , vote for (投票) , wait for (等待) 。例：I didnt mean you to hear it .我沒打算讓你聽到這事。 He would not like her to go with him .他不愿意她和他一塊去。Dont allow him to e in at this moment.不要讓他在這會兒進(jìn)來。Tom will get someone to repair your video-recorder.湯姆將找人給你修錄像機(jī)。Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.請?zhí)嵝盐蚁挛绨研偶某鋈?。The students are waiting for the library to open.學(xué)生們在等候圖書館開放。Theyll vote for Little Bush to be President.他們將選小布什當(dāng)總統(tǒng)。I prevailed him to reconsider his decision. 我說服他重新考慮他作的決定。B）不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語常見的，用"不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語"的及物動詞有：feel (感到) , hear (聽到) , have (讓、使) , help (幫助) , let (讓) , make (使) , notice (注意到) , see (看見) , watch (觀看) , listen to (聽) , look at (瞧、看) 。例如：The story made all of us laugh .那故事使大伙都笑了。Be sure to have him e before dark .一定讓他在天黑前回。Nobody noticed them leave the house .沒有人注意到他們離開了屋子。We listened to him play a piece by Chopin on the piano.我們傾聽他用鋼琴演奏肖邦的曲子。She looked at the cat jump .她瞧著貓?zhí)?。C) 作主語補(bǔ)足語要特別注意作主語補(bǔ)足語的不定式必須帶 "to"。例如：They were even made to work on weekends by the boss. 他們甚至被老板逼得周末都要上班。We can be depended on to carry on the work. 可以靠我們來進(jìn)行這個(gè)工作。Someone was heard to open the door .聽見有人開門。He was finally prevailed upon to take the job.最后，他被說服接受了這個(gè)工作。我們在前面提到過，不定式?jīng)]有"表示時(shí)間的變化形式"。那就是說，我們僅從不定式本身是無法判斷"不定式動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間"，這種變化形式表現(xiàn)在謂語動詞上。但不定式卻有"動作進(jìn)行狀態(tài)的表達(dá)方式"-它們有"進(jìn)行式"、"完成式"。這種不同"體"的形式是用來表示：不定式動作與謂語動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后關(guān)系的。1) 當(dāng)我們不強(qiáng)調(diào)這種"時(shí)間先后關(guān)系"時(shí)，用不定式的"一般式"。這時(shí)在實(shí)際意義上， 不定式的動作或是與謂語動作"幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生"或是"發(fā)生于謂語動作之后"。例如：I didnt hear her say that . ( 幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生 ) 我沒有聽見她說那件事。Mr. Rieder was invited to make a speech at the meeting.( 發(fā)生于謂語動作之后 )里德先生應(yīng)邀在會議上發(fā)言。2) 不定式的"進(jìn)行體"強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的動作正在發(fā)生，并"與謂語動作同時(shí)發(fā)生"。例如：It is very kind of you to be thinking of us .難得你為我們著想。They seem to be getting along quite well .他們看起來相處得很好。We surely like everything here to be going well .我們當(dāng)然愿意這里一切順利。He pretended to be listening to the teacher attentively .他假裝在專心地聽講。Im so happy to be working with you .與你一道工作我很高興。3) 不定式的"完成式"則表示不定式的動作業(yè)已發(fā)生，并"發(fā)生于謂語動作之先"。例如：I regret to have treated her in that manner .我很抱歉用那種態(tài)度對待她。Im sorry to have left you here alone so long .對不起，讓你一個(gè)人在這里呆了這么久。She is said to have published a new book .據(jù)說她又出版了一本書。They seem to have known about it already .他們似乎已經(jīng)知道了這件事兒。We happened to have e across the article once .我們碰巧有一次見過這篇文章。不定式也有"被動式形式"。這種形式主要是說明不定式的邏輯主語與不定式動作之間是"動賓關(guān)系"。因此，在決定某個(gè)不定式是否使用"被動式形式"之前，必須要根據(jù)上下文準(zhǔn)確無誤地找到、或正確地理解它的"邏輯主語"-也就是不定式動作的執(zhí)行者。A) 與不定式相鄰的名詞、代詞可能是不定式的"邏輯主語"，例如：It is an honour for me to be invited to attend the conference . 應(yīng)邀出席這個(gè)會議是我的榮耀。She wanted the work to be pleted by Friday .她希望這個(gè)工作在星期五以前完成。He asked to be given a chance to work in the USA .他申請給他一個(gè)去美國工作的機(jī)會。These books are not allowed to be taken out.這些書不得拿出去。You are invited to banquet to be given at the embassy .恭請出席在使館舉行的宴會。B) 與不定式相鄰的名詞、代詞不一定是不定式的"邏輯主語"例如：He has nothing to do . 他無事可做。They still have many difficulties to overe.他們?nèi)杂性S多要克服的困難。We found this accent difficult to imitate.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這種口音很難模仿。